4/19/2016

Elements Of Power System Engineering

EE 432
Transmission Lines
Overhead Line Parameters
Line Capacitance & Line Model
Prof. A.M. Gaouda
Electrical Engineering Department
American University of The Middle East (AUM)

19-Apr-16 Dr. Gaouda 1

Transmission Line Capacitance:

The four basic transmission line parameters are resistance,

inductance, capacitance, and conductance. In this section we
discuss the transmission line capacitance.

+q D
The Capacitance between conductors in a medium with -q
ra rb
constant permittivity can be obtained by determining the AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006
following: Conductor (a) Conductor (b)

E the electric field strength electric

field
magnetic magnetic
field field

V the Potential Difference between the two conductors

Q the magnitude of the charge on a conductor
conductor

Then, the capacitance from a charge per unit volt is defined as:
D
AM Gaouda
Q
C
ELEC 472
Eq. 1 UAEU

V r r
C ab
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 2

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Electric Potential Difference between points 1 and 2 is:

D2

D1
V12 E dx Eq. 2
x
D1 D2

The Electric Field E can be computed by utilizing Gausss Law.

AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

Gausss Law: Gaussian

Surface
The net electric flux through any closed guassian surface E x
is equal to the net charge inside the surface divided by o.

qin
E E .d A Eq. 3
o
AM Gaouda
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UAEU 2006

qin
E dA o
1 m
E
qin Gaussian Surface

E A
AM Gaouda
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o dA AM Gaouda
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UAEU 2006

qin E
E ( 2 x )
o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 3

q
E Eq. 4
2 o x
D1
From Eq. 2, we have the Electric Potential difference is: x

D2
D2
V12 D E dx
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

1
Therefore,
D2
q
V12 2 o x dx
D1

q D2
V12 ln Eq. 5
2 o D1
Using Eq. 5, the potential difference between the two conductors is:

Due to conductor a only: +q D -q

q D ra rb
Vab( q 1 ) ln
2 o ra Conductor (a) Conductor (b)

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 4

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Due to conductor b only:

q D q rb
Vba ( q 2 ) ln OR Vba ( q 2 ) ln
2 o rb 2 o D
The potential difference between conductors a and b is:

Vab Vab( q 1 ) Vab( q 2 ) Vab( q 1 ) Vba ( q 2 )

+q D -q
1 D D
Vab [ q ln ( q ln ) ] Eq. 5 ra rb

2 o ra rb Conductor (a) Conductor (b)

q D2
Vab [ ln ] Eq. 6
2 o ra rb

The line-to-line capacitance between conductors a and b is: D

AM Gaouda
q q
C ab
ELEC 472
UAEU
Vab q D2 r r
[ ln ]
OR 2 ra rb C ab

C ab
o
F/m ra rb r
ln( D / r ) 5
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16

If the two-wire line is supplied by a transformer with a D

grounded center tap, Then, the Capacitance between
one conductor and the grounded neutral point is: r r
AM Gaouda

2 o
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AM Gaouda
C ab UAEU

C an C bn 2C ab
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F/m UAEU

ln( D / r ) D
EXAMPLE: C an C bn AM Gaouda
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UAEU
n
1.25 m

C an C bn
Conductor Conductor
a b Find the capacitance of the
C an * C bn C2
Diameter
Diameter
single phase circuit: C ab an
C an C bn 2C an
25 mm
1.213 cm
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472 AM Gaouda 1. between the conductors a and b
UAEU ELEC 472
Length
UAEU
10kM 2. between one conductor and the grounded neutral point.

SOLUTION:
o 8.85 10 12
o
C ab 0.0521 F
ln( D / r )
2 o
C an 2C ab 0.1042 F
ln( D / r )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 6

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Capacitance of Three Phase Systems Equal Spacing:

