Modeling Power Electr Using Emtp 1993

Pee i tryed HarKon. “ : Modeling Power Electronics in Power Systems Using EMTP A Short Course July 22 - 23, 1993 Vancouver, B. C. Canada Sponsored by: Department of Professional Development and Conference Services, Continuing Education and Extension UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Copyright 1993OUTLINE AND SCHEDULE = July 22,1993 12:30-5 p.m. Introduction to EMTP Executing a simple problem; ploiting of results Structure of Input data files for EMTP Circuits with diodes; initial conditions; examples of 1-phase and 3-phase diode rectifiers ‘Transmission line representation July 23,1993 8 am.-Noon Introduction to modeling of controllers to control power electronic converters Phase-controlied thyristor converters; examples of 1-phase and 3-phase thyristor converters Two and multiple winding transformers, examples Harmonic analysis, frequency scan for filter. design, example Overvoltage protection; surge arester modeling July 23,1993 1-5p.m Static VAR compensation; Active Filters Induction and synchronous motor modeling Adjustable-speed motor drives using pulse-width-modulated GTO switches, examples EMTP Installation Demonstration of newer EMTP* capabilities by Dr. Meyer and Dr. Liu. July 23, 1993 8 p.m.-midnight An informal and optional session to discuss various aspects of power electronics modeling and EMTP with three of the course faculty. “Power Electronics Applications: Me 2 6. Static VAR Compensation using GTO switches ‘Thytistor Controlled Reactors and Switched Capacitors i Tryristor- Switched Static Phase Shitters ‘Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor Compensation BYDC Transmission Systems Uninterruptible Power Supplies Adjustable Speed Motor Drives Analysis of Hanmonics due to Power Electronic Loads Active and Passive Filters Unity-Power-Factor Cozection Circuits - Photovoltaic and Wind-Electric Systems Utility-Interface of Fuel Cells Utility Interface of Energy Storage Baneries and Inductors Battery Chargers for Electric Vehicles Soft-Switching Converters a a EERIE SEEMTP ELécTRICAL Network Nope vetTAGE, CURRENTS , SwiTcH STATUS, ete, Switcr- ConrReL SIGNALS, |CoNTROLLER, SOURCES, etc. { \Time - DoMAIN SimuULation ot See CALCULATE: Circuit VARIABLES AT Time €, GIVEN: VALUES AT THE PREVIeUS Time (- at), TRAPEZOIDAL RULE oF INTEGRATION Soe see ee eee eee ee eeet i) = jt) + Lf at u £-dE v o we) QO Area = uta) BO) at VG) i : 7 (t-At) -£ time E ; ieee jip@=- ce pas) +28 [ ye at) eee] [ ~At, 7 SEN | At. vey + [eae + (-44)| =4®) 4T A eRe et y REE and, e c= (eat + See oH =Ct S— 7 Rv i R 3; Str 2b/at R= “4c R= Tel. vat} teed Janka: = weal I=0 e) capacitor ()Resistor a WeeiF eee where [4 7 Nodal Conductance matyix nxn ve] column vecter of n nede Voltages [éce] column Vector of cuvrent Sources [ZL] column vector of" bast histery ‘ tems Ler, Set A of nodes With Unknown Veltages, an set B f nodes With known Ve rages (4.dbaco] = [é,¢] = [Za] -[Sellece] sd20 | STEPS : 4, Matrices Gq avd |G are built | [Gna] [as] 2. {Gaal is trianqularized by ordered | elimination and exploitation tf Sparsity. 3. vector on the right side ts calculated ak each Hme step 4. Node Vo rage S calculated ‘ 5. Histery Jermsg axe ubdated. in- Eye] areeee Ee Tee ee 21 Savient Features mi Time- step At is kept Constant. Tg no changes in the network jopology » [Gan] a4 [Gaal hove be calculated only once. Ac: Steady site selution can pwevide initial conditions. “Numerical oscillations” due ts Erapezatdal rule
T PLOt VSA VAM 5.0 VAM 156.35 VAM VA 2.0 SNUBBERS (NEXT 4 RECORDS) 125.0 oO. 125.0 ot 125.0 ont 125.0 oll dc - side of the rectifier 1000.0 20.0 LANK RECORD ENDING BRANCHES - - SWITCH DATA pos VD ~ MEASURING Diode switches IVA. POS a t PCS 1NBG VA NEG LANK 3ECCRD ENDING SWITCHES SOURCE DATA 169.7 60.0 -90.0 2ECORD ENDING SOURCES TIAL CONDITIONS NEG 150.0 NODE VOLTAGE REQUEST VD _NEG RECCRD ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT ENDING PLOT REQUEST 3EGIN NEW DATA CASE je ..dUlUrCEmlUrTE-.ChClC el! lO TT 25 wee26EX1, LIS 27 TP, Salford 386 version. Licensed by Cen Jam user group of Portland, oregon, Starting time = 06-Jul-93 12. Disk plot file is C:EX1.pl4 - ize "LABCOM* = 227363 _ INTEGER + Last Rule Book printing: July, 1987. fst limits 1-10: 752 900 1500 150 7500 120 2100 5250 235 460 ist limits 11-20: 150 150 25000 6010800 329 12 15 4800 1960 ist limits 21-End: 300 450 12000 3 1200 252 4 9600 3 comment card. 1. =x1.dat arker card preceding new SMTP Gata case. NEW DATA CASE omment card. KOMPAR FILE NAME = EX1.DAT , comment card. KOMPAR I¢ - = TEME DATA sc. data. 5.000E-05 1.0005-01 0.0002+00 150.00E-5 100-E-3 lise. data. 1000 10 0100 1 60 1 1000 2 comment card. KOMPAR = 1. BRANCH DATA eries R-L-C, 0.0005+00 5.001 0.000E+z0 VAM jeries R-L-C. 0.000z+00 0.00 1.5635 Series R-L-C. 0.0002+00_ 2.00 0.0008: VA Tomment card. KOMPAR = 1. =- SNUBBERS (NEXT 4 Jeries R-L-C. 1.250E+02 0.0005+00 1.000E-07 VA 12 Jeries R-L-C. 1.2503+02 " 0.000Z+00 1.0008-C7 22 i 1.250402 0.000E+00 1.000E-C7 NEG 22 1.2508+02 0.0005+00 1000-07 NEG 22 KOMPAR -- de - side of the > 0.0008+00 0,0008+00 1,000E-93 NEG exies R-L-C. 2.0008+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 vD 20 nk card ending branches. IBR, NIOT=9 7 RECORD ENDING BRANCE=S somment card. KOMPAR = 1. SWITCH DATA Permrent ly-closed switch used for metering. Tomment card. KOMPAR = 1. diode. .0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000B+00 diode. “0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0-000E+00 + Diode. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 + diode. -_0.000E+00 .0.000E+00 0.000E+00 + Blank card ending switches. KSWICH - 5 Comment card. KOMPAR = 1. Diode switches € RECORD ENDING SWITCHES SOURCE DATA Source. 1.70E+02 6.00E+01 -9.00E+01 ~1.00E+00 |1¢vSa 169.7 60.9 3lank card ends electric network sources. IBLANZ RECORD ENDING SOURCES Total network loss P-loss by summing injections = _3.238087869142E-03 Comment. card. . KOMPAR = 1, IC = - INITIAL CONDITIONS Jode voltage init cond. 7.500E+01 0.000B+00 = | 2vD 75.0 Jode voltage init cond. -7.500E+01 0.000E+00 | 2NEG = -75.0 pineer I.” 0,0000E+00 1.5000E+02 0.0000E+00 | 3vD NEG Somment card. KOMPAR = 1. IC - - NODE VOLTAGE REQUEST tard of names for time-step loop output. I VsA VD NEG 3lank Card ending requests for output variables. /BZANK RECORD ENDING NODE VOL DELTAT-loop begins. In order, the output vector has volteges, currents, S.M., PACS, and U.M. variables that number : 7 5 0 0 0 step Time VSA Va) vaM SA VAM ‘TERRA VA vb NEG POS VSA vam VD VAM TERRA vi vw v NEG se* 1(0) = -2,2928864E-15_ Switch "POS * to * + closed in steady-state 0 0.0 .719346B-4 -.71935E-4 .25577H-4 150, .10391E-13 me | 75. “75. -.2293E-14 11.2608806 2536828 007197795 0.0 sto "POS * closing after 6.500C0000E-94 sec. * to * * closing after 2.100C0000E-03 sec.28 Diode ‘VA * tov *POs -*° opening after“7.55000000E-03' sec, Diode ‘NEG ‘to * * opening sfter 7.58000000E+03 sec. Diode * + to clesing after 1.00000000E-02 sec. Diode ‘NEG "to " clesing after 1.000000008-02 sec. Diode * + to * opening atter 1.51500000E-02 sec. Diode + to " opening after 1.:51500000E-02 sec. Diode * to «closing after 1.83500000E-02 sec. Diode "te " lesing after 1.83500000E-02 sec. , Diode + to “ 2.07500000E-02 sec. Diode + to ° . 2:07500000E-02 sec. Diode "to "Pos O* 22120000008-02 sec Diode “to * * Closing after 2.12000000E-02 sec. Diode “to "POs * after 2.35000000E-02 sec. Diode sta * . ng after 2.35000000E-02 sec. Diode * “to "POS * g after 2.683000000E-02 sec. Diode "NEG * to ‘VA * closins after 2.68000000E-02 sec. Diode" “to "POS * opening after 2-92500000E-02 sec Diode "NEG * to “VA * openine after 2.92500000E-02 sec. Diode * ¥ to "POS * closins after 2.9500000DE-02 sec. Diode "NEG ‘ to ‘VA “ closing after 2.95000000E-02 sec Diode * “to "POS * ing after 3:19000000E-02 sec. Diode "NEG * to “VA * g after 3.19000000E-02 sec. Diode “VA * to “POS * ng after 3.50000000E-02 sec. Diode ‘NEG * to * * closing after ..3.50000000E-02 sec. Dicde “VA =" to "POS * opening after 4.02000000E-02 sec. Dicde "NEG * to * " opening after 4.02000000E-02 sec. Diode * “co "POS .* closing after 4-33000000E-02 sec. Diode "NEG “ to ‘VA * closing.after ,4.33000000E-02 sec. Diode * "to "POS * opening after’ “4.58000000E-02 sec. Diode "NEG “ to "VA * opening after; 4.58000000E-02 sec. Diede * * to "POS * closing after 34.60500000E-02 sec. | Diode “NEG * to “VA * closing after ~4.60500000E-02 set. Diede * * to ‘Pos * opening after 4.845000002-02 sec. Diode “NEG =" to ‘VA openicg after ‘$4/84500000E-02.- sec. 1000 -05 88,2205738--88.220574 .022683352-166-528561 ~584i9E~10 39.1426518 -127.3859: .83308E-3 13.8608335 13.8521181 008715468 -8.325595 to "Pos * i to * Diode ‘VA Diode "NEG Diode "VA 5.17000000E-02 sec. 5.17000000E-02 sec. Diode * Diode «NEG to "POS to "VA closing after 6.27000000E-02 sec. 6.27000000E-02 sec. 4 “to "BOS " opening after 5.41500000E~02 sec. Diode "NEG = to * * opening after 5.41500000B~02 sec. Diode ‘VA * to ‘Fos * closing after 5.44000000E-02 sec. Diode “NEG Bese eee " closing after 5.44000000E~02 sec. Diode "VA * to ‘FOS * opening after 5.68000000E~02 sec. Diode | "NEG. * to. “ opening after, 5.68000000E-02 sec. Diode = * to "POS “ closing after -6-00500000E-02 sec. Diode NES ' to TVA " closing after 6.00500000E~02 sec. Diode «to "POS * opening after 6.25500000E-02 sac. Diode *NEG =" to "VA “ opening after 6.255000002-02 sec. Diode = to “POS 7 6.27500000E-02 sec. Diode ‘NEG oo" to ‘VA * 6.27500000B-02 sec. Diode + “to ‘pos * 6.28500000E-02 sec. Diode NEG + to "VA * 6.28500000E-02 sec. Diode + “to "Pos 6.52000000E-02 sec. Dicce NEG + to ‘vA * 6.520000008-02 sec. Dicde VA" to "POS * 6.83500000E-02 sec. Dicce "NEG * to * . 6.8350D000E-02 sec. Diode “VA “to "POS Bt 7.09000000E-02 sec.INPOT DATA FILE stRuUcTURE 27 BEGIN NEW PATA CASE - % SPECIAL REQUESTS MISCELLANEOUS DATA (time step, len we TACS DATA Fe.towen BY A BLANK LINE BRANCH DATA “BLANK LINE SWATCH DATA BLANK LINE “SOURCE DATA BLANK LINE INITIAL CONDITION OVERRIDE i NODE VeLTAGE OUTPLOT REQUEST | BEANK LUNE ; % PLOTTING/ Fourier ANALYSIS BLANK LINE : BEG NEW DATA cASE re BLANK LINE ® if any* Bo Forres Dara SRmatr SPEC IPC ATIONS ~D8n Indegex dacka. ae “La “Beld of Bcatnn cc ee Width. “RIGHT ~ AS TUSTE Dd” Tee a Eee . lo wee - mW i ges - 9200 aa AB As. Qu arbi “ Gollechon ef characters a a Cletters, numbers, bunctustons) fa the —... eld af 6 column width. - 609 £3 _ owes 1609 Y~ aves neogn sore? ~ St ~ S2K WF 2 x sot3! 4, WpEGI EW DATA CASE" CARD - ; BEGIN HEW DATA CASE ct) 2, MISC EI 2,1 FLOATING POINT MISC. DATA CARD DELTAT --- TIME STEP SIZE IN SECONDS 1-8) WAX —~ TERMINATION TIME IN SECONDS (9-16) XOPT ~~ BLANK y LIN wil 7-24) FCNONZERD), 2ae-L TN OHS copT = —- BLANK , CIN oF (25-32) FQNONZERO), 2tF°C IN micro Mho2. 2.2 INTEGER MISC, DATA CARD 7 3 JOUT --- G GR 2, PRINTOUT FOR EVERY TINE STEP 2 K, PRINTOUT EVERY KT TINE STEP IPLOT --- 0 OR 1, PLOT OF EVERY CONPUTED POINT 9-16) Fin fi, ONLY NTH COMPUTED POINT IS PLOTTED IDOUBL --- i, PRINT NETHORK CONNECTIVITY TABLE (24) ) NO SUCH. PRINTOUT 2g KSSOUT --~ 1, PRINT-STEADY STATE SoLUTtO% rae Q, KO SUCH PRINTOUT MAXOUT —- 1, PRINT THE HAXIMUNS OVER ALL TINE STEPS ee * , NO SUCH PRINTOUT IcAy--- 1 if a plot file is +e be G4) created and saved 3, DATA CARDS FOR TACS33 4, BRANCH CARDS. ‘ thei UNCOUPLED SERIES BoL-C BRANCH Bust R L we : ! Tyee ~~ 66 OR BLANK a2 i pus -—— NAME OF FIRST NODE i 6-8) GROUND NODES ARE DENOTED BY BLANKS) ' pus? ——~ NAME OF SECOND NODE : 1H) BUS3, BUSH — NODE NAMES OF A PREVIOUS BRANCH WITH IDENTICAL 5-20) , (21-26) oe yALUES. LEAVE RvL»C BLINK a... w= RESISTANCE: ; OHS (27-32) ; Lal = Li nl CF XOPT = 6), otherwise (53-38) aL TH OAKS cet = CIN oF CIF COPT = 8), otherwise 9-44) al IN mieve Mho tout o-- BLANK, NO BRANCH OUTPUT E) 1, Branch Curent 5 4, Power 4, Ener aera § + entswircwES 34 i Ne 7 kom NV - open (R=) Cm discarded) clesed (R=0) Switecn Opening ning i swrten “Figneted Te ° Current margin =o & time -- Opening then ‘Aakes effect : I Gwirey TOT € ° 4 SL ime Cuvvent Margin t+ — anes Le : ‘ofening 3 effect 7 Signeled on topen ‘ Switen CLesing J Tina eve time J iL closed here. Close +. Cathode Modelled as swikeh— type VN atyee —- = | a-2) : Bust _ — . Anede ede Neme @- 2) Bos2 -- Cathede Node Name (A- 14) -"GRiD : L > Oo +o signal nat \GEs-72)* a grid pulse Is applied Eco -- €74)_ Tout ietia er eeeBe « roe aC one pe ~ ae a ee Z ee . Sa tm Lime. te Skah ‘—— C error FRG INSTANTSimere TACS ConTROLLED SWITCH E13 fit =tit TYP Bust é a BUS2 4 Open/close SIGNAL FRem TAcS rTyre - - 13 C 1-2) Bust @-3) Bus2 (4-14) oPpEN/ciese SIGNAL NAME (71-76) —- 9° Tupuctor Switch Inpucte® PY AT ING NoPE2 SWitcn ts INITIALLY cCLlosed. IT OPENS AT FiRst CURRENT ZERO. Switch OPENS £50 | TRAPEZOIDAL RULE eee gee ieepl 4 oO oO ’ : At SeS= ee +4 fice + yeas) [er u-at] =0 or So Ur ce- 4) SWATCH OPENED EXACTLY AT CURRENT ZERO. F 2 OsciWakons are inde pendeut of AE,Sorution: DAMP OLVT THE OSCILLATIONS Rp al = your example CEX2. DAT) -3 Rp=2e 2x27) (0% fo7F = B3ceo0o0 See EX2P DAT100. a: 400. 