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3.4.1 Theoreticclbockground
r,r-l)
Tru=T,F,\T)4Tzu -r'=rIo,t?)
-t)
Tou
f r-') ( (kt\ \
*,
Tnn*=r,fr\o ) =Tn,i,-7, =t[r, r , -r)
\-
Note
Worning
Before starting the compressor,make sure that the testing bench has been prepared
for start-upaccordingto the procedures
describedabovein E 2.2.In particular,checkthe
settingsof the pneumaticuncoupler(ca 9 bar) and the maximum pressureswitch (ca 10
PN30D- User'sMonuol
t
l \
t-v
Loborotorytests t.
iv
t
d) wait for the time necessaryfor the pressureinside tank 14 to stabilise,then read
the values of the delivery pressuresof the first and second stage by means of
manometersMr and Mz and enterthe valuesobtainedin Table 3.5; by meansof
the ad hoc selector(no. 46 in fig.2.2)displaythe temperatureof the air at the inlet
of the first stage, as measuredby the thermometric probe T1, on the digital )*
I
indicator (no. 45 in fig 2.2) by setting the relative selector on 1; repeat the
operation by displaying the temperatureat the outlet of the first stage, as
measured by the thermometric probe, T2, the temperatureat the inlet of the
secondstage,as measuredby thermometricprobe,T3, and finally the temperature
at the outlet of the second stage,as measuredby the thermometric probe, Ta;
enterall the valuesobtainedin Table3.5. i\,
\--
e) work on adjustmentvalve 17: closeit partly to producean increasein delivery t-\
t-
pressurein tank 14; wait for the time necessaryfor the pressurein the tank to I
-Tta6ilised, ___L*r_
thent
andenterthemin Table3.5. tI " -
t\
tt *-
0 repeat the procedureuntil the triggeringpressureof the pneumatic uncoupler or
the maximum pressureswitch has beenreached;enter the values obtainedfor the
pressureand the temperaturein Table 3.5.
t.-
1\-
\J
I_!-
3 Didocto ltolio
Chopter 3.
3.4.3 Testresults
Delivery Manom. Delivery Manom. Input Delivery Input Delivery
pressure, ratio pressure ratio pressure temp. temp.
I't stage 1't stage 2ndstage 2ndstage 1" stage 1" stage 2ndstage 2ndstage
T T" Ta
Mr F' Mz F"
(bar) (bar) ("c) ("c) ("c) ('c)
Ambientpressure:........ ...........'....
Ambienttemperature:
.*-
PN30D- Userrs
Msnuol l
tv
Loborotorytests r
i\_
250
Temperature
('c)
-.Y
2AO
150
t-
100
It-
50
1,
-v
10 11 I
v
Fig. 3.5 - Fluid temperaturesmeasuredanil isentropictemperaturescalculatdas a function
of the manometrccompressonratios py and Fn for the I't and 2"dstage,respectvely,
and
total manometricratio, p, without intercoolng. i\-
i
\-,
3B Didocto ltolio
.\-.
ti-
Chopter3.
\_-
3.5.1 Theoreticolbockground
*r r Q, - Tr )
Qnt =
where:
Q" is the thermal powerremovedfrom the compressedair in the first cooler (kW)
A A rhr.cr.(T6-T6)
Vat=Qlref =
3m
PN30D- User'sM'onuol 39
I
;v
Loboroioryfests I
lr
i
where:
i \__-
tr-
1
Before starting the compressor,make sue that the testing bench has been prepared
;
for start-up'accordingto the proceduresdescribedabovein 9 2.2.In particular,check the j\
that the uncoupleror the pressureswitch will not be triggeredduring the tests.
i:
a) measurethe pressureand the temperatureof the air in the laboratory. I\-
d) wait for the time necessaryfor the pressureinside tank 14 to stabilise,then read
the values of the delivery pressuresof the first and second stageby means of
manometersMl and Mz and enter the values obtainedin Table 3.7; now take the
reading of the air flow by means of flowmeter 18 (and furtherrnore,take the \_
readingsof the air pressureand temperaturein the proximity of the flowmeter by
means of manometerM5 and thermometric probe Tlr to be able to make the
necessaryconections,accordingto the method describedin $ 3.2.1);enter the
I
readinssin Table 3.7. 1r
^^ Didocto ltolio
L
Chopter 3.
by meansof the ad hoc switch (no. 46 in fig.2.2)on the digital indicator (no. 45
in fig 2.2) display the temperatureof the air at the inlet of the first cooler as
measuredby thermometricprobe Tz, by settingthe relative switch on 2; repeat
this stepby displayingthe temperature of the air at the outletof the first cooler,as
measuredby thermometricprobe T3, the temperatureof the water at the inlet of
the first cooler (T6), the temperatureof the water at the outlet of the first cooler
(Ts):if the difference(Ta-To)turnsout to be particularlysmall,reducethe flow of
water going through the heat exchangerby meansof adjustmentvalve 11, until
you get a difference in temperatureof ca 10o; then take the reading of the water
flow-rateby meansof flowmeter9, and enterthe dataobtainedin Table 3.8.
o)
.1 work on the adjustmentvalve; close the valve partially to obtain an increasein
the delivery pressurein tank 14; then wait for the time necessaryfor the pressure
inside the table to becomestageand repeatthe operationsdescribedat points d),
e) andf); enterthe readingsobtainedin Tables3.7 and 3.8.