The voltage between conductors a and b is:

n k a , b , c AM Gaouda
Dkj ELEC 472

q
1
Vij k ln i a
UAEU

2 o k 1
Dki j b

AM Gaouda D
ELEC 472 D
1 D D D UAEU

Vab [ qa ln ab qb ln bb qc ln cb ]
2 Daa Dba Dca D
1 D r D
Vab [ qa ln qb ln qc ln ]
2 r D D
1 D r
Vab [ qa ln qb ln ] qa
2 r D C an F/m
Van
In a similar way
1 D D r Vab Vac 3Van
Vac [ qa ln qb ln qc ln ]
2 r D D n
Dkj
q
1
1 D r Vij ln
Vac [ qa ln qc ln 2 o
k
] k 1
Dki
2 r D
Assuming balanced three-phase system, then:

qa qb qc 0 OR qa qb qc
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 7

NOTES
Considering all the three charges:
1 D r
Vab Vac [ 2qa ln ( qb qc ) ln ] ( qb qc ) ln( r / D )
2 r D ( qa ) ln( r / D )
3q a D ( qa ) ln( D / r )
Vab Vac ln
2 r Vab 3Van30 o

Vab 3Van30 o Vbc 3Van 90 o

Vac Vca 3Van150 o 3Van 30 o Vca 3Van150 o

Vab Vac 3Van

Vab Vac 3Van
qa
C an F/m
3q a D
3Van ln Van
2 r
qa D
Van
AM Gaouda
ln D D ELEC 472

2
UAEU

r AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU
D
qa 2 o
Cn F/m
Van ln( D / r )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 8

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Capacitance of Three Phase Systems Unequal Spacing

When the conductors of a three-phase line are not spaced

Phase a
equilaterally, unbalance conditions are resulted. Balance of the
three phases can be restored by exchanging the positions of the Phase
Phase
conductors at regular intervals along the line (transposition). c b

The resulting capacitance is:

2 o
Cn F/m Pos.1 Cond. a Cond. c Cond. b
ln( Deq / r ) D12 D12 D12
Pos.2 Cond. b Cond. a Cond. c
D31

Deq 3 Dab Dac Dbc D23

Pos.3 Cond. c
D23
Cond. b
D23
Cond. a

Capacitance of Three Phase Systems Using Bundled Conductors

d
Dsb 4 ( Ds d )2 2 Ds d
The resulting capacitance is:
d d

2 o Dsb 9 ( Ds d d ) 3 Ds d
3 2 d

Cn b
F/m
ln( Deq / D S ) d

d 2d d
Dsb 16 ( Ds d d 2 d )4 1.09 4 Ds d 3
d
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 9

EXAMPLE:
A 220kV, 50Hz, 200km long 3 phase transposed line has its conductors spaced as 6m,
6m and 12m. The conductor radius is 1.81 cm. Find:
1. The capacitance per phase per km.
2. The capacitive reactance per phase
3. The charging current NOTE
4. The total charging Mvar. -------

If the structure of
the conductor
12m
per phase is
6m 6m
as shown

a b c

Use the GMR

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 10

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EXAMPLE:
A 220kV, 50Hz, 200kM long 3 phase transposed line has its conductors spaced as
6m, 6m and 12m. The conductor radius is 1.81 cm. Find:
1. The capacitance per phase per km. 12m
2. The capacitive reactance per phase 6m 6m

3. The charging current a b c

4. The total charging MVAR.

SOLUTION:
Deq 3 Dab Dac Dbc 3 6 * 6 * 12 7.6 m
2 o
9.195 10 3 F / phase / km
NOTE
Cn Use r for L
ln( Deq / r )
Use r for C
C n 200 9.195 10 3 1.839 F / phase
NOTE
1.0
1730.88 / phase
-------
X C 1 / C n
2 ( 50 )1.839 10 6 If the structure of
the conductor
per phase is
as shown
220 10 3
I C Vn / X C ( 2 ( 50 )1.839 10 6 ) 73.39 A / phase
3
3 220 10 3 73.39
Use the GMR

Charging Mvar 27.96 Mvar

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 10 6 11

EXAMPLE:
A 400kV, 50Hz, transposed three phase with bundled conductor line, two sub-
conductors per-phase as shown in the Figure. The center to center distance between
adjacent phases is 12 m and distance between sub-conductors is 45 cm. The radius of
each sub-conductor is 1.6 cm. Find the capacitance per phase per km.

D31
D12 D23

a a b b c c

d d d

SOLUTION:

D bS r d 1.6 45 8.485cm 0.08485 m

NOTE
Use r for L
Deq Dab Dac Dbc 12 * 12 * 24 15.119m
3 3
Use r for C
2 o
Cn 0.0107 F / km
ln( Deq / D bS )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 12

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PROBLEM:
For the completely transposed OHTL shown
in the Figure,

The length of the conductor in kilometer is 150

km and its diameter is 50 mm.
The spacing between bundled sub-conductors 45
cm and distance between phase a and b 5 m,
phase b and c 5 m.