0. 1.E-6)-[ -200. tSEX3. DAT EGIN NEW DATA CASE 1.0E-6 50.05-6 1 = - Branch data )ONODEL 1.0 BLANK >= - Switch Data 00 NODEL 10.0E-6 2.0 BLANR = - Source Data TINODEL -1 10-0 BLANK ¢ - - Initial conditions Q2NODE1 -100.0 O3NODE1 ao. ¢ - - Output request NODE1 BLANK 0 -100.0 BLANK BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK CAPAC TOR. Novel. wil TeleA' cle @9 . (Czar, VUice)= —looV. SWITCHING LOW ITCH INITIALLY OPEN. cLeses AT54 i fe oa See) Eeee “00g55 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE 0 4+ oe eV sana C ] ue dee fe Cc - + e)= ¥ at) +t [ecs4s t-se a oO x ae : ai an 4th; i (t- = YteSe cect + SEPG a) + iC a0) , HeeHEee Ee -Aat Ct)= Ec ) — dset\lations , SOLUTION oS 1. Rs. Row WS AE s 2¢ : 4 a Tn our example, fae ee “ see EXSP. DAT at = 0.075LLS6éx Ni N. a S AL._BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS The three phase voltages are equal in magnitude and 120? out of phase. ‘The three phase currents are equal in magniude and 1200 out of phase. ‘There is no neutral or ground return current. Can be solved on a per-phase basis as a single-phase circuit Figure 1.Three-Phase Source and Load. 2_UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS Phase voltages and currents are not equal in magnitude and/or are not {20° out of phase. ‘There will be neutral and/or ground current. During normal system operation, unbalance is caused by unbalanced loading or long, untrensposed transmission lines. Extreme unbalance is caused momentarily by faults, Le., short circuits, broken or open conductors, single-pole switching, or other switching events. “Unbalance affects generators, motors, shunt reactors, shunt capacitors, and protective rey operation. Unbelanced 3-phasé systems can be analyzed by the method of symmetrical components. 6O3, SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT METHOD ‘The symmetrical component method is based on a complex, linear trensformation and the Principle of superposition. ‘The method allows an unbalanced set of 3 phasors to be resolved into 3 sets of balanced phasors, of 3 phasors each, known as the positive sequence set, the negative sequence set, and the zero sequence set, which are shown in figure 2. Positive Sequence ‘Negative Sequence ‘Zero Scquence Via Vea Yeo Va Yoo Vee oR YO Veo = Veo = Veo Neo Figure 2, Positive, Negative, and Zeto Sequence Voltages (Could Also Be Currents). To solve an unbalanced 3-phase problem, the unbalanced problem is resolved into the three bdatanved sequence problems; the answer to each balanced sequence problem is obrained, and those answers are combined by superposition to yield dhe answer fo the unbalanced problem. As an example of resolving a set of unbalanced 3-phase voltages into its positive, negative, and zero sequence components, see figure 22 on the next page. Note the check of the phase ' voltage at the bottom, showing the phase b sequence components being combined to equal the actual phase b voliage.62 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT RELATIONSHIPS Coefficients a = 11120° = -~0.5 + j 0.866 . RD W 5 IS. " = 05 = 50.866 Val + Va2 + Vao Vp = Vbr + Wp2 + Veo a2Vai + aVa2 + Va n Vo = Ver + We2 + Veo = aVa) + a2Va2 + Veo ; fe _ Yao= 30 Va + Vo + Ve} 1 Var=3( Va +2Vo + a?Vo } Vao= 3b Ve + aVp + ae) Equations for currents are the same a enerrnemenaininiiinstnioesiioeecenee,63 Given the unbalanced set of three-phase voltages shown, whose phase sequence is e-b-c: | \ t Vea374 ites Ve. =100/0° vy. Uss2ea eer ! ‘ ‘The zer0, positive, and negative sequence components are: Ver = 2.49 [i36.70° ' 1 Wars 52.19 [le.to* ' A 1 Vegs3o.4¢f/-33" Neg =30.4J-sns2 1 Vy; = 82.49f2103.3" ‘Check: Combine the "b” phase sequence components to find Vp: Figure 2a. The Symmetrical Components of an Unbalanced 3-Phase Voltage Set,seen 4 POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, AND ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES Because the symmetrical component method uses the concepts of positive sequence voltages and currents, negative sequence voltages and currents, and zero sequence voltages and currents, it is necessary to intraduce the concept of positive sequence impedance, negative sequence impedance, and zero sequence impedance for all of the network and equipment parameters. Those impedances are defined as a specified sequence voltage divided by its Tespective sequence current. Figure 3 shows the sequence networks axd impedances fora simple system, and che correct interconnection of the sequence networks for a single line-to-ground (1L-G) faul: at point F. guseere a Zoos few tae ef Aa b + See weerus sequence Fie Fem neg Bee gussnuce Zoeeu. Figure 3. Sequence Networks and impedances; Interconnection of Sequence Networks for 2 1L-G Fault at Point F6s 5, IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS Positive and negative sequence transmission line parameters are equal. Zero sequence currents require a ground/neutral rerurn path. Thus, if zero sequence currents are to exist, it implies either a grounded system at both eads of the transmission ine, or that the zero sequence cursent can exist because of zeto sequence distributed line capacitance. Figure 4 illustrates the principle. i ' { i !6S 6, THREE-PHASE LINE PARAMETERS Figure 5 shows the 3-phase distributed line parameters of line resistance, self and mutual inductance, and capacitance between conductors and to a ground plane. ‘The illustration of transposed and untransposed phase conéuctars is also shown. Ghouns PLAWE (UEUTRAL) TRANSPOSED Way ae ey ‘ Figure 5. Three-Phase Transtnission Line Parameters.67 a TER = Carson's correction terms take earth-return effects into account. The concept of Carson's ‘equivalent earth-retum conductor is showz in figure 6. To gen ct Xow rT l= ¥ enn ——$—eceser Jat Tad +5 Xe ‘Carson's Equivalent Earth-Retuyn Conductor Figure 6, Carson's Equivelent Earth-Retura Conductor. i ND Et VALEN" Ee NI) 1 4 2 shield wires — 5 & 3-conductor bundle per phase i Total of 11 conductors Series impedance matix would be eS Mix a ‘Matrix methods allow reduction 3 equivalent phase conductors, a3x3 manix, % e b Figure 7. Three-Phase Line with Shield Wires with 11 Conductors.68 9. TYPES OF LINE MODELS IN EMTP. ED. S ‘Computationally inefficient. Do not represent frequency-dependent losses. — a May give high frequency oscillations. | Use for 60 Hz. steady-state calculations of short Mines. MODEL Represents positive and zero sequence parameters. Does not represent frequency-dependent losses or frequency-dependent earth retura effects. Suitable for low frequency studies, Al A TER, UNTRANSPOSE! VELING WAVE MODEL Same statements as 9.2 apply, except for untransposed lines. i ‘Useful for low frequency or steady-state studies where line unbalance is important. ” : 9.4 FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT MODELS ‘One model for transposed lines. (One model for untransposed lines (J. Marti Model). Use for eccurate line switching surge studies and other high -fequency studies.S14 TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING Va_ 352 swa HP Ra Vg gi5a SWB LB Re 500 KV Line, ; 100 Miles | Lc { &e (OPEN) Source voltage amplitude = 1.0 per unit (or volts) Source frequency = 60 Hz. Switeh Closing ‘Times:: ‘ta’ ='3.05" milliseconds ta = 8.05 milliseconds tc = 5.55 milliseconds (t= 0 when phase A source voltage goes through zero while going from negative to positive)9 140.5' eee iD SPAN 9N0_ ggg! 120,0° w---- 2 SPAN SAG u 90.3 10 SPAN AAG ggg? 'Rererence7! 500 KV THREE CONDUCTOR BUNDLED ASSEMBLY72. POWER LINE CONDUCTOR DATA CONDUCTOR 1193 ACSR 45/7 TRI-BUNDLED Steel Core Diameter 0.326” Outside Diameter 1.302" DC Resistance 0.0737 Q/mile SHIELD WIRE 7/16" EHS Conductor 0,435" DC Resistance 4.61 Q/mile : r. FOR ‘OR, Dp: D= 1.302", T=( 1:302-0.526 y' fe + F = 0.3748 > ete ‘OR LD Dp =05 ips7S INPUT DATA TO CALCULATE LINE CONSTANTS TRANSPOSED LINE N NEW DATA CASE le Name = TRLINE.DAT " DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER ; CONTINUQUSLY-TRANSPOSED LINE CONSTANTS: ISH sere Conductor data i 2 2 4 5 ‘ 7 8 1567890123456789012345678901234567990223456789012345678801234567 8801234567850 O.5 4.61 4 0.435 -20.0 140.5 82.2 O15 46h 4 0.435 420.0 140.5 82.2 3748 0.0787 4 21302 0.0 128.0 69.7 18.0 30.0 3 13748 0.0787 4 31302 420.0 98.3, 40-0 18.0 30.0 3 3748 0.0787 4 21302 ~20.0 98.3 40.0 © 2810 © 30.0 3 NK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR DATA “= Frequency data 1 2 3 4 5 é 7 8 456789012345678901234567890123 45678901 2345678S0122456789012345678901234567850 0 60,0 + & hou f ik CARD ENDING FREQUENCY baTA No Gayp toot outta NK CARD ENDING LINE CONSTANT DATA 50,88 IN NEW DATA CASE at Fol cator fay eicy,“LINE CONSTANTS" ROUTINE TE Structure 1. 4a. Sa. BEGIN NEW DATA CASE qa) LINE CONSTANTS Q) ENGLISH (or METRIC) am Conductor Cards - one for each defining its geometry & elect. properties BLANK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR DATA q@) A frequency card- specifies earth resistivity, freq. at which line constants are to be calculated, etc. BLANK CARD ENDING FREQ DATA @ . F BLANK CARD ENDING LINE CONSTANTS a) BEGIN NEW DATA CASE a) BLANK CARD q@)qo INPUT DATA FOR SWITCHING TRANSIENTS PROBLEM TRANSPOSED LINE BEGIN NEW DATA CASE © Pile name = TRLINESW.DAT "DIST PARA, TRANSPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE SWITCHING" © Ties DATA 50.00E-6 20,0E-3 60.0, 1000 2 2 2 ¢ Branch data : G w---2" Line data; DISTRIBUTED PARA, CONTINUOUSLY TRANSPOSED ji ¢ 1 2 5 é 8 € 345676901234567850129456769012345678901224567090225456789012345678901. 34567890 =1LA RA +5424 643.0 1.2485 100, 1 -2LB ORB 10283 258-2 1.83E5 100. 2 | ize | Re | ¢ ' OORA 1.006 2 OoRB loose 2 | DORC Ll00z6 2 OoVA SHA 15.0 oovB SWB 15.0 ove swe 15.0 BLANK CARD “ENDING BRANCH DATA SHA LA 3.0553 1.0 5 SHB OLB 8058-3 1.0 : f swe ic 5155E-3 1.0 { BLANK CARD ENDING SWITCH DATA i 14VA 10 60.0 ~90.0 -1.0 | 14VB 2.0 60.0 210.0 71.0 y have 1.0 60.0 ~330.0 -1lo i BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCE DATA i VA VB ov¢ IA LB oe BLANK CARD ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT REQUEST BLANK ENDING PLOT CARDS() TRANSPOSED PAGE 15) Z| ITYPE --- HUNBER THE PHASES -1, -2, -3, <2. -He INDICATE ONE OF (1-2) THESE NUMBERS ON THE BRANCH CARD FOR CORRESPONDING PHASE. BUSL,BUS2,BUS3,BUS4 ~~~ SANE AS BEFORE. L'y Ct += SPECIFY THE ZERO SEQUENCE PARAMETERS ON THE FIRST @7- 32), (33-38), G9-44) ; CARD AND THE POSITIVE SEQUENCE PARANETFRS ON THE CARD FOR THE SECOND PHASE. R' --- RESISTANCE IN OHMS PER UNIT LENGTH. LINE LENGTH --- LENGTH OF THE LINE IN THE PROPER UNIT. (45-50) TLINE --- 0; L’ IN wH/LENGTH AND C' IN uE/LENGTA IF XOPT=0, OR G2 oL! IN nA/LENGTH AND oC’ IN ww/LENGTH IF XOPT#O. 1; SURGE INPEDANCE Z, IN OHMS AND PROPAGATION VELOCITY y IN LENGTH/SEC, - 2; SURGE IMPEDANCE Z, IN OHMS AND TRAVEL TIME + IN SEC. TOUT --- 1, BRANCH CURRENT OUTPUT ~ (80) 2, BRANCH VOLTAGE OUTPUT 3, BOTH BRANCH CURRENT AND VOLTAGE OUTPUT IPUNCH --- 0, LUMPED RESISTANCE MODELLING (53-54) 1, DISTORTIONLESS MODE MODELLING. IPOSE --- BLANK (55-56) HIGH PRECISION FORMAT - (SEE PAGE 15s-1)F2 RECEIVING END VOLTAGE ‘TRANSPOSED LINE -2.88. File : 2éHay-94 15.82.37 Type @ Plot 1 a 191 4% Manes 2RA 1B Re _ bo 198 48% wag.get tains ex, Alvin = 4. 