Philosophical & Historical Background of SPEAR

Period of Philosophy of P.E.
Activities Luminaries Reflection

Civilization
- Therefore, physical
Primitive Survival of the fittest Hunting activities were already
Tilling of soil performed before
Fishing through hunting and
food gatherer fishing because the
philosophy of the
primitive times is
survival of the fittest.
- It is interesting to note
that another important
part of mans social-
recreational heritage
dates back to
prehistoric times.
Games of chance - Competitive sports
Historic People Survival of the fittest Games of dexterity and skill were important in the
Archery religious life of historic
Snow snake peoples, and contests
Hoop &pole (chunkee) that pitted one
Ring & pin villages athlete
Childrens game against another.
Game animals
Cultivate cereals
Female was limited to household duties
Basketry
Pottery
Weaving
Manufacturing of clothing,
footgear and kitchen utensils.
Running races (useful for
couriers)
Religion (ceremonial dance)
1
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities Luminaries Reflection
Civilization
Valued exercise at - The Chinese valued
Chinese Civilization Feudal system developing the warriors exercise aimed at the
strengths and skills developing the
Military training in ancient China warriors strengths and
included all kinds of martial Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi skills, a stigma was
arts, such as - built the great wall attached to physical
wrestling activity as a purely
pugilism recreational pursuit for
fencing the adult.
tripod lifting - Confucianism taught
horse-racing that self-restraint and
stone-throwing moderation were the
hunting and ideal virtues and
swimming placed particular
emphasis upon the
value of meditation
and passivity.
- Therefore, active
games and sports for
recreational purposes
were considered
beneath the dignity of
the adult and in
conflict with religious
ideals.
2
Civilization
India is well known as the native place of -The caste system was
India Caste- System Yoga. introduced during 500 B.C.
The presence of the
Yoga - Isometric form of exercise untouchables is
A meditation of mental considered defilement to
discipline all castes.
- Directed along 3 distinct lines -Since the early 1900s the
Physical untouchables have waged
Mental a vigorous fight for social
Spiritual recognition and have
Polo gained considerable
Wrestling ground.
Ball games
-Yoga is one of the famous
Physical education is strongly influenced by s activity in India and is still
their religious belief. practiced throughout the
They focus on spiritual needs, not the world.
needs of the body and worldly things.
Throwing
Tumbling
Chariot races
Riding elephant sand horses
Playing marbles
Swordsmanship
Dancing
Wrestling and footraces
3
Civilization
-Egypt has the most

Egypt The greatest of the Wrestling advance culture.
Pyramids Military exercises -Ancient Egyptian women
Building an empire Archery enjoyed exceptional
through Fencing privileges that are equal to
military aggression Painting on tomb wall a man, but today, Egyptian
Chess professional women are subject to
Hunting players restrictive Mohammedan
bullfights customs.
-The Egyptian ruling class
relished shows of all kinds
like acrobats.
Dancing for rituals Herodotus - recognized the -Their physical
ANCIENT Acrobats use of P.E as an aid to development suggests that
GREECE Boxing medicine. acrobats and boxers were
Galen - stated that P.E is a intensively trained and that
part of hygiene and only the best trainees were
subordinate to permitted to perform in
medicine. religious ceremonies.
Spartans never indulged

Sparta Strong Will Power Ball games Aristotle - recognized the the habit of admitting
Wrestling close interrelationship of defeat.
Archery the body and soul and -During the middle period
Stone and javelin throwing the mental faculties can and beyond, physical
Boxing be affected by poor education was conducted
Hunting health. in a wrestling ground
called palaestra.
-The gymnasiums served
as training centers for the
ephebi and athletes and
provided physical
4
Civilization
conditioning and
recreational programs for
adults.
-Plato reduced dances to
three classes: military
dance, domestic dance
and mediatorial dance.
-Spartans have been

criticized for
overemphasizing physical
and military education and
not providing intellectual
instruction.
boxing -The education of the
Athens Mecca of Intellectual Wrestling Athenian youth is that,
and Artistic Life Pankration boys were educated by the
Running state while girls were not
Jumping for the reason that women
Discuss & javelin throwing had few rights in
Swimming republican Athens.
Practiced gesticulation -The Athenian enthusiasm
Served as warm up activity for physical education was
at its peak during the sixth
Episkuros - a favorite game among and into the first half of the
Greek youths fifth century B.C.
- Gymnastics
Males are subject to military training
Paidotribe - physical education

instructor
5
Civilization
Palaestra - an open area suitable for Plato who subscribed