Find:
1. The Capacitance between phase and
neutral.
2. The inductance per phase.

NOTE
Use r for L
Use r for C

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 13

SOLUTION:
The length of the conductor in kilometer is l 150 km
Diameter of the conductor 50 mm
Spacing between bundled sub-conductors 45 cm
Distance between phase a and b 5 m
Distance between phase b and c 5 m
Distance between phase c and a 10 m
Deq
L 2 10 7 ln H/m
DSb
2 o
Cn F/m
ln( Deq / D bS )
r 0.0250m
Deq Dab Dac Dbc 6.2996m
3 r 0.0250(0.7788) 0.0195m

Dsb 16 ( Ds d d 2d )4 1.091 4 r d 3 0.2381m For Capacitance

Dsb 16 ( Ds d d 2 d )4 1.091 4 r d 3 0.2237m For Inductance

L = 100.1373 mH C = 2.5465 uF
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 14

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Classification of the Transmission Lines:

Short Transmission Lines: less than about 80 km (50 mi) long
Medium Transmission Lines: between 80 km (50 mi) and 240 km (150 mi) long
Long Transmission Lines: longer than 240 km (150 mi)

IS IR

Z zl ( R jL )l
VS VR

AM Gaouda

lumped-parameter
ELEC 472
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Short Transmission Lines

AM Gaouda
ELEC 472

IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR IS
UAEU 2006

I ( x x ) z x I( x ) IR

Y Y Vs V ( x x ) y x V( x ) Vr
AM Gaouda

VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2 x
x

xl
Nominal pi-circuit distributed constants
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
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Medium Transmission Lines Long Transmission Lines

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 15

Classification of the Transmission Lines:

Short Transmission Lines: less than about 80 km (50 mi) long
Medium Transmission Lines: between 80 km (50 mi) and 240 km (150 mi) long
Long Transmission Lines: longer than 240 km (150 mi)

Long TL require calculations in terms of distributed constants if a high degree of accuracy is

required, although for some purposes a lumped-parameter representation can be used for
lines up to 320 km (200 mi) long.

The Short and Medium Transmission Line:

It is convenient to represent a transmission line by the two port network. Where,

V S and I S are the sending-end voltage and current. IS IR

VS Two Port
V R and I R are the receiving-end voltage and current. VR
Network

The relation between the sending-end and the receiving-end can be written as:

VS AVR BI R
I S CVR DI R 16
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16

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Or in a matrix format, NOTE

V S A B V R

I C D I
S R VS AVR BI R
Where A,B,C and D are parameters depends on the I S CVR DI R
transmission line constants (R, L, C and G).
A & D dimensionless
ABCD Parameters for a Short Transmission Line B in Ohms
C in Siemens
The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is shown AD BC 1
in Figure.

The circuit is solved as a simple series ac circuit and the shunt element is ignored.

V S and V R are the positive sequence lineto-

IS IR
neutral voltage for a three-phase completely
transposed circuit. Z zl ( R jL )l
VS VR
I S and I R are the positive sequence line currents.
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 17

NOTES:
Normally, transmission lines are operated with balanced three-phase loads. Although the
lines are not spaced equilaterally and not transposed, the resulting dissymmetry is slight
and the phases are considered to be balanced.

In order to distinguish between the total series impedance of a line and the series
impedance per unit length, the following symbols are adopted:
z is the series impedance per unit length per phase
y is the shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral
l is the length of line

Z is the total series impedance per phase Z zl

Y is the total shunt admittance per phase to neutral Y yl
IS IR
Recall that the conductance is ignored, the ABCD parameters

for a short TL are easily obtained by writing KVL and KCL VS
Z zl ( R jL )l
VR

equations.
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

VS A B VR VS 1 Z VR
A D 1 pu
BZ
I S C D I R I S 0 1 I R C 0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 18

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ABCD Parameters for a Medium Transmission Line

The equivalent circuit of a Medium transmission line is presented by Nominal pi-circuit as
shown in Figure. The current in the series branch is:

Y
I R VR
2 IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR
Using KVL: Y Y
Y VS
AM Gaouda