4-8 1.8 e— 195 48% Tain, Trax, AT/in = @.8 .B2 682qs INPUT DATA TO CALCULATE LINE CONSTANTS UNTRANSPOSED CASE SIN NEW DATA CASE ile Name » UNTRLINE-DAT " DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER UNTRANSPOSED LINE” SE aE CONSTANTS ANCH LA RA «IB ORBLE RO SLISH n-ne conductor gate 3 4 5 6 345678901234567890123456789012345675901234567800123456789022345670901234567690 00.54.62 4 0.435 -20.0 140.5 82.2 0 0.5 4.61 4 0.435 420.0 140.5 82.2 1.3748°0.0787 4 21302 0.0 128-0 65.7 18.0 30.0 3 2.3748 0.0787 4 1.302 420.0 98.3 40.0 18.0 © 30-0 3 3.3748 0.0787" 4 1,302 -20.0 98.3 40.0 18.0 30.0 3 ANK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR DATA Peer ia == Frequency data 0.0 60.0 1 a 1 © 100.0 1 UNCH ANK CARD ENDING FREQUENCY DATA ANK CARD ENDING LINE CONSTANT DATA GIN NEW DATA CASE ‘The output goes to a punch file by the same name UNTRLINE.PCH[oo MoDELING oF CaNMTRELLERS USING TACS WITHIN EMTP EvectRic Nerwokrk Node Veliages, Currents, Switch ‘status, ete. sae » ComtROLLER CANTROL SIGMA, “CTACS) VotTAGE £¢ cuRe _____——- Sources 7 TACS- Transient Anacysis of Conreet Systemsfol Examece - Active FieTers NoNEINEAR LoAD + fy t i: {= 94+ Gistortion a én by -¢ ive Filter f= “istortion ~ “4 Active Fi Switcn- CONTRO Filler ComenraroR eal HYSTERESIS Gree +loz TYPES OF SIMULATIONS Porely EvecteicAn Network 2. YAcS STAND ALONE 3. TACS HYBRID Tacs DATA STROCTORE a TyPE oF SiMULATION b FUNCTIONS — S- BLOckS O- Blocks LimiTerRs Cc. SOURCES — INTERNALLY DEFWED in TACS PASSED FROM ELEC. NETO! a SUPPLEMENTAL VARIABLES § DEVICEs- - egient) ALGEBRAIC Ex PRE SSIONS an DELAYS, CEVEL- TRIGGERED SwitcHes e, PRmsrour/PLot SPECIFICATIONS 4. TACS INITIAL CONDITIONS ~PHASE - CONTROLLED THYRISTOR loz REcTIFIER bd —Yy load Nominal values: Va(rms) = 120 V at 60 Hz Ls = 0.2 mH Ly = 1.0 mH La= 16 mH ( Rioad =2.2 delay angle o = 45° ELEcTRIcaAL NETWORK Thyrister gate pulses | CONTROLLER CTAcs)ELectRic NETWORK posP VsA A Rioad Regnub = 200 9, Cena = 1 BF a vg= 2x 120 sin(2n x 60 x) CONTROLLER Gate-trigger 9 signsis tego : Pist-2 PLS3-4| | | | | | 281 > ° i f tL - pest” 2-8 Id —7 -—— ost errs pests See eee eee eee tee eee ee A | NX oN QO Z-ss1d i; Go)BEGIN NEW DATA CASE c FILE NAME = THYRECT1.DAT " THYRISTOR RECTIFIER 1-PHASE " ¢ Computer Exercises for Power Electronics Education by N.Mohan; January 1990 C+ ~_ TEHE DATA x 50,00E-6 50.0E-3 1000 r 1 TACS-HYBRID | 90vsa- (SOURCE VOLTAGE VSA OF EMTP } Co ea------- ALPHA IS THE DELAY ANGLE ALPHA IN DEGREES: VCONTL I$ ITS NORMALIZED c VALUE SUCH THAT VCONTL EQUALS 1 WHEN THE DELAY ANGLE IS 180 DEGREES Q8ALPHA = 45.0 7 QBVCONTL = ALPHA / 280.0 QBTENDEG ™ 500.0E-6 C w-------= THE RAMP STARTUP IS SYNCHRONIZED TO VSA ; THE RAHP REACHES 1.0 AFTER c 290 DEGREES. THEREFORE, THE GAIN OF THE INTEGRATOR BELOW IS c (180 / (360 * 60) ) = 120.0 : Ti Hel SORAMP S8+UNTTY ; Coy 29° (Beg wea 5 98COMP = AHP GE. CONTI. ty os © =---s---- Gate pulses ate approximately 10 degrees (500 microsec) in duration S8DCHP _54+COMP TENDES 98PLSi~2 = .NOT, DCMP AND. COMP on C ----+---- Gate pulses are delayed by 180 degress to the next ttyristor pair QBDELAY = 0.0083333333 9OPLS3~4544PLS1-2 / DELAY BLANK CARD ENDING TACS C= = BRANCH DATA c - AC SIDE OF THE RECTIFIER C wn--se--- Source inductance COVSA VHA 0.2 1 c -- ~ Rectifier ac-side inductance OOvMA VA 21.0 © -n------~ DC SIDE OF THE RECIFIER COPOSP POS 16.0 2 OOPOS NEG 2.0 2 Q0POSP NEG 1.0E+9 { FOR PLOTTING ONLY ) 2 C senenen== SNUBBERS (NEXT 4 RECORDS) OOPOSP VA 200.0 1.0 ooposP POSP VA NEG © FOSP VA NEG FOSP VA --> Negligible resistances in series with thyristors 1 and 3 to avoid creating a loop of closed switches during current commutation ~ from one thyristor pair to the next O0POSA POSP 0.01 ‘O0POSG pos o.01 7 BLANK CARD ENDING BRANCHES 11VA POSA PLE1-2.. 13 ai POSG PLS3-4 13 Lines VA 7 PLS3-4 43 1INEG PLS1-2 13 BLANK CARD ENDING SWITCHES 24V5A 169.7 60.0 -90-0 BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCES VSA WMA OVA BLANK ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUTI -4000 -2000 =.2000 . 2 10203 =.4000 = PS kT ss oe — — -3200 SECOND: ae ae FILE : O€-JAN-90 21:01:59 FACTOR : 0.100E+01 0.1C0E¥01 0,200€+01 OFFSET : 0.000£+00 0 GC0E¥O0_0.000E +00 NAMES: VSA POSP NEG) USP + POS Ymia, Ynax, a¥/in + ~4.0CO0ES02 — 4,0000€ +02 1, 0000£ +02 rsTACS SOuRcES (08 @) INTERNAL TO TACS Z at) RESIDENT, ar) DEFINED B) PASSED Te TASS FROM ELECTRICAL . NETWORK at) INTERNAL REs\DENT Sources iqimex | 2 simulation tine in seconds (= 0,0 in steady-state) (TIMER | 2 humter of the present tine ace? jn the simulation water tne tine atep ( TIMEX > ISTE © peLraT ) yates frequeney in Hz (ae reed fron the let einusoidal source) Dis FREQHZ (in radians) = 0,0 =1.0 +10 {lo (kept for convenience? onz/s U6e PLUS!) oo (very Large number fitting Your computer systes) 3a) INTERNAL DEFINED aa 7 TE. oe ie) (ten TAFE | (eee) ¥IDTH (wee) AFL T (nee) a a a a fee if, ie tree + [Ti] + lever etgnat sane Le oa aan l ca Li ea Usarnar <0 Lresrane re Urarer ripe + [G] 1 cstpat « AL + cos (wt +9) = AMPL «OS ( anf + ar¥/360 ) ee a os Teararr ¢ Ot Testaar <0 TYPE = [23] : pulse Ce : a eT ee ee ei ough this eourse ednnet be ineLy eady-otate initialization unleos fal condition te cpecified+ (TeSTARTCO Le valtd, as active during the de nonzero user-defined Lad! res + [E+ step Ames rq f, = Urearaarfasset FROM GLECTRICAL NETWoRK Fo TACS Se ee TYPE = [39] Output = EXTP node voltage In which case the NAME must be a node name elready defined in the electrical network, The output value ts not calculated by TACS itself, but 4s simply nade equal to the value of the voltage =~ (with respect to TERRA), as measured at the node vhich bears the sane name da the electrical netvork. vee = [91] output = EMEP switch currant In vhich ease ghe NAMS aust be a node name to which « switch (of any type) is connected in the electrical network. The output value of the source will then be set equal to the current flowing fron the LEFT+ncde to the 2IGHT-node, as defined on the EMT? muitch card. In cases where more than one switch ere attached to the said node, reference iy astimed to ba to the first of these avigches, in the order of the data cards. rire = [92] output = internal variable of epectal EXIF components ‘This source type is reserved for passing to TACS the values of certain intemal variables of special ExTP cozponents, Por exenple, Arle 3 of Class 6 S.M, data carte (see Section virt ) shows how roter angles and angular velocities caz be pasued to TAG. This ds for a dynastic asynchronous sachine (8.M.) source component, aa used in subsynchronous resonance (SSR) studies, Such variables are then accessed (picked up and used) within TACS by ceans of the Type-92 TACS source cozponent, The name of this TACS source must be a node name to which a switch (of any type) Ls connected in tha electrical network. In cases where more than one switch are attached to the said node, reference is assumed to be to tha first of these svitches, in — the order of the date cards. Any of the ssurces that can te defined in the electrical network (typs 1 to 15) can also be ueed in TACS. ‘Their value is passed to TACS as follors: NAME source a f TYPE-90 ee An the electrical nztmork in TACs@ “TRANSFER FONCTION S-B Locks, € ZERO-ORDER RLOckS Gesy= GAIN « Net NS4 Nas” aaa n Ye 2 Redst---4Ds Upp 5 Inputs Quteur = 469) [FU tutst Yt Us] In TIME-DOMAIN) ers Et a aaaaa saat Weqde=e gust ever nat lls COTO NI NARe dew, betags Bt annie | Tar | eee) a ‘ Rone PE YT AG HIN ROT EEG bees lene] AG | Ae aad aaa ABYSS SAAN SAAT Ts Hes aaa a Ase aaa ass Se Ny N ENag' | Ne Ne oNg Ja Ng } Me | Ne | Ns Bi Di Da Be De Dr tise | tise | tise | eise | tine | tee the order of the highest pover of "s" of either mucerator oF ater polynomials, Its value must be punched (right-Justifted) | mans 1-2 | I 4. The vatue of s non-unity gain may be defined in colimns 51-55. When this CLeld ds left blenk (or zero), GAIN s 1.0 Ls the default value 7 automazicelly assigned by the program.WZ SUPPLEMENTAL VARI ABLES & DEVICES VAR\ABLES— Algebraic and Lasical FoR TRAN ExPRESSIONS DEVICES - DELAYS | ConTROLLED INTEGRATORS, etc. GRouP TYPE: 99 of V8 i. &8 ie ATFB GRovues of SUPPLEMENTAL aie VARIABLES 4 DEuxc ! ! SOU ReEs Super. be S-Bhecks! Soper, S- Ll sumb : | Blocks ; ' \ TYPE FF TYPESS ' Tyee 99 INPUT Grove: INSIDE GRoup: lnpor FROM Soveees OUTPLT GRou Not QUALIFIED =| ——————— OR OTHER INPUT GRovP FoR INPUT oR OUTPUT GoEsT ELEMENTS OUTPUT GRoup ELECTRIC NEMA OR TO OTHER Over GR, ELEMENTS AVe\D INSIDE GROUP, Soper. psy S> SuPeL, ; So oRCES Blocks TYPE TF #8(4 SUPPLEMENTAL VARIABLES - Saea STE (a Hee ET: (eee! Geeks, THE 4)" Poorefe ns ROLES : 1, This variable is identified by the alphanumeric name of its output (Columns 3-8 ). This alphanumeric name nay nct start with a numeric number in the free format exoression. 2. Wo Longer used. 3. The character ‘=! oust appear in coluen 11 of the first card of the expressicn. 7 4. ALL the rules for constructing standard FORTRAN expressions apply. algebraic operators : +, = 5 * 5 /5 ee logical operators : OR. ,_ AND,» eNOT. relational opsrators-: .£Q. , «Ns y «LT. y «LE.» -GE. y «GT. FORTRAN functions : SIN , COS , TAN y cova} with argument SINK’, COSH , TANK an radians ASIN, ACCS, ATAN (answer in radiene) EXP, LOG, LOGO, SQRT , ABS epectol functicns : TRUNC (the inteser part of ..,) (sign An (1,0 / a (conversion [ren deg reddans) {eonvereiod tres redians to doerece) (2 -) tfharg0, = +1 df arged) (= IsT( sodulo~6( arg ) j (se2 belo} (to obtats a rentoa mumber, the argunent can ‘oa an artitrary mober or an existing TACS nane)=] fr Rule: 0. 1 2 rire = (55) Gior[Bl see sece, I-E-4 detinieton, This device is idencified by the alphanumeric nase of {ts output. (Columns 3-8 ) ‘The total taput to the de yum of any of ell ats: input eignaie (except for 4 60, 61 end 63 where ach Anput signal te interpreted individually) . The eign character (+ or =) avat te punched for all noa-blank inpute, th 1 « The different devices are: cope frequency-sensor relay-operated switch Level-triggered switch transpore deley pulse transport delay digitizer -by~point user-defined non-linearity soparaticn tize-sequenced switch controlled integrator sicple derivatt Anput-iF eonponent signal selector aazple end track instantaneous oin/max nin/aax tracking 1 accusulator and counter 65 1lé cont = (50) : Frequency meter ttm A] + Ainttsal frequency (iz) thy ~S OUTPUT Peete fe | (TET) sex. ecceptable chense, in 4 sav Coy Cea CED: OUTE3T = measured frequency o the input process the input st; in cases where the fi main signal frequency. Saal Ag for the algorithm used, let Ty ke the tine of the nost-recent aad 72 one thet. "Then the curren: frequency £ 4s gtven by: ee 05 sitimated “Ernor tm | ©! course one rarely knows the tines of (Peveceaeassttt % zero czcssing exactly; linear interpolation Vag arent eaves (see scoten) Sa used 10 eatizet x ? ee \ Lime Te Ls This ard vould describe a frequency-sexsor of che inpurs [ 'GENA’ - 'GENB' } . Inittal frequency of 60 Hz . this vatue of 40 Hz will act change until at least co zero~ ssings of che signal have seen detected, so that an interval can aned 'F22Q2' applied ce& 1 Relay-operated ewitch A]: value of the Gain (der. GRIN ee (CET: value of FIXED TRES: (p_]: wamep LD (opt : E_]: DRIVING SEcKAL BRW Ne ‘of 2: nommally-open sense TB ft romally-closed a 2 normaily-open, but 7 - normally-closed, waren 7) 2 es esnox miap QO) Feetmen i - Af eriteh de cloeed, OUTPUT = © sua( inputs) I 42 gritch 4s open, GUTPET = 0.0 The ewdteh will operate from its "nermal" state when: : fur normeily-open, when |DRIVING SIGNAt| > NAMED + FI [if normaliy-cloced, when =" ” rulee width + delay Initial co! T-08 and The user can make the OUYPUT respond to an input signal which partly or tstall: occurred before simulation tise ¢?0 + This situation can be sisulated es fclloas: specify I-ON dn field 'A' of the card « [spectfy T-0FF in felé ‘c! in where T-ON 0.0 7 = GAIN Saentiapece) + 7 i Do + Bits EH + Af no control eigna*nas if control signal ¢ 0.0 —-+: 0 , our = -ES CTRI2<$O , OLT2 = 0.0 (same remark as “gw CERL3>O , OUTS cr in SSO , OUTS = VARS te: In @ previous version of this progran, the type-5@ device © also been used ce a counter. his function is now served flexibly by the cevice tyre €5 . However, for the conven of users wishing to run older vercicns of their data cases, th "counter" function of this tyre-53 device is kept and is defined as follows: (E71: the A BY) Lt keyword ‘COTNTR ignored s7(E - At) + wua(inputs) an¢ OUTPUT(E) F Fe eo taste vend ee Lo E20 ve wSereee sornes vere PS Fe. ve or eres vanscone = + Staple derivative (CR + vatue of tne oars 2 cures Tatdufeed too) : Ree ‘ hee Bef CED EI cenores ne oy ouresz(t) = cary. StL = wit fe) Bet , This device will be properly initialized by the sragres at 32 0.0, previded that all che initial conmizions for the inputs I; , Ig, ete, are aveilesle (eitner progtas-csleulated a7 usef-cefined). See Section 8.4 . TRU, spect ty To abeign a nonzerc initial value to the o! alse a User-defines initial condition as per Section 8.5.7 « cone = (60) + Inzut-IF cozsanent ‘STANT tonal? CO]: numerteal coustaxt (, epreet : nase cf Si0RALI cH (E71: name cf SIGNAL2 (uptrozaL) Cyj cz ignored i stonai2 + coutnist , unser «(22 IB >. For this device, the inpute are ac input is interpreted indsvi nan fh : >| sPasss note: FEAGI can Sogieal/at cefined na seFtsat expression {ese , 4.75) a = ns a feusit ouT2 AL FLAG2)~>4.75 , CUTZ aa sPoust a 1+ 5} [ras] sweet te{25 : Signal selector = & — ouTPUT output LO when SELECTCR 9.5 output HI when SELECTOR 5.5 name of 6th input i of SELECTOR f gage ignored 1,020.5 (default = 0.2) 2.020.5 3020-5) | oureur 4.0205 5.020.5 6.02065 if SELECTOR tt setecton [<3] > SPUR = > cuRPUT For thie device, the inputs are act su Each input 4s interpreted individually.