bathing and for various physical activities to the Spartan idea
of the survival of
the fittest
Solon (639-559 BC)
Socrates - gave emphasis on
the importance of P.E in
attaining health in order
to achieve ones purpose
in life.
Panhellenic Games is the -The panhellenic games
Paganist collective term for four are held every fourth
separate sports festivals Charles Diehl published a summer under the
held in ancient Greece. detailed report on supervision of ten judges
Greek stadiums elected by the people of
Olympic Games - Elis.
The main events at each of the games were -Qualified contestants
chariot racing, wrestling, boxing, pankration, were placed on white
stadion and various other foot races, and the board displayed in
pentathlon (made up of wrestling, standing Olympia.
long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw). -Athlete who withdrew was
Except for the chariot race, all the events disgraced and heavily
were performed nude. fined.
-The last recorded victor in
the Olympic Games was
Valerius Electus of Sinope,
who won the heralds
contest in the 259th
Olympic Games A.D. 235.
6
Civilization
-Their brief was not with

physical education as an
important part of the total
education of man;
physical, moral, and
spiritual; but rather with
athletic competition as a
spectacle and as a
breeding ground for
professionalism.
Young men -
Romans Run foot races Theophratus (371 - 287 BC) - The Romans believed that
Boxed drew more than 2000 exercise was beneficial to
Wrestled students to the health, and recreation was
university of Athens necessary for relaxation.
Discuss, javelin throw
Archery
Roman Baths - Thermae Flavius Theodesus known as
- Their baths where combination of library, Theodesus The Great
gymnasium, garden and lecture room, - issued decrees the
and handball courts effectively made
Christianity the official
During the empire state religion of the
sent sons and daughters to Roman
elementary school
ludus - reading, writing , Agustus - promoted the
arithmetic Juvenes
Seutonius - schools of
Literature/grammatists
For secondary
Rhetoricians -trained in oratory
and debate
7
Civilization
Roman Women
Plebian girl trained in
household chores by mother
Patrician girl educated at
home by a slave
-music and dancing
-play and sing with lyre
and lute
Physical/Military Education
Campus Maritius - assembly
point for men for conduct military exercises
-served as site of festival and Games
Barbaric in Nature - Physical activities
Middle Ages Feudalistic Society - Hunters Charles Martel implemented were generally made
- Warriors the system of part of the formal
Physical Education Vassalage device education system and
- Hunting recreational activities
- Falconry played a vital role
- Musicians during this period.
- Dancing - Nobles and peasants
- Entertainers (jongleurs, rope dancers/ enjoyed the sports and
tight rope performers) games
- Acrobats - Torch dance was
Sports and Games sometimes performed
- Wrestling at weddings: each
- Foot races dancer carried a
- Ball games lighted taper and
- High and broad jumping attempted to blow out
- Tennis the light of his
Education for knighthood. neighbor.
- At an early age serve as page in the
castle.
8
Civilization
- Learn the basic religious rites and

ceremonies
- Become squire at right age
- The squire was tutored at gay sciences
like singing dancing and group games
- Was taught venery, the art of skinning
and cutting of up game and falconry
- Undergo military training
RENNAISANCE The birth of The Humanistic Educational Method John Wycliffe -english Gymnastics was faithfully
Nationalism European scholars knew only two languages: Theologian, preached the included in their
- Artistic Greek and Latin. doctrine of domain educational programs for
expression of Berthold Schwartz, a German the sons of the nobility and
thought of human Quick exercises: Monk developed a wealthy merchants.
affairs. Running practical explosive, led to
Sparring the invention of firearms.
Punchball Quintillan - most famous work
Ball play was a series of
Rolling on the ground declamations called the
Arm and legs movements Institutes of Oratory
Running in a circle - Believed that the the
Jump-straddle-hop childs first impressions are
Kicking legs back and forth the lasting ones
Marching toes while swinging the arms - Opposed to corporal
punishment for laggards.
Galen discussed exercises

suitable for youths 14 to 20
years of age.
9
Civilization
Everything for the Exercise and play Jean JaquesRousseu (1712- Educational Reform in
The Era of people but anointing Games - manual arts and direct 1778) developed many France
Enlightenment by the people acquaintance with nature revolutionary ideas of his - Middle of the 18th
- Flying of kites (improves the own in social, political century idea of
George Berkeley coordination of hand and eye) and educational theory. the French philosophers
(1685- Introduced : - Gave an imaginary (education should have
1753) Boxing - description of a man in a extended to all citizens
all knowledge can be Wrestling state of nature of the state)
gained Ball games Rabelais and Locke - endorsed
by the power of Games of hunting and war physical education in the - Peztallozi believed that
reason alone; - The playing of musical court for military and physical education
Instruments health reasons should receive just as
- Gymnastics Johann Basedow (1724-1790) serious consideration in
- Horseback riding - Developed his famous the school program as
- Fencing method of teaching through traditional subjects.
- Dancing conversation and play
- Swimming associated with objects in - In von Fellenbergs
- Planting and harvesting the classroom. academy, boys were
- Hiking Johann Friedrich Simon - permitted to engage in
instituted Greek the activity of their
pentathlon choice during free
periods.
Johanne Friedrich Guts Muths
- (1759-1839) Father of
Deutsche Turnverein.
Set the pattern for the German
system
- Kept record of his students
progress
- Classified exercise as
follows: (1) walking and
running (2) jumping, free
10
Civilization
and with apparatus (3) lifting - Von Fellenberg