VS VR Z ( I R VR )
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2
2
ZY Nominal pi-circuit
VS ( 1 )VR ZI R
2 VS AVR BI R NOTE
Using KCL:
Y Y VS AVR BI R
IS VS ( I R VR )
2 2
I S CVR DI R
Substituting for VS
Y ZY Y
IS [( 1 )VR ZI R ] ( I R VR )
2 2 2
ZY ZY
IS Y(1 )VR ( 1 )I R I CV DI
4 2 S R R
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 19

Or in a matrix format,
ZY V R
(1 ) Z
V S A B V R 2

I C D I
S R Y ( 1 ZY ) ( 1 ZY ) I
4 2 R

IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR
ZY
A D (1 ) pu Y AM Gaouda Y
2 VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2
BZ
Nominal pi-circuit
ZY
C Y(1 ) S VS AVR BI R
4
I S CVR DI R

NOTE: IS IR
VS AVR BI R A D 1 pu
The ABCD parameters for BZ

VS
Z zl ( R jL )l
VR
a short TL are: I S CVR DI R C 0
AM Gaouda AM Gaouda

ELEC 472 ELEC 472
UAEU 2006
UAEU 2006

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 20

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ABCD Parameters of Common Networks:

IS Z IR
1 Z

VS
AM Gaouda
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VR

0 1
UAEU 2006

IS IR
1 0

Y 1
AM Gaouda
VS Y ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR

IS Z1 Z2 IR
( 1 YZ1 ) ( Z 1 Z 2 YZ1 Z 2 )


AM Gaouda
VS Y ELEC 472

UAEU 2006 VR
Y ( 1 YZ2 )

IS IR
Z
( 1 ZY2 ) Z

Y1
AM Gaouda
Y2

VS
( Y Y ZY Y ) ( 1 ZY )
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
1 2 1 2 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 21

Voltage Regulation of TL

The ABCD TL parameters can be used to describe the variation of the line voltage with line
loading. Voltage regulation is the change in the voltage at the receiving end of the line
when the load varies from no-load to full-load condition at a specified power factor, while
the sending end voltage held constant.

| VRNL | | VRFL |
VR% 100
| VRFL |
The effect of the variation of the power factor IS R XL IR
of the load on the sending-end and receiving
end voltage for a short transmission line is AM Gaouda

VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
shown in the Figure.

VS VR I R ( R jX L )

VS IR
IRXL VS VS IRXL
AM Gaouda
IRXL
AM Gaouda
VR IRR
ELEC 472
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ELEC 472
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IRR
IR IR VR IRR VR

Lagging power factor Unity power factor Leading power factor

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 22

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Example

A 200km long 3 phase, 50Hz overhead transmission line (OHTL) has a resistance of 48.7
ohm per phase, inductive reactance of 80.2 ohms per phase and capacitance line to neutral
of 8.42 nF per km. The OHTL supplies a load of 13.5MW at a voltage of 88kV and 0.9 lagging
power factor. Using the nominal PI-Circuit model determine:

VS
V1 S R R
VV
2
T.L.
Z
G G
I 12
The magnitude of sending-end voltage.
Power angle or Load angle IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR

The sending end Current Y AM Gaouda Y

VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
Voltage regulation 2 2

V S ( 1 ZY ) Z
V R
2


I Y ( 1
ZY ZY
) (1 ) I
S 4 2 R

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 23

SOLUTION:

IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR
Z zl ( R jL )l 48.7 j 80.2
Y Y
Z 93.8358.73 o
AM Gaouda
VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2
Y 1 / X C 1 /( 1 / jCl )
Y jCl 2 ( 50 )( 8.42 10 9 200 10 3 ) V S ( 1 ZY ) Z
V R

Y 529 10 6 90 o Siemens
2


I Y ( 1
ZY ZY
) (1 ) I
S 4 2 R
ZY
VS ( 1 )VR ZI R
2
NOTE
88 10 3
VR 508080 o
3 V S and V R are the
positive sequence lineto-
13.5 10 6
IR cos 1 ( 0.9 ) neutral voltage for a three-
3 88 10 ( 0.9 ) 3 phase completely
transposed circuit.
I R 98.41 25.84

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 24

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The magnitude of sending-end voltage.