{26 @ cape isiCoey-eteiaile Lunactonane : TRA SAMPLE Do]: nae of TRACK signal sm, (or blank) a ourpur eee EJ : name of SAMPLE signal iz i (or blank) : Ce) CE} Ce7 = ignorea os output | 1 : 1 ; ie aaa Eee Eee | } { Se it : ) se! I tasex PL Eanne, LA <0 Note: In the absence of both TRACK sii the CUTPUT is in HOLD node, The X signal supercedes the SAMPLE eignal, should both control eignals te >O sinultanecusly. pal and SA E signal, Note: The SAMPLE code involves a two-step cperation The order to sample a new value is onl. rising front of the SAMPLE control si then be reset to $0 before the next Note: The TRACK operation beco ifthe TRACK control sier equivalen 1 lasts only one time 6:2 ro initial conditicn to the OUTPUT (the initial specify a user-calined initis? condition To assign a non: HOLD vali Seccion IIT127 to get atmisua sm sed | oe: ; gerPur to get caxiaua sma oe ese] nine | ac (Bde -1.0, ourir = at (Bs +c, oureye Kote: Fer this device, the iaputs are not cus: Each input is interpreted ssdivscually. if =1.0 te le e1.0 1 auserical reset value :eaze of RESET ‘eLank) se of 40:9 signal, (ap blank) 2 Agnored nal > 0.0 , ovreur = TE] else if HOLD etgral > 0.0 , td = QUTPUT{? -at) ean( CUTPUT(E= 2), sax( DUTPETCE- 00), Kot, This device will de 2 talized Fy the att + 0.0, provides al ee: ogzrur value'ss suppii: curPur (rater D, spectty a To assign a nonzero initia: will also be the starting =: useredefined initial condis:122 cope = (65) : accueulator and counter = Reser HOLD c : numerical reset value in. peri a DI]: maze of RESET simnal sth DH ace, LOE (or blank) — L. : name of HOLD signal stig a (or blank) resel —— alice ’ TE = igsored af Be! else if HOLD signal >0.0, OUTPUT(=) = OUTPUT(t+a t) else |CUTPUMt) = OTTPUT(t- At) + tnout(t) Note: This device will be properly init az t= 0.0, provided CitpUr value'is supplisd. 2 assign a ncnzero intzial conditica te the OUT ¥ill also be the initial accumulator contents) , user-defined initial cendition, Specie? ton: ovides a straightforward etusi—f acc Ls ovzpur oo age [3] : frequency (Hz) EI | 2 Sgrored CUTPUT = tre RMS value Note: ‘The storege needed for this device is allocated in the 7th of the ~ totel of 8 TACS tables « The mumber of cells needed is equal to: 1+1/( frequency * DELTAT ).PRINTING/PLoTTrMg SE TACS VARIABLES a) for output of all the variables a single card is needed, witha "I! in coluan 2 : 2) for output of only some variables wee ag ceny cards aa needed, in the following format, INITAL GonpitioNS OF FACS VARIABLES Eornat CS a 77 Hoy - [Be] Use aa many cards as required, TERMINATE TAcs DATA BY A BLANK LING ;[3° ‘4 2-Pha se thy vister Rectifier t pont oF common coupling Ups 480V@coke , bss o.2mt, Ls, = home 4a = lo mH, Riad S41, dehy ansgle= 45° 480 NEG (vsa = ¥2x we cos(2nx60xt-60°) diode snubbers Rgnub = 200 2, Csnub = 1 HF VCONTL(31 BEGIN NEW DATA CASE c FILE NAME = THYRECT3.DAT " THYRISTOR RECTIFIER 3-PHASE " € computer Exercises for Power Electronics Education by N.Mohan; January 1990 ¢ ~~ TIME DATA 50.00E-6 50.0E-3 - & 1000 1 1 TACS HYBRID ¢ = -_TACS DATA TO GENERATE GATE TRIGGER PULSES GATE1,..-.++1 ETC. c= SOURCE VOLTAGES VSA & VSC ARE BROUGHT INTO TACS 90VSA gorse g8vsac vsa - vsc c- ALPHA IS THE DELAY ANSLE ALPHA IN DEGREES; VCONTL IS ITS NORMALIZED © VALUE SUCH THAT VCONTL EQUALS 1 WHEN THE DELAY ANGLE Is 180 DEGREES SBALPHA 45.0 + 0.001 QBYCONTL = ALPHA / 180.0 QBTENDEG = 500.0E-6 @ cessee=-- THE RAMP STARTUP IS S“NCHRONIZED TO VSAC; THE RAMP REACHES 1.0 AFT: ¢ 180 DEGREES. THEREFORE, THE GAIN OF THE INTEGRATOR BELOW 1S (180 / (360 * 60) ) = 120.0 Seaamp sesunrTy 120.0 1.0 vsac S8COMP RAMP .GE. VCONTL ¢ --------- Gate pulses are approximately 10 degrees (500 micosec) in duration 9BDCMP 54+COMP TENDEG 9PUESL = .NOT. DCMP .AND. COM> c- Gate pulses are delayed by 60 degrees with respect to each other 98DLY60D = 0.0027777778 4 98PULS2 54+PULSI DLY60D 98SULS3 54+PULSZ DLYSOD S8PULSS 54+PULS3 DLY60D SBPULSS 54+FULS4 DEYS0D 98PULS6 54+PULSS DLYSoD C --------- Double pulsing scheme is used eS 9eGATEL = PULS1 .OR. PULS2 9aGATE2 PULS2 .OR. PULS3 98GATE3 = PULS3 .OR. PUSS 98GATE4 = PULS4 OR. PULSS S8GATES = PULSS OR. PULS6 QEGATES = PULS6 .OR. PULSI 33VSAC GATE1 GATE2 GATE3 GATE4 GATES GATE6 COMP DCMP RAMP BLANK CARD ENDING TACS ¢ =~ BRANCH DATA ¢ = AC SIDE ~ Source OOVSA VHA 2 Fee OoVSB VMS VSA 2 oovsc VHC VSA 2 c - Rectifier ac-side inductance OOVMA VA 1.0 OOVHB VB VHA OYA ore VC VHA OVA. © ssen----~ DC SIDE OF THE RECIFIER 50POSP Pos 16.0 3 CoPOS NEG 4.0 ors FOR PLOTTING AN ALMOST INFINITE RESISTACE IS CONNECTED SoPposP NEG 1.0549 2 ¢ = TO ALLOW LINE-TO-LINE VOLTAGES TO BE PLOTTED ovsA VSB 1.009 2 0OVSB VsC | VSA VSB 2 OOVsc VSA VSA VSB eee EHS:CORDS ) 0 -60.0 -180.0 300.0 vac vue oVSA VSB vHc VSA VSB vua SA VSB vB VSA VSB vo VSA VSB vA _VSA___VSB c === SNUBBERS (NEXT 6 OoposP VA 200. ooposP VB POSP VA OorOsP VC POSP VA oovA ON POSP VA oove NEG POSP VA oovc N=G POSP VA BLANK CARD ENDING BRANCHES 11VA -POSP L1VB -FOSP live FOSP LINES LiNeG VB. qinec vc BLANK CAPD ENDING SWITCHES L4VSA 391.9 60.0 avs 391.9 60.0 L4VSC 391.9 60.0 BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCES VSA vSB. VSC VHA VHB BLANK ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUT?UT 1.0 vA vB ve PosP GATEL GATE GATES GATES GATES GATE2 NEG 132hoo | | | Uk i i A i 4 5000 | | x i i Ms fi a) ! \ 00 + t 1 v00 =.s000 i a Fi. 87 aan a nano & 2 Pauly VSR Post LG) Bust : « FOS ; Yin, Ymox. uy/in = =1,0600E+03 10000105 2. 50008 02 =1. 000 Imin| Tmax. gT/in = 3.00G00E-02 5.00000E-02 2.000608 -03EXT, DAT 134 BEGIN NEW Dx7A CASE - SB cC. File Nexe = EX7.DAT to show i wise the sax as THYRECT: ( preceding the name on $INCLUDE below, generally. € oth §SUFFIK, $LEVEL, 4 C ~~ TIME Jar: 50.00B-6 50.3E- 1900 qACS HYBRID c+ - TACs 2 RATE GATE SCE: (T23ES VSA & VSC ARE PULSES GATE1,......, BTC. HT INTO DEGREES; VCONTL Is "MEN TKE DELRAY ANGLE 1S ANGLE ALPHA 98ALPHA 98VCONT TO VSAC; TEE RAMP ‘TRE GAIN OP THE 126.0 pulses are approximately 2¢ degrees -AND. COMP are del: rees wil COMP CMP RAMP dovsa i oovsB y oovsc 1 = 3 2 FOR PLOTTING AN ALMOST INFINITE RESISTACE IS CONNECTED 1.0849 2 TO ALLOW LINE-T0-LINE VOLTAGES 70 BE PLOTTED 1.0059 2ere IBS” ogee vse VSA VS oS oovsc VSA SA OCvMA VMB VSA OGyMB VNC SA OfvMc oo VMAVSA OtvVA VB VSA OCvB vc VSA otve VAL VSA file name ex7i VAHE NeNNN NS Arg-4 3 { Thyristor and snubber ex?i VBE 10 (thyristor and snubber ex?i vc#e 1e { Thyristor and snubber ex7i NEGE 10 { Thyristor and snubber ae { Thyristor and snubber 1c { Thyristor and snubber ex7i exTi NEGE E: ELANK CARD ENDING SWITCHES 2EVSA 391.9 60.0 -60.0 34 VSB 391.9 60.0 -180.0 WSC 391.8 60.0 -300.0 ANK CARD ENDING SOURCES : VS3 YSC WMA VMB VNC OVA) VB) VC) «POSP NEG ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT : ending hatch-mede plots NEW DATA CASE 2244 46 12223 4 3.9 3 9 6579 81g 814 70 8 a Ter C3 Level-0 comment. Thyristor & snubber module used by EX7.DAT 7 BRANCH @2Arg-1 Arg-2 200.0 1.0 /SAUTCH Arg-1 Azg-2 Arg-3 7?16: Care for Fourler series coxputation Point Although it hes nothing do with plotting, the Fourter series computation of the EN: only be accessed via this (see right) frex plotting to special request word Number of hersont If left blenx, e é «4 ¥ aS nose ae Pave voltage, or @ branch want a ( 4} see & code number indies’ ; ! Bate syeles 2 the power /: nosh) 5 sens] 5_ Punch any belie oH ta is rot sredeble value is re rough slot card de Caen 5 of 2 node h voltage or cu!EXS. DAT 137 | BEGIN NEW DATA CASE c - - File Name EX8.DAT to show REPLOT and Harmonic Analysis Features.- eS DISK PLOT DATA — eee | scioss, unrT=4 srarus-pELZT= ( Disconnect. now-expty file connected by SYSDEP STATUS=OLD 1 Connect C-like plot file fromt $OPEN, UNITs4 FIL=E=dBRECT? -pl. C $CLOSE, UNIT=4 i C SOPEN, UNI REPLOT FILE=DBRECT) . 224 VAE VR TUS=KEE> SLANKX ENDING PLOT C2RDS138 sed by Can/aa user group of Portland, Oregon plot file is C:EX8.plé st Rule Sook printing: July, 1987. 752 g0c 1506 120 2100 5250 225 480 150 15 15020 120 “12 15 4800 1980 00 452 12000 ago 252, 4 98003 IC data:Ex8.dat ATP, Salford 386 v: words. CASE ie Ex8.D3T NFOUR 30E-00 2.6 des como itowed by 02 6.39 resultant “Complex anp2i ne and the this ampl coat Harmonic 736840E-01 23796E-02 0 4 1-2 2-7, 3 6. 199:5807E+01 205 5 A97E-01 5-5 é: 157E+00 6 -2 2 8965-01 Fatal 2. e -5. 2 2 4 L 1009 s. iL 9 s 12 +3 a, 139 5. 4-3. 3. 15 4 4 16 4) ‘ a7. 3 igs 9 i 1s -2 2 20 -3. 3 1 2 ‘ L 2 1 8 0.00892 2) THD = §.94946060E+ receding line now will be explai: cianatio= will not be repeated) Root Mean Square (or effective) value and ; respectively. Each of these two statistics 291.36 Derived from table. Summary statistics briefly this one RNS and THD are acronyms £ the ‘otal Harmon:reel Myabtesd aq FeeQuencsy Scan “@ Kuamaret aes FAULS 1S4 mie <6 708 a Zoe Bere i Maui Lowe PIE coe 63 mi. ul Beet TOS Impedance Bye Bera Seen from Shis -Lecminal e YALENT 230-KV_NETWORK 154 wile KF Za 4.1et 3722 Ba 2.69t jad A E SUPPLE SS 0264} 25.0 Boca! cs Ze lodjts.3% BrLes+s2e® A)IA Cuvvent Source Frequency: £6 HE - 77° a Each lines Rees mile, X= 27 ie CoE eelZ UF fmile , Rpos = 0-28 S/mile., Xo 758 Bfrrile. Cpos= O19 Ar ile140 ya : ‘ ‘ Mutual Coupling ETYPE ~-- 51 Fivst Branch G-2) 52 ~ Secad Bvyanch , 53 Third Branch Bust, BUs2 ~- Same as befere Re, be (ete) ~- on the Rirst Card with (27-32), @3- 44) TvyPE = St te Ry, by Cats) —-- on the 2nd cavd wi Ls ; IVYPE=S2BEGIN NEW DATA CAS= Srequancy SCAN 60.0 10.0 5.0E-6 -2.0 6¢.0 1000, 1 cc - = BRANCH DATA Cc Three phase resistors for QOMALA MALB 100.56 OOMALB 100.56 | QOMALC 100.26 amath Falls 6.3) 2.17 0.28 0.58 Redmond 0.30 (2.47 6.28 *0.58 Lone Pine 6.3 2.17 C.28 0.58 cap cE 37.2 21.4 1s. 20. DIST CAP AT MALIN SCURCE Z 20.6 6 25.0 -180. 60.0 -300. 60.0 ~60 60.0 -215. 60.0 335.2 60.0 -95.2 6c.0 0.0 -aKFB -1 60.0 -12¢ 4KFC 0-1 60.0 120. BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCES KFA KFB KFC FILE NAME = EX9.DAT to Frequency Scan Feature 2500. measuresent of voltage 2.0C2 002 5.0C2 PINE AND REDMOND BLANK ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT REQUEST BLANK ENDING PLOTS 141) spuosas... AEF 1% ] age PLOT DATA FROM FILE: 07-Jul-83 1218.22 - NODE NAMES & PLOT POINT SUMMARIES FOLLOW: FACTOR: 0.1006+01 0.500E+01 OFFSET : 0.000E+00 0.000400 tr! KFA MAG 84 POINTS(34%) USED - KFA ANGLE 109 POINTS (44 %) USED.43 (A) FIRST CARD ‘ ITYPE -- 98 ! BUS1, BUS2, BUS3,BUS4 --- SANE AS BEFORE. @ | Tsteapy vo~ DERIVE LINEAR REGION OF THE NCHLINEAR INDUCTANCE (27-32) Verena (33-38) Tour (80) (B) CARDS FOR NONLINEAR CHARACTERISTIC THE i-# CHARACTERISTIC IS DEFINED POINT BY POINT GN CARDS. THESE POINTS ARE TERMINATED BY A “9999” CAPD. TO BE USED IN STEADY STATE SOLUTION. 