and carrying exercises of the selected the activities
back muscles /pulling, pushing, most suitable for the
thrusting and wrestling (4) young gentleman and
fencing, (5) climbing, (6) conducted them in the
exercises to maintain best traditions of the
equilibrium, or balancing with Rennaisance court
the aid of apparatus (7) throwing schools. He was never
and archery (8) bathing and confused in his
swimming (9) exercises of objectives, and his
suppleness (10) dancing (11) approach to physical
exercises to train the senses education must be
evaluated with this in
Heinrich Pestalozzi - (1746- mind.
1827) - believed in the
Philosophy Internal
perception of the mind
Pestalozzi - (1800) Swiss
Educator - believed that
educational process must
go on in the society of
man.
Froebel - (1826) published the
education of the man
- Discovered the true nature
and function of play to so
guide it naturally in the
work.
11
Civilization
Johanne Friedrich Hervart

(1776-1841)
- based educationnand the
concept that mind and body
function as a unit and that mind
was not endowed with inborn
faculties
- The mind acquired moral
concept through experience
good and evil were not
inherent but depend upon
what one was taught
Philipp Emanuel VonFellenberg

(1771-1844)
- resolved to champion the
cause of the poor, peasants.
Physical Education -Simple exercises stunts and games in an
in 19th Century - Formalized and open air gymnasium. -Friedrich Ludwig Jahn- Father -Jahn appointed
Continental Europe artificial types of of Gymnastics vorturnersor squad
(1800-1850) exercises. leaders, graded and
-body movement classified activities
German System should not be according to age and
determined by difficulty, and varied them
apparatus to ensure a balanced and
interesting program.
12
Civilization
- Free exercises Different forms of locomotion -Adolph Spies (1810-1858) -Devised special exercises
which could be -Free exercises could be for girls and took children
performed with or performed with or without on frequent hikes.
without apparatus. apparatus.
- play and exercise as
an educational
method.
Konrad a teacher of history Hermann said in the