V S ( 1 ZY ) Z
V R
ZY 2
VS ( 1 )VR ZI R





I Y ( 1
ZY ZY
2 ) (1 ) I
S 4 2 R

( 93.8358.73 )( 529 10 6 90 )
VS ( 1 )( 508080 ) ( 93.8358.73 )( 98.41 25.84 )
2
VS 577635.63 o 57484.92 j 5669.64 V (line-to-Neutral)

The magnitude of sending-end voltage (line-to-line).

VS 3 ( 57763 ) 100.05 kV
The Power angle OR Load angle is:
Reminder Note
VS
V1 S R R
VV
2
| V1 || V2 |
T.L.
Z P12 sin( 1 2 )
G G |X|
I 12
If the load angle 1 2 0
IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR
P12 flows from bus 1 to bus 2
Y AM Gaouda Y
VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2
The load angle S R 5.63 0 5.63 o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 25

The sending end Current

ZY ZY
IS Y(1 )VR ( 1 )I R
4 2
( 93.8358.73 )( 529 10 6 90 )
I S 529 10 6 90( 1 )( 508080 )
4
6
( 93.8358.73 )( 529 10 90 )
(1 )( 98.41 25.84 )
2
I S 87.03 j 14.24 88.19 9.29 o

IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR VS
V1 S R R
VV
2
Y Y T.L.
VS
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
VR
Z
2
UAEU 2006

2
G G
I 12
V S ( 1 ZY ) Z
V R


2


I R 98.41 25.84

I Y ( 1
ZY ZY
) (1 ) I
S 4 2 R

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 26

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The Voltage Regulation %

| VRNL | | VRFL |
VR% 100
| VRFL |

AT NO-LOAD: IR 0
IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR
ZY
VS ( 1 )V R 0 Y AM Gaouda Y
2 VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2
| VS |
| V RNL |
ZY V S ( 1 ZY ) V R
|1 | 2
Z
2

I Y ( 1
ZY ZY
) (1 ) I
| 57763 | S R
| V RNL | 59009.4V 4 2

| 0.9788 j 0.0129 |
88 10 3
VR 508080 o
59009.4 50808 3
VR% 100 16.14%
50808 Received at Full load

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 27

ABCD Parameters for a Long Transmission Line

The validity of lumped circuit analysis fails for a long transmission line. The lumped circuit is
only considered for an elemental section of the length.

For the circuit shown in the Figure, x is the distance form the receiving end to the sending
end and z and y are the series impedance and shunt admittance per unit length.

AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

IS I ( x x ) z x I( x ) IR

Vs V ( x x ) y x V( x ) Vr

x
x
xl
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

V ( x and
) are the phasor voltage and current at location x.
I( x )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 28

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The Equivalent PI-Circuit: Equivalent PI-Circuit

The Equivalent PI-Circuit is similar to the

IS Z IR

Nominal PI-Circuit however, Z and Y are used: Y

VS
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
Y
UAEU 2006 VR
2 2

Z Y V R
(1 Z
Z Y
)
V S 2
A D 1 cosh( l )
I
2 S Y ( 1 Z Y ) ( 1 Z Y ) I
4 2 R
sinh( l )
B Z Z C sinh( l ) Z
l
Nominal PI-Circuit
Y Z IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR
C Y ( 1 )
4 Y AM Gaouda Y
VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR
l l 2 2
tanh( ) tanh( )
Y 2 Y 2

2 ZC 2 l
V S ( 1
ZY
) Z


V R
2
2

I ZY ZY
S Y(1 ) (1 ) I
4 2 R

Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 29

Transmission Line Parameters - Summary:

Parameters A=D B C

Short TL 1 0
Z

ZY ZY
Medium TL (1 ) Z Y(1 )
2 4

Z Y
1 Y Z
Long TL 2 Z Z C sinh( l ) Y ( 1 )
cosh( l ) 1
4
sinh( l )
ZC

AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006

IR
IS Z zl ( R jL )l IR IS I ( x x ) z x I( x ) IR
IS

Z zl ( R jL )l Y AM Gaouda Y Vs

V ( x x )

y x V( x )

Vr

VS VR VS ELEC 472
UAEU 2006 VR

x
2 2 x
xl
AM Gaouda
ELEC 472
UAEU 2006
AM Gaouda

Nominal pi-circuit ELEC 472

UAEU 2006

Short Transmission Lines Long Transmission Lines

Medium Transmission Lines
Dr. A.M. Gaouda , 19-Apr-16 30

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