1 , v (1-16) (17-32) a 9999. e—_ tevmingtion Card (13-16)144 Busts. wes Bus2, os - Bust 7 © Ry be ous Fl #e BUS2 IF THE TRANSFORMER IS IDEHTICAL TO A PREVIOUSLY INPUTTED ONE, USE THE IHPUT FORMAT PRESENTED ¥ THE NEXT SECTION (4.4.1) A) SPECIAL: REQUEST CARD CRANSFOR MER -- Shectal request werd 3 BUSTOP --- NAME FOR INTERNAL BUS AT THE TOP OF THE MAGNETIZING (39-44) : BRANCH, THIS NAME UNIQUELY IDENTIFIES THE TRANSFORMER, Isteapy DEFINE LINEAR INDUCTANCE REGION OF MAGNETIZING (27-32) BRANCH FoR PHASOR STEADY STATE SoLuT *STEADY 33-38) TOUTNS (OPTIONAL) --- 1, MAGNETIZING BRANCH CURRENT OUTPUT (80) 2, MAGNETIZING BRANCH VOLTAGE OUTPUT 3, BOTHRung ~~~ MAGNETIZING RESISTANCE ACCOUNTING FOR CORE LOSS IN OHMS, (45-50) IF ZERO OR BLANK, INFINITE RESISTANCE IS ASSUMED. @ B) MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC CARD INPUT PIECEWISE #-1 SATURATION CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MAGNETIZING BRANCH BY A NUMBER OF CURRENT, FLUX CARDS EACH (1-16) (17-32) REPRESENTING A BREAK POINT, 9999 TERMINATES THESE CARDS, (13-16) €) WINDING PARAMETER CARD ITYPE --~ WINDING NUMBER (1-2) BUSL,BUS2 — ~-- NODE HANES FOR EACH WINDING e (3-8) (9-14) VOLTSCH,.) --= RATED HINDING VOLTAGE IN KV OR NURBER OF TURNS (39-44) OF THE WINDING. R, x 777 *HINDING RESISTANCE IN OHMS (27-32) - Ly (ol) --- WINDING INDUCTANCE IN mH (IF XOPT=0) (33-39) OTHERWISE, wLy IN OHMS, IOUT --- 1, CURRENT OUTPUT. ALLOWED ONLY FOR THE PRIMARY MINDING (80) (arypes): 145 4.4.1, SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORNER (REPEATED) Z A) SPECIAL REQUEST CARD TRANSFORMER-- Speciel vequest werd! REFERENCE BUS NAME --- NAME OF THE REFERENCE TRANSFORMER. (1-20) B) WINDING CARDS BUS1,BUS2 --- NODE NAMES FOR EACH WINDING.Case: Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformer Saturable Magnetizing Inductance 7 ‘Bus 1 e Bus 2 fw — Lg.S0Hl 110KV22.0k 115.5 &V LogmtO-Smkt Thsee-Phase Pi ‘50 He Transformer Data: Three-Phase 110.0kV G-Wye / 22.0 kV Delta 15MVA 2 % Z=8.52 No - Load Losses = 27970 W Load Losses = 60600 W Exciting Current at 100 % V= Exciting Current at 110 % V= 45 % 90 %o|47 DATE: 6/ 6/1988 PAGE: GRRL MINNESOTA POWER PCSER TRANSFORMER PHYSICAL DATA STATION CODE:GRR STATION:GRAND RAPIDS 115/23KV SUB ‘TRANSFORMER NO:1 $/80:41060-1 ASSET NO:0033 MANUFACTURER : PENNSYLVANTA, 19s? si WINDING: NON-AUTO cee: 7583 60 HERTZ HERN DIVISION TY CODE: 50225 SUA RATING 15000 at 55¢ BUSHING 2ATING IMPULS? LEVEL SURGE ARRESTERS © CURRENT TRANSFORMER HV 138 KV @ B00, HV 5:3 KY SIL HV KV TYPE «HY 1200/5 MR TYPs Ly 34.5 SV @ 400A LY 150 Ky TYPE ORY 600/ N 34.5 KV @ GOAN 200 Ly 12 Tee Tye 6 FULL LosD CURRENT & CORE Loss HV Kr 7186450 = © 6OEO0.OF WLS MYA 75C Ww KV -249500 & 0.404002 & E15 MVA 75° TOTAL Loss: 88572.00 W TRANSFORMER BASE 15 HVA CLARITY: 30 0.40 $ R TO BASE # RTO 100 MVA BASE 8.51 & X To BASE X10 100 kVA BASE 8.52 & Z To BASE #2 TO 100 KVa BASE 0.45 4 EXCITING I AT 100% & 0.77% REGULATION 100% PF 0,90 $ EXCITING I AT 110: E $.64 REGULATION 80s PF TEMPERATURE DETECTOR: HOT SPOT R TEMPERATURE DETECTOR: 25C 10 OMS THERMOMETER DIAL: WINDING HOT S?0T CORONA PARTIAL DISCHARGE MICRO V : BASE DRAWING: ¢-127219 OUTLINE DRAWING: CC. PHOTOGRAPHS: YES NAME PLATE DRASING: COMMENTS:BREE ese l4e Calculation of Transformer Parameters: = and Losses x 499 = £0600 x 109 = 0.404 % Rating DR : 15x10° % Z = 8.52 = 0.404 + j8.51 & N__ 110.0, Asha eB. 2.887 Ngee ZaZyy + AZ, Usually, Zyy = AZ, “ Z= 22, @ ‘H 2 = MOR" = 806.7. 2 yas0 N15 MYA ZY = (1.63 + 534.32) Q z, =2H-(0.196 + j4.12) 0 L= 2 ZL, = (0.196 + j4.12) Q | | | | | | 2 = ZZ x (Zpase Ix = (1.63 + 534.32) Q ‘ | 2 | || | | | | | 149 Calculations of Rmag and Lmag? (igh Side) Vi2___ 410x103)? = =0.433x10° Q No-Load Losses 27970 Rmag = Excitation Branch: 6, Single Phase Rating 5x10 asnt0°yf’ Tpase See a = a7 TRIB A VN (110x10 “cue At 100 % Voltage: 45 =V2h)* Ipase = 0.5014 _v_ 2 10x103/3 ® 37 = 238.23 Wo At 110% Voltage: ly =1.0024 = 262.06 WbLo =9.5 mH Lpos = 10.6 mH Phase A: XLo = 3.58 Q at 60 Hz XLpos = 4.0 Q at 60 Hzpecan New DATA. CASE BEGIN NER ST SANGEWR.DAT " THO-WINDING TRANSFORMER {Sl € Eng Dara S.pep0 00S 60.0 1000 1 3 a 1 ¢ BRANCH DATA 7 c — 110K¥ SIDE EQUIVALENT SOURCE IMPEDANCE SiVA-BUSLA 3.58 52vB -BUSIB ao 53vc -BUSIC c- TSREE SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS ( 210-KV Grd. ¥, 22.0-KV DELTA ) c TRANSFORYER 0.501 238.271.4335 1 0.502 238.23 11002 262106 9989 o:ausza 1.63 34.32 63.508 1 o2auS2a Buszs 01196 4.12 2210 c TRANSFOR: 7 -12 1 0:30: 1 0230823 BUs2c ¢ TRANSPORYER TL 73 2 02308: 1 023082¢ BL: -RMINSLS 2 2 2 BUS2A SUS2 BUS2CPrimary and Secondary Vollage (52 versus Time Voltage (kV) “ bh & ‘ 8 0.00 6.00 12.06 18.00 24,00 30.00 36.00 42.00 48.00 Time (ms) * Primary Secondary € Excitation Currents versus Time ‘Current (mA) Time (ms) ——PhaseA — — — PhaseB => >>> Phase CExample: Three Winding Autotransformer Voltages: 230000v/1 15000v/13800v Ratings: 100000KVA for 230KV/11SKV 1800OKVA for 230KV/13.8kV_ 18000KVA for 115KV/13.8kV 36% @ 1OOMVA 52% @ 18MVA 2.01% @ 18MVA Impedance Data: Zp. > Copper Loss: HLL = 145064 W 18328 WABB Power T&D Company Minnesota fever Cosganr St (789 forsaser’s rear Non z wiscays 3.3, te. eh S22 Tyee QUERIER Core "uate Three Haet2_s0 insulating be Soe nF Falarsty See ae. ing x Winding 1 et, ri, inseoertrinh, 127000 va 1200 74000/ SORE 08 vol bag Wal fae, 115000 vol taae 3500 Zor gebarity. aa tions see (petructign 2]ates WW SUG ane UP T0_22, 300 3300 TE ATURE RISE——ver Sera Ma,__t LAN Winding Y__Hinding 3 i i t ASCENT i rt L 023 ' 1g ihe Hiroe | Le ‘oP site 1003 Sus} jt A iit ae vie : i i feo i : NOI war eats ch winding end ng und 1tage applied 3 other vinings t REMARKS This KS tes: Cotes o: 1 Teapas forse 43s 2 latest Transforeer Test Cote e sinn_ Boney Dell Sy ete peetieeetIcT ed hyd Uebel, Page_L of 32_fs is i cordance withIss Calculatioz of Resistances: _ Za-L = Ry + XH-L aR = —__COPPERLOSS 199 TRANSFORMER RATING Ry = 15064 W 100 = .145% “L yoox108 va 18328 W H GRyq_p = 28328 Wx 100 = 102% SHAT 195108 VA ° GR 19121 W_ 199 = 106% L-T igx108 va Calculation of Reactances: X =V2?-R? Ky p =V636" - 145° = 6.358% Xi, =V¥3.522 - 102? = 3.519% H-T 2 =2.012 2H Xp =V201" - 106° = 2.007% Calculation of Impedances: ZH-L = 0.145 + j6.358 % @ LOOMVA ZH-T = 0.102 + j3.519 % @ 18MVA. Zi 7 = 0.106 + j2.007 % @ 18MVA1S6 Impedances must all be converted to a common base in order to derive ZH, Zz, and Zp. é base MVA new Za ee ee tail BiVER base MVA given Convert Zip and Zp_-7 to LOOMVA base: 100. Zag = (0102 + 5B519} AM) = .567 + j19.55 % Zz m = (0.106 + j2.007)(10) = 589 + jis % LT = 0. O07) = - a Now the equations to calculate 274, Z1, and Zy can be used. -Z. HH B34 + Ayr 2.7) _] 2 = Wy tp - 2y7) @ _1 2p Ay gt Ayer Zu 1)ee 2 Leg = 5 [145+ 56.358) +(.567+ j19.55)~ (5894 j11.15)] Zy = 0.123 + 14.76 & zy =F lC145-+ 6.358) +( 589 + 1.15) -( 567 + 19.55] ZL = 0.167 - j2.04 % Zp = {C589 + j11.15) +1567 + j19.55)—(.145 + j6.358)] Zp 1011 + 24.34 % Calculation of Actual Impedances: Zactual = Zp.u. * Zbase 529.0 2 @ e _ «vy? _@30Kv)? _ bascH.V. vv 100 MVA _ ev)? _ aiskvy? _ Z a 132.29 baseL.V. MIVA 100 MVA (kV)* _ G3 x 13.8KV. Z =o = 5.7132 baseT.V.” Viva 100 MVA Ziq = (0.00123 + 0.1476) x (529.0) : Ly = 0.651 + 578.08 Q Zz = (0.00167 - j0.0204) x (132.2) Zp, = 0.221 - j2.70 2 Zp = (0.01011 + j0.2434) x (5.713) Zr = 0.088 + j1.39 2 NENegative Inductances should be avoided in use in EMTP. e Many times it is completely satisfactory to lump the negative inductance and the source inductance. In this case the X], can be made slightly positive or even zero (if XL is the first winding of the winding of the transformer model). For example as shown below: son x -1a 49. KX, on aie Ta mm. mm, 7 vohev. > aaa ly 2 MWA Woy The voltage ratios or winding ratios are computed on a per phase basis for Wye connected and line to line for delta connections. For example if the 115 kV winding is designated as winding no. 1 in the EMTP model then the following voltages would be entered in columns 39-44 of the winding cards Winding 1- 115 kV Wye - 66.4 kV Winding 2- 230 kV Wye -132.8 kV Winding 3- 13.8 kV delta - 13.8 kVBEGIN NEW DATA CASE C FILE NAME = AUZOTRAN.DAT " THREE-WINDING, AUTOTRANSFORMER ¢ TIME DATA 0.00050 0.05 ¢0.0 1000 2 (BRANCH DATA BUSIA BUSIB BUSIC THREE Sz CLE: ‘ORMER 9998 0.222 0168: BUSTS 0105 ORMER use 3 L 388.37 peck, minimum 60 Bz sparkover i rel, The arrester odd at lnkinlo specteves ‘this level and should be able to reseal once this level is achieved (also after Ist current zero). Point B — 508 peak ~ Max. Switching Surge 8.0, level, oll tong time uration surges should seartster belore Us level's exceeded. The ditference between Point B and Point 4 is the uncertainty in arrester sparkover for long duration surge Voltages. Point C & D - S0SKY peal & SO7KY peak ~ are the IB discharge Toltages across the arrester when carring 10KA and 20kA of current. Point E ~ S47xV peak — Maximum 1.2 x §0nsee wave sparkover level. Point P ~ 640%¥ peak — Front of Wave Sparkover level, wave has the steepest rise time,; Mergegen cel Someta fount et 16. © eae ss 4 bree _ ~ Old Style Gapped Re type Siettede de. taa t wea Station Arrester SERIE ane Type CPL aed. 2.€718817, Controlled Protective Level CPt Stren Avera GFE inet sat ew dag araps inflow ing oa cae Seosotapa ey pon soccer ema co mowed ag Peace pank Tee prtrmeea eine oe CL ret remeron in RESETS exes PruacivaCharsreiee Meera (eee (a (ett (ite (MER ee = |e [ES Ea ta pm uw eu ae eu eee pe + ~ rer «12 2 Cs] DATA CASE ZNOARE per OUTPUT, - BUS UDLTAGES FUR RECIEVING END WITH AND WITHOUT ARRESTER print date: 14, July 1991Sates = O9zout-83 Ue. ze.ue 17S, 200) 100 ° 100: 200" | = - ° 2 * 6 3 10 Fes 1 te 1B | —— ( @ reason = Tena : +t Ems] Agar e BORAGE FeRBOER Be™ UEC SERGE nensun ~ rena o9-gul-s4 00.29.02 ucks) 0 ee | ae ee { Tob) Energy Dissputel / barge ea x0 B / - AKT per KV rah jpn of He Kb I 100 =00 ~300 09 IpEEEEEH sea EEE Pee Eee eH HEE voc Pe PEEP r SEE eeE eae PCP terete te REC = nea ney BRERGSSE Sane To REE eure rue, oresoe | 7 ae eee eee eee nee ce, bide38.dat) Mon Jun 07 13:55:47 1993 BEGIN NEW DATA CASE ©. BENCHMARK DC-36 c zno simulation similar to DC-37, only here a 3-phase network is used. e The same arrester having characteristic 1 = 2500 * ( v / V-ref ) ** 26 c is used, only here the coefficient has been cut in four (to CORF =625) ¢ 30 that the column multiplier COL = 4.0 can be used: 4 * 625 = 2500. ¢ Also, the usual, recommended (and more accurate) exponential modeling ¢ (Typo-92 noniinoar Ris) requested by "3555.") Le only used for two of c the three phases. In order to illustrate the piecewise-linear alter~ c native (requested by "4444,"), such less-accurate modeling (for the c hAghly-nonidnear 2n0, anyway) has boon placed in the 3zd phase ("0"). 20, 20, 1 » + 0.9, ,{ To dmprove ZnO convergence, contro Newton ZnO iteration +000050' .020000 1 1 1 ° 1 ot 5 5 20 1 20 5 50 50 LSENDA RECA +305815,8187.01210 200, 0 ( 200-mlle, constant- -2SENDB RECB 7031991.5559.01937 200. 0 ( parameter, 3-phase =3SENDC RECC (cransmission line. S2RECA 5555, ( 1st card of 1st of 3 zn0 arresters + c REF VELAS# V2ERO COL 779000. a1.0 0.0 4.0 c COEF EXPON vary 625. 26. 0.5 9999, s2Rece RECA 5555. { Phase "b" ZnO is copy of " ganece . 4444, { Phase "co" ZnO is plocewise-linear c VREF VELASH VZERO 0.0 -1.0 0.0 10 392400, { First point of L-v curve. 2.0 590800, { Data 4s copled from DC-39 5.0 599200, { which was used to create 10. 604800. { the ZnO branch cards that 20. 616000. { are used in phases "a" & 50. , 630000. { “bY. But there is some 100. 644000. { distortion due to the use 200. 661920, { of linear rather than the 500. 694400. | more accurate exponential 1090. 721280, { modeling, of course. 2000. 756000. 3000. 778400. | Last point of i-v curve. 9999. { Terminator for plecewise-linear characteristic BLANK card follows the last branch card BLANK line terminates the last (here, nonexistent) switch A43ENDA- + 400000, 60. O.t {1st of 3 sources. Note balanced, cee JASENDB 408000. 60. “120! { three-phase, sinusoidal excitation NI ‘ASENDC 408000. 60. 120. {| with no phasor solution. wv a, © eo . ©{77 Converter pole y | typical arrester arrangement for one pole of an HVDC converter station. : a) Ac-side | b) pc-sideVoltage across a thyristor valve in rectifier operation. wt _ Voltage across a 6-pulse converter bridge.79 ‘Location of Zine-Oxide Arresters for Thuristor Switched Capacitors (TSC - ® In the single line diagram below, the locations of the zinc oxide resistors gor the TSC banks are shown. Each TSC brach is per phase provided with the set of zinc oxide resistors shown in the figure. 