-_
PN30D-.User's
Monuol 41
\_
i.
Loboroiorytesls i-
I
;\
3.5.3 Testresults
Delivery Manom. Delivery Manom. ml Pressure Temp. ll
pressure ratio pressure ratio Air flow at flow- at flowm. Actual air
1" stage 1" stage 2ndstage 2ndstage measured meter. Tlt
flow
M I' Mz F" (xm3ltr) M5 ("c) (kslh)
(bar) (bar) (bar)
AmbientDressure:........ Ambienttemperature:
................
*)>
Air Air Water Water Water Air Air Water Water Water
temp., temp., temp., temp., flow temp., temp., temp., temp., flow
at inlet outlet at inlet outlet ltt c. at inlet outlet at inlet outlet in2"d
and
of 1".c. of 1".c. of 1".c. of 1".c. rrr Lef Znd c. 2nd.c. 2"dc. zc. cooler.
T2 T^ T6 Ts T
^J (ks/h) T5 Tt Tq rhII,.r
loc) ("c) ("c) ('c) l"c) ('c) loc) l"c) /lclh\
A'
4Z Didocto ltolio
':1 '.-
Chopter 3.
o
(kw)
.c
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 10 11
,
I
1' I
Fig. 3.6 - Values of thermal power removedin the ftrst and second cooler as afunction of
manometric compression ratios fu for the 7'tstage and frn for the 2"d stage
\*__''- The thetrral fowet to beremoedto cool down fhe compressedair is seen-to-incrense
with increasingp, as discussedin connectionwith the incrementsin the temperatureof
!
the fluid brought aboutby the compressionprocess. i
,v It should also be noted that even minor effors in the reading of the temperaturesmay
v result in appreciableerrors in the determinationof the thermal power removed; thus, for
example,if the incrementin the temperature of the coolantis of only 10o,an error of 1"
\.--
rn the reading of the temperaturef the water produces an error of ca I0Vo in the
\- determination of the thermal power subtractedfrom the coolant.
PN30D- User'sMohuol 43
tests
Loborotory
rFor the measurementof flow-rates with the aid of a flowmeter, see the instructions
giVenin $ 3.2.1; as for the use of diaphragms,it should be noted that:
A diaphragm (see fig. 3.1) createsa narow section along the passageof the fluid,
therebycausingan increasein the velocity of the fluid and hencea decreasein pressure.
By applying Bernoulli's theorem we can demonstratethat the specific flow rnoof the
fluid current is directly proportional to the square root of the difference in
pressureap betweenthe narrow sectionand the environmentupstream:
rn" = K./Ap
To work out the flow-rate, the K factor has to made explicit: according to the
conventionsusedby Italian (CNR-UNI 10023) and intemational standards(ISO 5167) ,
the procedureis asfollows.
*"=K^IL.=ae9'fLP
Tl'v
where:
e is the compressibilitycoefficient
44 Didocto ltolio
Chopier3.
,AN
r = 1 - ( 0 . 4 1 +0 . 3 5 m " : r
Kp
where:
R.=
v
where:
v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (mzls).In the case of air, for pressures
similar to ambient pressure, v can be expressed (denoting with T the
temperatureexpressedin K) as:
0 . 1 5 0 2 9 1 . 1 0 -55 r '
T +L23.584
The evoiution of d as a function of Re is given in the diagramin fig. 3.8 for different
valuesof m and can be expressedanalyticallythanksto the following relationship:
r-j
- 0.184m8 "
with c = 0.5959
+ 0.03r2m"., + 0.0029m"'[--t5l
PN30D- User'sMonuol 45
I
i-v
tests
Loborotory
I
).J
this point wee shall determine again the number of Reynoldsand the new value of ct
(qI); and so on, until we find: q,o*l=q,o.
To facilitate the execution of the test, we list below the main characteristicsof the
diaphragmsthat can be used with the PN30D testingbench.
\
i>-
Q=f(P1-P2)
46 Didocio ltolio
Chopter3,
DIAPHRAGMS
DIAFRAMMI
l-- o
za
ui g 0.85
6
tL 0)
IL
IIJ ]J
Oo
oE
tu .g
o,9
trE
TO
6o
o
-.-:r-J.-.--
PN30D- User'sMonuol 47
:. I
L
t".J
\-
Loborotorytests r*
lr
I
\-
3.6.2 Teslexecution method
\_
Worning !