1. The different types of ZnO resistors are Incated: A) Across thyristor valve B) Across thyristor valve and damping inductor ©) Across capacitor bank D) Between capacitor hank terminal of the thyristor valve and gvound. E) Busbar to ground. @ d nox . ‘Location of zinc oxide arresters at the TSC bank.130 Main data for the TSC zinc oxide arresters Characteristic Amrester in location according to previous figure. A B c D ‘Type XLIM_ P T T P Rated voltage (kV) 52 48 34 48 Number of par.legs * = 1 3 3 2 ‘Max switching surge prot. level (kV) 93 93 10 ” at base current (kA) OL 4 ul 1 ‘Worst case energy dissipation (1) 50 30085070 Max energy capabi- Jity GD) (24 ms pulse width) 3401300925 . 1) The amesters in location A and B should be matched to each other. €UNIVERSAL MACHINE MODELLING (3lwh Marlee v MMasli Faz, UNIVERSAL MACHINE DATA FORMAT UM Data follows external sources jing. ‘UM source spec 19 an line2: General specs ’ TUNIT O=S1, 1=perunit a INIT 0 = decoupled (manual), 1 = automatic @) ICOMP 6 = compensation, 1 ais) ction method line: BLANK ‘Machine specs Type number .quirrel cage 3-phase wound rotor 2 phases squinel cage @ NCLD — = of excitation coils in OMOUT 8) THOLT ©) MNODE Node name where mechanical air-gap torque is coupled (10-15) NPPAIR Number of pole pairs P/> (22-23) ae Jn in mech rad (except SM in elec rad)133 ing.§: d-axis magnetization OMEGM {en for manual in‘saliz: 7 lank for automatic initialization LMUD — Unsaturs:ed Lg (H o* pu) (15-28) qraxis magnetization , THETAM {iain 6, in mech rad (8, in elec rad for SM) (1-14) blank for automat initiztization LMUQ — Unsaturesad Ling (Her pu) (25-28) Line 6’: galy for eutomatic inidalizeon INIT = 1 ade for SM MPLUM { Vom: > 3-phase only -14) or Sliz in percer: for IM ANGLEM angle of phase 4 a8 degrees (SM) (15-28) L blank otherwise BUSF Name of node 12 whic de field excitation is supplied (SM) 934) Ublank otherwise BUSM Name of node of meshanicz! network to which a load torque is connecied (35-40) Lined: ase 2-phase ise & Pp Ammature ws peeee ig c c ne 10: > d-axis Line Ui: fp Excitationcoils pf S> qexis BLANK ENDING UM DATA ‘ a(34 COT FORMAT: RESIS _0,4.9 domain resistance of coils (Q or pu) (1-14) LLEAK —_0,d,q domzin leakage inductance (H or pu) (15-28) BUS] name of ne:work node 10 which coil is connected (29°34) BUS2 _name of ott2r coil side, blank implies grounding (35-40) XTACS TACS v (41-46) urce injected into coil CUROUT 4,, { 1 = physical coil currents G7) ‘8 { 2 =0.d.q currents CUR initial sical coil for al initialization (48-61) blank for automaticr a ELEctAcAL Vu § U CONTROL, cle ae sysrem | gm [P| ere tety 7 4 MECHANICAL SNSTEM i STRUCTURE OF MACHINE TMBESDED IW A Power SYSTEM (EMTE view) S8lARMATURE SIDE | EXCITATION SIDE ! ABC Newin | 0 do demon Ly ig Lit + e—< {TRANS PoRvrarien —] MACHINE Ce vy dk Turns jcSSeaeeed oF = Edonrieng a a ig ta oth ea REREWCE Fenwes Na ai} Rario ae 7 Cex] Gy T: c eee et 6 . Ny Ne lie} i= ot Pe)D- Stapner OW OF ATS EWT Cigco EQQNRLENT ECR CAL ELE188 UM Rernvrinntalien av Medhonell Quy henn - @ 5 Mgt T New ©, Yas]s Ve f Dyn 1 Ta i omecm | oo Spud \ Stn vweckoestll i. Kon : es recs dk Flaic cay ob, Jn -C ae ca x x by wo Lie : Vn Aue Ve 7 ors fe 6 ye Ag ® ee WY v R189 UM ConNENTIoNS i Genero Bontintinn @ odepkah G EWTE Machonsal, Qh: Genewkn Pardini ye Qn FO & ready De) Wea Oprstien OS T,, £0 Te <0 Ede diel sikL Dover amd WeleSar col cadwaly (ae 2 te) Uodialed Joo, Hla UM way one dae Ke he {positoe Wer ddavu wy His, UW Ie BUS##>BUS##>BUSHAD cat EARCREAPLCHAAAC sex map 9.095 0.5 (8; : \t) 2 % 2.5 O16 es 1 MxD qe. sy bot 1 sea ate (ks) BLANK ENDING NETHORKS : Reece stat creat eect cht 8 c SWITCH ATA C BUSK*>BUS*43<*=#TCLOSECA***TOPEN : BLANK ENOIN€ SWITCH DATA SOURCE DATA é BUS*#>UT zt SRA SRA > MID TERRA_ ee ee MID As. TERRA MID 2-40" ° 0.0 .22997E=13 ~73.c11635 -15.775084 57-832793 ae SRA sen up TERRA ° er fr MID TERRA MID 375.588 135.508622 138.583901 3.C7527954 Rw " °, ° ° 13-612 -\\a5s4 A NG - \ abst & esa aE Nem ss ce ay Seach?) :a + ary) Sedmop A da ey HAA + My Lape sy meen) Pay Po atacslay Pans TAN VP + aL (whys) adavs § ary oy See opty “sy wo & (as) Pa My: “ aSgrenred a peawsna 8] MYO psn ass (Sya\7 21) AIA S| 39 (yooh oy equnag waG ) BAPAC? ie avy (asyor-g0v) ssapsan FE]: 1 elie cPrayyon Ywryeg Woyd-g + ops’ SYS UBS ? V® “3 (shea), yrds ela & : SPARE MPU: (AT @ &) 5A) * 7 2 Dasend Q3SUVd we OPO PAYS & 3dhb S a PLOW NALININT Zh) Vaso Oe NoLDENNoD BLS4193 avert BEGIN NEW DATA CASE teLscectere:2esese0+0/36IMSS2.DAT>. 62.) BeeeesseesGoe eee Titie=> INDUCTION MOTOR ~~ _J00-hp 4-pole’"460-v" ”” "60-Hiz € STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS AT 3% SLIP © #eEADTCA*ATHAXC#*#XOPTCH*SCOPT 2.084 0.30 C *IPRNT<**IPLOT<*IDOUBL<*KSSOUT<*MAXOUT <#4*ICAT 500 1 1 © cesce reassess cesBoseeverenDecsrenscsdecencerseBecccrseesGeceens c ELECTRIC NETWORK DATA CC. BUSK#>BUS#*>BUS**>BUS*A> CA#E ARCHAEAL SHEAR SRA VSA 108-3 ( Thevenin equivalent inductance } 1 SRB VSB 1.0E-3 Cnt) L SRC VSC 1.0E-3 1 SRA 1.0Et6 ‘SRB SRA SRC SRA ’ mM 5.056 (inertia } ™ IMs 1.0E-9 1 IM 13.33 (damping ) BLANK ENDING NETWORKS ORL Sea eitce teas testa ba Selec: oBaceerenee eB rs SWITCH DATA ‘| € BUSH#>BUS*#> +e L4SRB 375.588 60.0 -210.0 -1 14SRC 375.588 60.0 330.0 =i 14IMs -1 0.000001 6.00001 qT1L) -1 © UM para 19 2 ° ( automatic initialization } BLANK 3a 331mm 2 2 0.1885 0.016 { imd } olos (Img } ; 3.0, IMS {slip % } © ARMATURE COILS vsa a ( Rs,Lsl } 0.095 6.0005 vsB 2 | 0.095 0.0005 vse 2 { all L’s in H )” © ROTOR CorLs 0.075 0.0006 1 ( Rr,Lrl } 0.075 0.0004 1 { steady-state values } BLANK ENDING UM BLANK ENDING SOURCE DATA Bee feeeeceesS et eeeeee Gee © _BUS*#>BUS*#>BUS*4>BUS* *>BUS*#>BUS**>BUS* #>BUS**>BUS##>BUS**>BUS**>. SRA VSA IN BLANK ENDING OUTPUTPoRTion oF ovuTtoT List (V4 ~ step Tine SRA vsA IM SRA SRB ie eat ee a vsc IMS ‘TQGEN FLUXMD IMD eect eee ome OMEGM FLUXMQ IMQ THETAM IPA ie IPD TPQ IEl IE2 oO 0.0 .22997E-13 .073558744 182.840692 -73.558744 -80.544693 154.103437 373.038887 -386.75536 -.06001923 -3.7512022 182.840692 1.13258965 70.805603¢ .785398163 73.5587436 165.921284 90.090694_169.672436 19.2 son rs HSS SEE Se pee nese zeae Ae gestae fas Sioeee ccastauee|ascessarucloaeianrs 1000 0.2 .517116E-9 .07356182€ 182.84C002 -73.561827 -80.53907 182.840692 -.67584418 ~42.240261 37.3535367 73.5618271 -36.339545 -185.26848 -93.287671 Wate - Taree = ie Sodq =~ BROS ne T= sped aod]s = +y Lp = Aol + "Se \gt -143.02821, c 5 (sen-avss)=— Asa (spt contiion) @ ) ee \G2-BUOT as VE (136- 388) - ige equa = WEl- q SSe ye oN HS aid = IS TR. EU bea FV bea = V+ =-N3 tee- . 169-6 a & (158-89) «step time SRA VSA IM SRA SRB ~ VSA vsB SRC ™ uma UN-1 Uy-2 vsc IMs TOGEN FLUXHD = IMD UM-1 vHea um-1 UN-2 uM OMEGK PLUXMQ © IMQ THETAM = TPA @ UN-L UM-1 uM-2 uma IPB IPC TEL 12 o 0.0 .229978-13 .073558744 182.840692 -73.558744 154.103437 373.038887 -386.75536 -.06001923 - 40692 1-13288965 70.8056034 ,785398163 73,5987436 44693 —154.10344 169.672486 192850906 . Ngee = hin (Av +60 « &) N Vy Yor amr) ; Via Ye (BN x) pecea a e nx avis) ew 7SyATOR CoRRenrs — (Al ablROTOR CURRENTS [Alok adi Yea nsmey =0.03.x60 | , 21-3 Ma, Lu}199 seen eB BEGIN NEW DATA CASE cone 2eeee yes 3TMTRLDATE eS 7 FNDUGETON MOTOR 100-hp 4-pole 460-v_""60-Htz STARTING AT NO LOAD FOLLOWED BY FULL-LOAD STEP APPLICATION eee arth § essepmcenemuaxcis sxOPTCosACOP 1.0E-3 2.00 cc #IDRNT-<*#IPLOP<*IDOUBL<*KSSOUT<*MAXOUT <#e4ICAT 500 a : Peer Rua ota sete ealedt oferta wee ecee eee sTenee esse c ELECTRIC NETWORK DATA C BUS**>BUS* *>BUS# * >BUS HED BUS##><#*#TCLOSE<****TOPEN BLANK ENDING SWITCH DATA © sence eLeceeee eee 2eee seedeeee arte ee . Ceeesseeee eee eB c SOURCE DATA © BUS##>BUS*#>BUS *#>BUS* * >BUS**> BUS * *>BUS* *>BUS*#>BUS**>BUS**>BUS**>... 42200. 0 05 SRA VSA IM BLANK ENDING OUTPUT545 POINTS (27 %) USED SRA VSA PLOT DATA FROM FILE : 31-May-93 11.22.10 -NODE NAMES & PLOT POINT SUMMARIES FOLLOW: £9 00- UM-1 OMEGM 604 POINTS ( 30%) USED. UMA TOGEN 345 POINTS ( 1756) USED -- FACTOR: 0.100E+01 0.100E+02 PLOT DATA FROM FILE: S1-May-93 11.22.10 -NODE NAMES & PLOT POINT SUMMARIES FOLLOW: OFFSET : 0.000£+00 0.000E+00 logTORQUE SPEED CURVE STARTING X-Y PLOT DATA FROM FILE : 31-May-93 11.22.10 - NODE NAMES AND TIMESPAN FOLLO + 0,00TO 2.00 Ui OMEGM UM-1 TOCEN TIMESPAN IN Seconds ZeSz 203 aan RUA Go-Wy, BAY dep pros (oak) Ravine. RARAMETES ° Ededicall (add Ya s3e wiv) Rye 04 Aye Lage 00281 a Lage 0-132 in Vavea2 poise Ry = OD hope = 0.02716 tS pas \ Soe Laxei) = p.obat A Re {on nyt * 6.0953 0 Fitton Yaa tadadina Lys 26 0K Hedrasoh Je Vert Reyet Be ONEMT ConWECTioN DIAGRAM GNWCHRONONS MOTOR - @e TYRE A R @ @ 3 u & Purse A Be Ss R ug 0, ’ ae Sei bound ' a +4 @ A t Puase Be oe oer . 7 Pwase ¢ eee Wh M : En, dows ea, @9] & ss) Rg. Ty 7 Sreadn, Bobs. iangion ( ( owkemelke’) \isea = amu be. WHAS ie v idk ee) Visa = ees 5 fy wk Fr Wy (jradtall, dc) » tha \ are wo Mwah. Cmdhina (Worker a Sag be 028 ape’ a \"Jo dey a Tye - 150 Ne (nagetiar Yr won salinebionssbigeipbanmrsersyeecnsirei=s BEGIN NEW DATA CASE c theses ees s2eeeeeses.3 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 300-KVA 3-KkV 4-poles 60-Hz pf=0.85(lead) € Operation: steady-state at ~no load, overexecited (-900 lead) c transient initiated by sudden load application © seeeDTBUS*#>BUS*#>BUS*#> <4 KAR CHARELCHERAC SRA VSA L.QE-3 2.6 (Dtine mH) SRB VSB 1ldz-3 2.6 src VSC 1l0E-3 2.6 SRA 1.0E+6 SRB SRA SRC SRA FRO FR 1.0R-6 FRO 1.0E+6 uso MS 1.0E-6 1 MS 1.67E7 { d=16.7 Kg.m*2} Ms 10. ( damping term ) BLANK ENDING NETWORKS Gta etec teste c SWITCH DATA C BUS*#>BUS##>-<##*TCLOSE<*###20PEN BLANK ENDING SWITCH DATA SOURCE DATA © BUS**>BUS#*>BUS**>BUS**>BUS* *>BUS**>BUS**#>BUS# +>BUS**>BUS**#>BUS**>.... 2... VSA . SRA MS FRO BLANK ENDING OUTPUT1,25 .E 3) (0.00 1. No Qeod condiliews Tas Quads Vas by, no” 2.50 30 POINTS ( 88%) USED “ SRA VSA 20 POINTS (88%) USED ~~ 0.100E+01 0.100E+03 SA PLOT DATA FROM FILE : 31-May-93. 11.32.54 - NODE NAMES & PLOT POINT SUMMARIES FOLLOW: ‘OFFSET : 0.000100 0.600 +00 90S2°7 cables Jat" PL] a' SPEED- ANGLE CURVE 389. 189. YoA}s 188. 188.PWM-INVERTER DRIVES. e 210 } | | i \ b + / ae i wecier Ye Inverter —?P ~ Rerake: fa} 2c A-quadrant + ——} Switch Mode My tnverter > | Converter C P {operates in 2-quadrants) (b) INVERTER2\\ INVERTER PWM Logic ath ti = Ieee feet -— cr 7 ea alee of Ves a 7 Re presentation af | PWM- INVERTER ' SWITCHES+e ° : '@ [wd J wes 5; = x = = ’ T = ; ° > 7h 7 7 : | eq | 4 7 ANTE SOVL ONTONS ayoomy YNVIE MWLAGGA IndOS “TanY Sia SEE { sa Aovenbeay qe TULA ebearzeqnbuetza ) wiTaaats9 TYLAgée \ ANLTSG y ThdOS = WLTSGAG6 ‘JENA - Sina) + Tay = thadsa6 Sas ory = Tanves A €-a0°r az sind 9-a0°2se { 2Hy o°T = Sa sh Buryparms ) eg0°T = $486 SNOT GNWLS SOV T aot T €-30'SZ 9-30°0T OJeAsem reTNGuerzL 2 apxo UF UOTAeZzTUCAS MOYs 03 WG‘ OTXE = SHYN SITs 2 1B eyezeNe6 03 79P70 BE { 3SVO WLVG MEN NIOGE ZZ MAD gO NEILVIVEDD yao KS~ CORRENT: MO DE CONTR ov”! ewe oe : sector € c ; tt 2 it Nass) . ip (> ftar Stewacst if Gog aa if Ger -aT REF Fetes oe otnerwiseEX/1. DAT Q\7 BEGIN NEW DATA CASE - c¢ - - File Name = Exll.dat to simulate a 3-Phase Active Filter 5.0E-6 50.E-3 — 1000 a Ai TACS HYBRID ¢— - TACS data for regulating the load voltage 91ILD { measured current through the inductor } 93M { status of the switch in the step-up converter } Cc - IREF is the reference for the current on the dc side 9eIREF 10.0 Cc - BELTAI is one-half of the tolerance band in amperes SSOBLTAI 0.05 * IRE: S8ERR ILD - IREF {error hetween the actual and the reference current } Q8SIGNAL = SIGN( ERR} * ( ABS( ERR) .GT. LTAI } 98SIG 60+UNITY +VM +ZERO, SIGNAL gasice = NOT. SIG c Cc TACS Gata for active filter SIVAP { phase-A current } g1vBP { phase-B current ) glvcp { phase-C current } 93VDA { Leg-A top switch status } 93VDB ( Leg-B top switch status } 93vpc { Leg-C top switch status } c ~ = REFERENCE CURRENTS SIESA { phase A load current } elEsa ( phase B load current } 4ILAL 11.07 60.0 96.0 @ vcs 1tlo7 60.0 -210.0 : 9BIREFA = ESA - ILA? OgIREFB = ESS - ILBL SODELTI = 0.5 { one-half of the difference between the upper and the lower c tolerance bands } 98REFPOS = IREFA + DELTI { POSITIVE REFERENCE BAND FOR PHASE-A ) QBREFNEG = IREFA - DELTI ( NEGATIVE REFERENCE BAND FOR PHASE-A ) c- ERROR BETWEEN THE MEASURED AND THE REFERENCE CURSENTS 98ERRORA S8ERRORS VAP ~ IREFA VBP - IREFS QBERRORC = -(ERRORA + ERRORB) C nes SIGNL = 0 IF TEE CURRENT IS WITHIN THE TOLERANCE BANDS € = 1 IF THE CURRENT EXCEEDS THE UPPER TOLERANCE BAND c 1 IF THE CURRENT FALLS BELOW THE LOWER TOLERANCE BAND S8SIGNLA = SEGN( ERRORA } = ( ABS( ERRORA ) .GT. DELTI ) Q8SIGNLB = SIGN( ERRORB ) * ( ABS( ERRORS ) -GT. DELTI ) S9SIGNLC = SIGN( ERRORC ) * ( ABS( ERRORC ) .GT. DELTI ) c- - SIGA AND SIGAP CONTROL LEG-A SWITCHES; SIGB AND SIGBP CONTROL LEG-B c SIGC AND SIGCP CONTROL LEG~C c SIG = NO CHANGE, IF SIGNL = 6 c =0 1 IE SIGNL = 1 € =2 (IF SIGNL =-1 S8SIGA G0+UNTTY +VDA ~ +ZERO SIGNLA S8SIGB 60+UNETY +VDB — +ZERO ‘SIGNLB SSSIGC 60+UNETY +VDC — +ZERO SIGNLC -NOT. SIGA = .NOT. SIGB aa NOT. SIGC Sasre TACS VARIABLES TO BE OUTPUTTED 33710" SICB SIcc REFPOSREFNEG BLANE vel®EE SIG SIGP ERR Fecord ending TACSbranch date : - ac side of the diode rectifier ESA ona vsa 150.0 ESB o. VSB 150.0 ESC o.1 150.0 vsC 0.001 0.002 0.003 saubbers (next 6 records) OOPOSA EA 33.0 00P0sB EB 33.0 OOPOSA EA 33.0 OOBA NEG 33.0 + .BB NEG 33-0 DEC (NEG 33.0 “mode step-up convert 3.0 1000.0 500.0 0.2 OOvM = DIODE 0.001 - de-sice filter capacitor and load OOvD NEG 1.0085 = for plotting OOPOS = NEG 1.0E+6 DATA for the active filter side of the active filter 3.0 3.0 3-0 OF THE ACTIVE FILTER 10000. 1. 0E+6 . 1. 0Es6 0.001 vba 0-001 OOvDF = vDc 0.008 BLANK record ending branches C - - switches and diodes = measuring switch POS ILD c - = step-up converter switch and diode 13VM_— NEG 3DI0DE VD - rectifier diodes POSA POSB POSC EA EB EC VAP. VBP vce small R to avoid forming a loop with four diodes of the rectifier dc - side of the rectifier MEASURING L CLOSED SIG SIGP ~ ALWAYS CLOSED SWITCH TO MBASURE THE INPUT DC AND OUTPUT CURRENTS MEASURING ~ MEASURING MEASURING219 EA MEASURING ani 1 EB MEASURING 1 EC MEASURING 1 =- SWITCHES BELOW REPRESENT COMBINATION OF SWITCH AND ITS ANTIPARALLEL CONNECTED DIODE vA SIGA 11 vB SIGE 11 ve sicc 11 NEGF STGAP 11 NEGF sigpP 11 13VC_ NEGF SIGCP 11 BLANK record ending switches - sinusoidal ingut woltage 169.7 60.0 -90.0 169.7 60.0 -210.0 169.7 66.6 -336.0 BLANK record ending sources C- - initial condicions 2vD 200.0 2NEG = -200.0 2vDE =. 200.0 2NEGF -200.0 3vD NEG 400.0 3VDF «NEGF 400.0 ¢ - ~ node voltage request VSR VSB vSC ER EB EC BLANK record ending node voltage output request @ mms 8 8 rc _ ; a i | } } | i i ; | O'Or lato SPUQOBS nf BF Pann ncrnnntalANEW 3-PHASE RECTIFIER fic Diode-Bridge Rectifier Agel as ‘Modulating Circuit 3 Phase g usliyy Midpoint Lond Modulating CircuitPower circuit CONTROL ciReWT Poseus Negus ba TDAREr ID2REF IN) nN WwW: E% 12. DAY EXI2 DAN 225 ‘pecIN NEW DATA CASE. i ae C= File Nene = EX12-DAT to similate a Novel 3-Phase Rectifier - §3.00E-6 40-08-3 et 1000 5 1 ‘TACS HYBRID 90POSBUS SONEGEOS g1posi S1NEGL 93082 Q3NEG2 iis 1.0 -1.0 0.050 c - de ne constants sew3, 3.0 * 2.0 * PI * 60.0 g8VTR $.0 ¢ - PI controller QeVTOTAL = (POSBUS - NEGBUS)/80.0 ivPIT | +VTREF | -VIOTAL 82 1.0 yprr + (1.0 + 0-72 * COS(W3 * TIMEX-0.245)) VPET * (1,0°- 0.72 * COS(W3 * TIMEX-0.245)) 98DELTA 0.25 ¢ - Controller for St 9BERRL POS] - IDLREF 98SGNLL SIGN(ERRL) * (ABS(ERR1) .GT. DELTAT) 98SIGi 60+UNITY +POS2 +ZERO SGNLL gasicDi = .NOT. SIG1 ¢ - Controller for $2 9BERR2 NEG1 - ID2REF QascNL2 = SIGN(ERR2) * (ABS(ERR2) .GT. DEMTAT) gesic2 60+UNITY +NEG2 +ZERO SGNL2 gesren2 -NOT. SIG2 C - BRANCH DATA © - source-side inductance Qovsk VAM 0005 1.2 - L OovVSB VBM VSA VAM 1 oovsc Vem VSA VAM L OovAM . VSA. 5000 ooveM VSB VAM VSA oovem vSC VAM VSA ¢ - smell resistance to plot iar, ibr, icr ova VA 1.£-03 a ooveé VB 1.E-03 1 oovem vc 1.5-03 1 ¢ - Li-Ci injectica branches vaL 010 20.00 2 VBL -010 20.60 2 veL =010 20.00 2 vn 34.0 L vn 34.0 ~ 1 vn 34.0 L VAL 17.B4 vaL 17.4 vcL 17.54NOvN1 = VN 1,697 fovN VNR 8.553 3 - small resistance in series with the top diodes DOPOSA POSE 0.005 30POSB POSP 0.005 DOPOSC PASE 0.005 c - snubbers for the diodes OOPOSP VA 100.0 on QOPOSP VB = POSP VA QOPOSP VC POSP VA OOVA NEG POSP VA GOVB NEG = POSP: VA oove NEG POSP VA € - de-side of the rectifier GOBOSP VN 0.020 2.0 2 QOVN NEG 0.010, 2.0 2 QoROsL Fosz 2.32 ooros2 FOS1 12.83 DOPOSBUS YN -0002 2200.0 2 c OOvW - NEGBUS -0061 2200.0 2 OONEG2 NEGL 2.32 ONES? NEG2 12.53 C = small resistance in series with the output diodes oopos2 DEL o.03 OODIODE2NEG2 0.0n C - resistive load OarossuSNacBUS 240.0 2 BLANK RECORD ENDING BRANCHES c C - SWETCR CARDS C - measuring switches to measure current through link inductors Pose BOS MEASURING NEG] NEG MEASURING C - diode~bridge rectifier liva POSA, cLoseD 11VB | BOSB dive ° Bosc V2NEG VA 2INEG VB LINEG YC cLosED C - diodes & switches on the de-side of the rectifier 7 13082 WN cLossD SsiGi L3pr0pRLS0sBUS SIGD1L 23VN NEG? CLOssD siG2 I3NEGBUSDIODE2 siap2 BLANK RECORD ENDING SWITCHES c C = BALANCED THREE~PNASE SOURCE VOLTAGES 24vsa 269.7 60.0 lavsB, 169.7 60.0 -120.0 iavsc 169.7 60.0 -240.0 BLANK RECORD ENDING SOURCES C - INITIAL CONDITIONS 2P0SP_ 169.7 2POSBUS 200.0 QNEG —-084.5 2NEGBUS ~200. 2vA 169.7 2B 80.5oe -84.5 169.7 84.5 -84.5 3P0S3USVN ;GBUS VAL vBL vcL, Ni “1.57 VNL “0.34 VNL -2.80 POs? 5.63 NEGL 0.92 VAM 4.0 vEM 1.8 vou -2.2 vN “4.71 , 200.0 200.0 188.0 -94.0 -94.0 VN ¢ node-voltage output request vw BLANK BLANK BLANK POSBUSNEGBUSVSA. 22 Accepted for the IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting in Toronto, October 1993. A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HARMONIC REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN ‘HREE-PHASE UTILITY INTERFACE OF POWER ELECTRONIC LOADS” Mukul Rastogi Rajendra Naik ‘Ned Mohan Senior Member, IEEE Department of Eécuical Engineering University of Minnesoua Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. Abstract: Power Electronie loads Inject harmonic currents {nto the utility system. This paper presents scomparative evaluation of harmonic reduction techniques which satisfy ‘the current barronic limlts specified by the IEEE-S19, and at the same time provide » regulated dc output voltage. ‘The techniques considered include active and bybrid fillers, and varfous current wavesbaping spproaches for thrée-phiase utility Interface. These techniques are compared In terms of their complexity and thefr~ component ratings. Hased on the application requirements and the costs of active and passive components, this paper enables the estimation of the mininom cost topotogy. 1 INTRODUCTION In most power electronic systems, the linesfrequency wtlity voltage is first rectified into a de voltage, which is subsequently converted into voltages and currents of appropriate magnitude, frequency and phase in order to meet the foad requirements, Often, designers ofthese systems must satisfy the following two requirements simultaneously: () nearly sinusoidal tine currents at a bigh power factor (0 comply with the Simits specified in the TEEE-519 [1) and proposed by the IEC-555 [2], and (i) low cost, high operating ceffiefency and reliabitity to be competitive in the marketplace. In view of these requirements, this paper evaluates vatious harmonic redoction techniques on the basis of their component, Tatings and theis ability 10 operate with low total baron: Fig, 4. Load and compensation current waveforms associated ce ae ae Fig. 5. Single-line diagram of a hybrid ter. ‘The load here “The peak voltage rating of the switches should at Yeast be peepee We een oan re equal to the de bus voltage Vas within we‘converter of the he shunt passive fies network in each phase consists of active filter. The voltage vy developed by the active filler iS cerieg-naned faters, tune! so the eh and Tih barmoties, anda different from tbe source voltage by the voliage drop acrUss igh pass filer tuned tothe 17tb harmonic. The selection of Ae inductance Ly. Ibis inductance is small due to the choice components is based on the considerations otdized ix of a high switching frequency, then the voltage vy is Reference (8[. ‘The total reactive power supplied by the approximately equal to the source voltage. Ufa sinusoidal passive filter network at the fundamestal frequency is taken to PWMis used, the minimum required value of Vge is 14}. be 20 % of the load power. This allows a displacement power factor of 0.98 at full oad and a reasonable displacement power Vac= 242 Vs. (© factor under light Joad conditions. ‘The resistances i the series-tuned filter branches are calculated by assuming the However, the required Vgc can be reduced ifthe sine reference quality acwr to be 100. for PWM is modulaed with 3rd and 9th harmonics {6}. The minimum required voltage can then be expressed in terms of the source voliage as -% Veco BE v,. o ira(0n) =A Ig. sinfar!3) cos(nian) o ‘The ‘t't harmonic component in the load current is given ‘The total harmonic voltage across the passive filter nework is ‘The actual dc bus voltage is 1.1 Vgc. based one assumed CNeoiateg by summing we voliages. ai all haomonie operating condition 9. The inductatces required in the active Frequencies filter for cument coavot are deterinined froct the constraint on the maximum ripple current. Ippmax. In a six-switeh ia convener, te masimum ripple cient ocurs atthe zxo- — YAO0= BE ita(O0 70 G0) crossings of the fundamental frequency component of the nal ‘output voltage. ‘he inductance Ly can be calculated a5 (4}srhere Zq it the impedance of the Ster network at the ‘n't ammonic fequency. This harmonic voltage vf across the passive filter network also appears across the series active filter, Tbe unknowns, which are the Sth and 7th barmonic {Blter capacitors, and the high-pass inductor and resistor, are ‘oblained by minimizing the voltage across the passive filter network, The values of components which minimize the peak walue of the voltage Vr are listed in the Appendix (Table Al). Since the high-pass resistor is infinity, the high-pass filter is ‘also a series-taned filter. Component tolerances and aging of [Passive components can cause detuning of the shunt passive filters. Assuming an increase of 2% in all filter capacitances, the peak value of the voltage vris $84 V. The waveform of the voltage vis shown in Fig. 6, - so| Voltage (V) —~> 1 20 swt (deg) —> 300 Fig. 6, Waveform of the vollage vyacross the series active filter. The series active fitter consists of three single-phase inverters, each with four semiconductor switches. The peak voltage across each switch isthe de bus voltage. The smallest possible de voltage which allows complete control of the inveners is the peak value of ve. Assuming a transformer ‘tums-ratio of 1:1 for calculation purposes, the curent flowing through the switches is equal to the fundamental frequency cosilty current The total ratings of the compooents are Listed im Table 1. The passive filter parameters are given in the Appendix (Table AD). In the above analysis of a hybrid filter, te effects of harmonics in the utility voltage Have been iguored. Bat the TEEE.519 allows a maximum distortion of 3 % in the mility voltages. These barmonic voltages will result ina sHighily higher ratings ofthe active filter components, B. Magnetic Waveshaping In this approach, the line currents are shaped by a magnetic device to be nearly sinusoidal. ‘The scheme reported in Reference [9) consists of a three-phase inductance, a current Givider transformer and a Tine-side interphase transformer. This combination of magnetic devices is connected to three Siode-bridee rectifiers 10 obtain 2 18-pulse operation. The rating of the magnetic parts is 232 % of tbe load power for 2 omival Toad of 9.9 KW. ‘The THD in the line current increases with load and is 5:7 % at fall load. The ootpat. voltage regulation obtained with this scheme is 19.9 4 (9). A Similar scheme reported in Reference [10] results ina 12-palse converter operation and is implemented for a Larger load. ‘Another magnetic waveshaping technique using a differential Gelta transformer is reported in Reference [11]. 