Before starting the compressor,make sure that the testing bench has been prepared \-
for start-up according to the proceduresdescribed above in 9 2.2. Then start the
compressorby meansof the start/stopswitch (no. 40 in fig. 2.2). andpressurisethe tank a
!
14 until the triggering pressureof the pneumatic uncoupler or the pressureswitch is
\_
reached.
\
a) connect the differential manometer27 to the chosen diaphragm to perform the "\
measurements.
\
i
b) open fully the delivery valve 16 and the shut-off valve situated after the chosen \
diaphragm (28, 29 o 30); then, open the adjustment valve 17: as a result,
compressed air will flow through flowmeter 18 and through the chosen -:r
\r
diaphragm. ].:
'c)
take the reading of the air flow by means of flowmeter 18 (and measure the ,\
pressure and the temperature of the air in the proximity of the flowmeter by
meansof manometerM5 and thermometricprobe T11so as to be able to make the \
necessarycorrections, according to the method described in $ 3.2.1); then \
measurethe pressuredrop at the diaphragmby meansof manometer2'7as well as
\
the air pressureand temperatureconditionsupstreamof the diaphragmby means
of manometerlv{aand thermometricprobeTro; enter the values obtainedin Table i\
)
I
?-9 _i*\
\
d) work on adjustmentvalve 17, to obtain appreciablevariations in the flow-rate, i-
li.
i
i
48 Didocto lfolio
',-.ti" . .
Chopter 3.
3..3 Risultoti
sperimentoli
Y,
\-.
!:-
-
ma 40
(ks/h)
.tc
30
25
20
15
10
0
0510152025303540
m (kgih)
PN30D- User'sMnuol 49
Loborotorytests
,),,.,'
I 3.7 Meosurement
of pressure
dropsin differentfypesof
circuit
i 3.7.1 Theoreticolbockground
a
To be able to dimensiona compressed air distribution network it is necessaryto
know the pressuredrop-soccurringin the pipes:the purposeof this test is to measure,by
d meansof a mercury tye differentialmanometer(no. 27 in fig. 2.2), thepressuredrops
taking place in pipes of different types as a function of the flow passing through te
T
J
pipes themselves,as measuredby meansof a flowmeter (n" 18 in fig. Z.Z). In this
manner it is possible to identify the so-called characterstic curve of the circuit,
representedby the evolution of the pressuredrops as a function of the flow of fluid in
circulation;this curve is usedto identify the type of compressorideally suited for the
requirementsof the system,sinceit makesit possibleto identify, for each value of flow
required by the equipment,the headnecessaryto have the flow circulate, i.e., the head
5 -----'----afconneeFthe-differential-manometer2h,s-the-pipe-length
executionof the measurements.
relected-forthe-
i
f b) openfully the delivery valve 16 and the shut-off valve situateddownstreamof the
chosenpipe (31, 32,33,34 o35); then, open adjustmentvalve 1T: as a result,
c) take the reading of the air flow throughflowmeter 18 (and measurethe pressure
T
i
and the temperature of the air in the proximity of the flowmeter by means of
manometerM5 and thermometricprobeT11so as to be able to make the necessary
corrections,according to the instructionsgiven in $ 3.2.1); then, measure the
pressuredrop in'the chosn pipe by means of the manometer 2'l: enter the
readingsin Table 3.10.
t
d
PN30D- User'sMonuol 5t
5
l\.
r"-.
Loborotorytests t:- .
It,.
ii
i
3.7.3 Testresults
i
.!-
ml Pressure at Temperatureat Ap Y
Flow measured flowmeter flowmeter Actual flow Press.dropin
with flowmeter Ms Ttr from fl.m. pipe
(Nm3tr) (bar) ('c) (ks/h) (nmHe)
1\'-'
:\-
Table3.10- Measurementof pressuredropsn pipes havng dffirent geometresas a
function of compressed
air flow
i\-
I
I
f !
-_L-v
Ap 40 \-
(mmHg) i""'
35 1\-
i-
30 t-
25
fv
20
Ir
L_-
15
ft"
'l \-,
10 t
I \-i
I
t\
10 tc 20 25 30 35 40
I
m (ks/h)
52 Didocto ltolio
\-
L
lril
j
L
t_ Chopter 3.
L,
U. 3.7.4 Anolysisof the resulls
L
i-
Y
L- ;r
n
' ,1 '
"
L
C
(
C''
;
(
(
cj -+
(
a
,"^,
,j
(-, I
) l
L:
C
L
i'\
'-l
r.-f
PN30E- Userrs
Mciul 53 ,. r!
{,
Loborotory
tests I
i
l
qA
Didocto ltclio