23°". = ‘The output dc voltage of these schemes can de regulated by using a Boost converter on the de side of the diode-bridge rectifiers. However, because of the specialized nature of these schemes, they have not been included in the comparative ‘evaluation in this paper. C. Active Waveshaping Te this approach, the Ime currents are shaped w be sinusoidal by actively contolling the semiconductor switches _ala bigh switching frequency. Cl. Single-Phase Approach A single-phase, power-factor-correction circuit Fig, 7} can be used to achieve a low THD in the line current and a regulated de output voltage. Three such circuits are used to reaify unrce-phase vollages 12). Howeves, to have complete ‘control of the system, isolation is required in at least two of the. three Circuits. For this purpose, either a line-frequency or a high-frequency isolation can be used, Since a high-frequency ‘isolation will require an additional power electronics converter stage, a line-frequency wansformer in each circuit is considered here. LO wQo = = i Bee corez = ole tttreer Fig. 7. Circuit diagram of a single-phase, power-factor- correction circuit. ‘The input line current has a rms value of 8.03 A, The ‘values of maximum ripple current and the de output voltage ate obtained as 2.27 A and 645.6 V, respectively. Using (), La is obtained as 355 mH. The total ratings of the switches, indactors and transformers for this scheme are listed. in Tabie 1. C2. Six-Switch Rectifier ‘The load can be dlirecily supplied through a six-switch rectifier as shown in Fig. 8{13]. The switches can bePhasor diagram of uility voltage, inverier voltage and line current. controlled such that a unity power factor of operation is, achieved." The line current distortion obtained with this scheme is well within the limit of 5%. ‘The rating of tbe switches depends on the peak line current and the dc output voltage. The peak line current is 19.68 A. Assuming a PWM control ofthe switches, the required output voltage will be minimum when the fundameata!-frequency sive reference is modulated with the 3rd and the 9 ‘harmonics, as in the case of the six-switch active filter. Based ‘on the assumed operating condition 9, the minimum required ‘Va can be expressed in terms of the fundamental component, ‘vais of the rectifier phase voltage va as, VenB2E vy, - an 1s ‘The source voltage Yas and the fundamental vollge Vey af related as shown in Fig. 9 at the unity power factor of operation. Therefore, Vi = Vi + Lela)? “a2 “The inductance Lis calculated on the same basis asin (8). Using (@), (11) and (12), the onput de vollage Vq and the inductance L, are obtained as 645.9 V and 1.37 mH, respectively. The total switch ratings and the equivaleat inductor ratings are calculated to be 83.9 kVA and roa VA, respectively. C3. Current Injection Scheme In this scheme, two Bodst dc-dc converters atthe output of _ibedndetaidgecmyener Fg, 1) modulate tak reas “"Fig..11."-The line current has a distortion of less than 5 % * when Ihe third harmonic coment 5 is 051 Ta 4). “The fmdamenta inpu current Tai related toy and Ts by Uae Is Jest Barby a3) which gives Ig and Ig as 164 A and 83 A, respectively. The maximum current flowing throagh the switches is (latlsHppmar), white Is is the peak value of ‘To minimize the possibility ofa resonance withthe utility- system (in a practical case), the series connected Li-Cy branches are nmed to 4.5 times the fundamental frequency. “Also, C; is chosen such thatthe injection network provides a fundamental fequency reactive power equal to 20 4 ofthe load power. An inductor Lexi placed in between the star-point of the injection branches and the output midpoint a. Its inductance is chosen such that Lex in series with the parallel combination of the three L;-C; branches results im a network tuned to the third barmonic frequency. Based on these considerations, the values for C;, and Lx are obtained 3529.28 HF, 11.87 mH and 4.95 mH, respectively. To include the effect of component wlerances and aging, the value of C;, ‘in each branch is increased by 2 % above its nominal value. ‘The voltage at the midpoint n with respect to the neutral of the three-phase utility voltages is given as [14] Yo =(b2 + Bales) 2is a4) where Zs isthe impedance of an 1i-Ci branch atthe third harmonic frequency. For proper control of each Boost converter, the ourput voliage must be greater than the peak inpat voltage. “The peak voltage atthe input of each Boost converters estimated asthe algebraic sum of the peak phase voltage and the peak vollage af the midpoint n. Toe oxrpat volinge isthen given as Va=2x1.1 (12 Vas + Va) = 7506V as) Based on the operating conditions, the maximum peak-10- peak ripple current in the Boost converters is 5.86 A. However, tis value of ripple current will cause discontinoous conduction in the Tink inductors Ly. The ¢ urreat Ippmax 3“S000 100 4 (dee) —> Fig. 11. AC-side current waveforms in the current injection Scheme, 200300 hheace reduced to a value of 5.0 A and the inductance Ly is obtained from (5) a5 0.93 mH. The total ratings for the =—% Fig. 12 Current injection using a delta-sisr isolation transformer. le emis Sa : switches, capacitors and inductors are listed in Table 1. ! If a line-frequency isolation transfozmer is required for voltage matching or safety, the third-harmonic curent can be injected into the neutral of the deli-wye transformer, instead Of the passive filter branches, as shown in Fig. 12 [14]. The waveshape of the current through the windings of the transformer is similar to the wavefamm Of iar shown in Fig. 11. The mms value of the phase current through a secondary ‘winding can be calculated as, [2a B= Tee 2+ B= 1504 Assuming a ¥3:1 tumns-ratio for calcatation the ‘rating of the transformer is obtained 2s 10.78 kVA. The rating of the transformer is only 7.8 % greater tzin the load power. a6) Another injection scfieme, consists of a dedicated wye-delta trangfoaner for current injection, as shown in Fig. 13. The third bannonic current 2i3 splits equally in the three wye- Connected windings, with circulating third harmonic currents —_ Fig, 13. Current injection with a wye-delia transformer: the ‘delta windings can be used for energy recovery if needed. in the delta-connected secondary windings. The transformer rating can be calculated as, : Se att v5) 3.99 kVA an which is 40 % of the load power. Unlike the scheme shown ia Fig. 12, this scheme is useful when electrical isolation is not requised. The resus for reducing the physical size of this injection transformer are reported in Reference [15] where the circulation path (equivalent to a delia-connected secondary windings) for the third harmonic cusreats is provided by an outer aluminum shield, £tings ond minima ins abo : se Table 2. Normalized component ratings and rinimum ouput dc voltage in per unit (pu), with base BWA =I + base Vain = 560.3 V. TV. COMPARISON AND CONCLUSIONS For the conditions assumed in Section 2, tbe normalized ratings of the components are independent of the voltage and power ratings. Therefore, the component ratings are ‘nomalized in Table 2. The base VA is assumed tobe the load rating (10 KW). The minimum required dc bas voltage is ‘onualized with reSpect to a base voliage, which is assumed to be the fall- save ected vwoliage C35x415= $60.3 V). asod on the reslts summarized in Table 2, the following observations can be made: + The sixswitch rectifier has the highest switch VA. ratings butte lowest passive component ratings, Therefore, this topology will benefit the most from decline ‘in the cost of semiconductor switches. In spite of the very igh switch VA ratings, itis the topology of hoice if fully regenerative intesface witb abi-direcions) Power flow is required. *+ The single-phasé approach bas the lowest switch VA. ‘atings but requires a transformer isolation resulting in Ligh weight and cost, + Tae active filer bas 2 fairly high VA rating and the hybrid filter requires alarge number of switches, These a Approaches are more Hkely to be used in connection with a luster of harmonic producing loads in a distrbation Tao] Repcecmpan | ptm [oe cenit, [mata a Fier! Boost! Fow)} Filter Sori} Ly) Bocst! nsf} Foes) mee La De fasl ust an! ons [oor Lam ex | tas [is tBanoed ate ae elec areal sf i a |THE) Ee Tens =a 20 oo op | au + The curentinjecson scheme has very Sow switch VA satings, which are approximately the scze as the single : phase approach. It also requires only two switches, cach ‘with a voltage rating of one-half of the dc bus voltage, & Teading to higher reliably and lower control complexity. ‘The relavely high value ofthe minimum de bus vlage cau be an advantage ifthe inverter-ioad supplied from the dc bas makes full use of this voltage. For example, he hhiguer dc bas voltage provides a longer haku titi case of uty power interop because of he availabe energy L v3; --V3,), where Vay isthe nominal de bus voltage and Vao is the voltage below which the inverter Toad cannot be operated. *+ Several options for the injection network in the Cinrent ‘injection scheme are presented. If an iolation transformer is needed due to voltage matching andlor reliahilily reasons, then the cumeat con be injected into the neutral of a wye delta wansformer, with only a7 % increase in the transformer rating. In geveral, such a transformer is not needed and current injection with LCi branches s the most economical. However, they present a small butuevertbeles a finite possibility of resonance with the wility-system impedance. A dedicated delta-xye traisfouner for current injection would have a VA rating of 40%, A mote economical approach for curreat injection 4s being investigated (15). + eis difficult to evaluate these schemes in tems of esses since itis Aways possible, for example in indeetiverratings,of the components are presented along with tbe characteristics of these techniques. As expected, no single topology #s ideat forall applications. However, knowing the application requirements and the costs of the various ‘components, this paper enables the selection of the best % topology. APPENDIX ‘Table Al shows the values of the components a the shunt passive filter network. The VA ratings of the passive components (with 2 % higher capacitance values) are also included. Table Al. VA ratings of the passive components in the hybrid = ‘filter. Hemet | Gps] Gite | tae] Eqialeat rental Ree ret | om | wanes! gon | neck = s [an [| as [ws | eae | tes 2 [us [asa | ua | es w [ww [coe | os [ems | tp== ‘REFERENCES: {11 CK Dutfey sod RP. Statford, “Update of Bamoaie Sunda IEEE-S19 Recomended Pracices and Recirement fr Harmonic Contel in Rect Power Systems." TEEE/AS Petoleum and Coeesial Indasty Confereace, 1988. Draft -Revison of Publication IEC 555-2: “Harmonics” “Equipment for connection to the Public Low Volage Supply System." TEC SC TIA, 1990. SW. Kolar, H. Ea and F.C, Zac, “Realization a Reson 1986p. 253.290 BS M.Boost wn Zogss “Sie of the xePWM OS "Teemiques A Creel Balaton TEEE PESC "66 Recor, pp 425-13, : FZ. Peng, H. Akagi and A. Nabse, “A Novel. Power Flic” IEEF PESC'38 Record. pp. 1151-1159. HL Fajita aod H. Aap, "Design strategy forthe Combiond ‘System of Shuai Passive and Secies Active Filters” TEERAS ‘Asroal Meeting, 1991, pp. 898-903. M, Depeabrock and C: Niemann,“ A new 18-Pulse Rectifier ‘Cascul with Line-Side Interphase Transfomnes and nearly ‘Snosoidal oe currents” TREC Record 1990, pp. 539-546. 100) M Depentock and C. Niemann, A new 12 Pulse Reeser (Chl with Line Side lateaphase Transformer and netiy sfansoial Hoe creat” PEMC Conference, 1990, pe3378, zl 11) BA. Paice, “Harmonie esves and Clean Power Controle” ‘Westingbotse Etectre Corporation, Sept 1989. (12) FC Leeant. Boroyevich, “Power Factor Correction CGeruits-Topoioges and Couto” Professional Bdscaton ‘Seminars, APEC, 1993. SEW. Kola WE and PC. Zach, “Analysis of different ‘Cerreot Carol Conces for Forced Comautatod ‘Rectifier FCR}” PCI June 1986 Procendings, pp. 195-217. N-Moban,M.Hastog and R. Nek, “Analyis of 8 ae Power Electonics Interface with approximately sinasidal 3- hace viltycuents anda regulated de ulput” IEEE ‘Transactions on Power Delivery, Apel 193, pp. 540-546. Naik, M. Rastogi, N. Moban, R Nissen aod GP. Henze “A Mapoese Devie for Cueat Iojecton in Thzes Phase Stnusoidl Curent Uslity nterfae,” EEEIAS Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 1953. K-H.Lin R.Orugant and FC Lee, "Resonant Switches- Topologies and Chace,” TEBE PESC 1985 pp. 06 ne. EF, Protna.T, Frey and H-Ch, Studely. ‘Comparison of Disferet Switching Modes in x 1OKW High Frequency Stes Down Converter using IGBTS." IEEEMIAS Angual Meeiag, osstoa, Texas, Ot 1992, pp. 964-969. a m a Bi 03] ny 5) 16) 07

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