The Recreation - its aim was Gymnastics, skating, swimming, bathing, and classical languages German Gymnastic
Movement in promotion of bodily rowing, games and festivals. Teachers Association at
Germany. exercise August Hermann a gymnastic Brunswick that the German
instructor at Martino- people like the English
Katharineum Gymnasium must make gymnastics
and participation in games
Emil Hartwick- a Prussian judge a national habit if they
and an expert gymnast in his were to combat the
students days at the university deteriorating effects of
of Heidelberg and Berlin. modern life.
-Lindfors three -Military gymnastics -A.O LINDFORS (1781-1847)- Ling provided a course in
Gymnastics categories of artificial -Pedagogical or athletics gymnastics. made a distinction between gymnastics and fencing
Leaders in Sweden exercises. -Medical gymnastics gymnasticanaturalis and and published army
-Develop the body by -Conditioning men for military services. gymnasticaartificiosa manuals on gymnastics
maintaining a balance and bayonet fighting.
between antagonistic PEHR HENRIK LING (1776-
pairs of muscles and 1839)-
by teaching the pupil -author of General Principles of
to subjugate his will to Gymnastics.
the command of the - master performer in the art of
teacher. Fencing .
13
Civilization
Gymnastics in Training program for Gymnastics FRANZ NACHTEGALL (1777- Denmark was one of the
Denmark school teachers and Fencing 1847)- Nachtegall teaching first nations to establish an
military personnel. served as a guide for both institute to train military
military schools and teacher schools and teacher
institutes established in other institutes established in
countries 1804. other countries after 1804.
Physical Education Switzerland became Gymnastics PHOKION CLIAS (1782-1854) German system of
in SWITZERLAND the haven for the swimming -a dedicated teacher, he gymnastics became well
oppressed. wrestling invented what he called the entrenched in Switzerland.
giant step an apparatus more
commonly known today as the
giant stride.
gymnastics FRANCIS AMOROS (1830) Amoros was requested to
GYMNASTICS fencing -amoros most important supervise the layout of an
LEADERS IN swimming contribution was his Manuel D open-air gymnasium and
FRANCE horseback riding. Education Physique, organize a training
Gymnastique Et program for school-
Gmorale.(1830) teachers and military
personnel.
-he was one of the first to use
the trapeze, still and flying rings,
knotted climbing ropes, inclined
board and strength testing
apparatus in physical education
program.
GYMNASTICS They organized a Mass demonstration called Slets in which Miroslav Tyre(1832-1884) Their gymnastic program
MOVEMENT IN gymnastics union with thousands of individuals performed exercises -the driving force behind the featured exercises with or
CZECHOSLOVAKIA military structure in perfect union. Sokols. without apparatus,
which became known following the German
as the Falcon or system, and emphasized
Sokols. sports of the combative
type.
14
Civilization
GYMNASTICS, -By 1830 the Swedish Medical Gymnastics ARCHIBALD MACLAREN(1820- Gymnastics had been
SPORTS, AND system had gained 1884) MacLaren generally adopted for London girls,
RECREATION IN considerable status as considered a gymnastic leader an unsuccessful attempt
THE UNITED a scientific approach without a system. was made in 1882 to
KINGDOM IN THE to bodily exercises. extend the program to
NINETEENTH - Medical gymnastics boys.
CENTURY. were also gaining
international support
Introduction of the from those who
Swedish system recognized their
therapeutic potential.
Amateur Sports HERBERT SPENCER- (1820- The people of United
- VOLKSPIELE or PEOPLE GAMES 1893)-stress upon scientific Kingdom have also shown
- ARCHERY education helped revolutionize a predilection for adopting
- BADMINTON the curriculum in the higher the sports of other people
- BOWLS schools of Germany. and making them a part of
- CRICKET their own culture.
- HOCKEY At the close of the
- ROWING eighteenth and beginning
- RUGBY of the nineteenth century
- SOCCER games and sports played
- SWIMMING an important part in the life
- TENNIS of the English schoolboy.
- TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETICS In spite of the forays
against athleticism, the
Englishman remained
totally dedicated to the
traditions and spirit of
athletics in the public
schools.
15
Civilization
CURLING- most popular games, QUEEN VICTORIA- granted the The Royal and Ancient
SPORTS IN a winter sports using stones shaped like old- title of Royal Caledonian Curling Golf Club of St. Andrews
SCOTLAND fashioned flatirons and weighing up to 44 Club. became the premier club in
pounds. the world and supreme
-CALEDONIAN GAMES authority in golf.
*Throwing the hammer (12-22 pounds),
Running Broad, High jump, Pole vaulting,
Running hitch kick, Tossing the Cawber, 200-
300 yard dashes for men and boys, high
hurdles, wrestling and various dances such
as broad sword, highland fling, Scottish reels.
-GOLF
Ireland is the only
SPORTS IN Ireland is the only -HAND BALL-originated in Ireland 1000 years WILLIAM BRAGG- considered European nation which can
IRELAND European which can ago and develop as national game in that one of the most scientific claim the distinction of
claim the distinction of country. players in the 1850s and holding games similar to
holding games similar -HURLING- another national game of the promoted the game through those of the ancient
to those of the ancient Irish. exhibition tours of Ireland. Olympics.
Olympics.
PHIL CASEY- Father of
handball, was recognized
16
Civilization
-During Nazi -Gymnastics, natural gymnastics, amateur -KARL GAULHOFER, -Austria has three
Continental Europe occupation greater sports and dancing. MARGARET STREICHER, A. professional schools for
in the Twentieth emphasis was placed SLAMA- Introduced natural the training of physical
Century on activities which gymnastics into the schools education teachers,
were of military value. prior to world war II. affiliated with the
AUSTRIA universities of Vienna,
Graz and Innsbruck.
-favorable attitude of -secondary schools provide 2 periods a week -the state established a
faculties in higher for gymnastics, one for instruction in teacher-training institution
institutions toward swimming, and an afternoon week for games at Brussels in 1905 to
physical exercise has and sports. prepare gymnastics
BELGUIM encouraged voluntary leaders in the Ling
student participation System.
in gymnastics and
sports.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA -1949- The national -in the post war period interest in games and -JOSEPH SCHREINER- made It is good that physical
assembly placed sports was stimulated by the work of the several important changes in education and sport is
gymnastics and YMCA physical directors who introduced program. One of these was the already acknowledge by
sports under the camping, swimming and lifesaving which in inclusion of rhythmical the government
supervision and turn were made part of the school program. gymnastics and the dance in
control of the the womens program, and
government, where another was the establishment
they developed into a of a training center at Prague
national movement of called Tyrs House.
significant political
and social
importance.
17
Civilization
FRANCE -between 1900-1920 -YMCA leaders conducted balanced program -RAY GOLLIER-inspector There is a need to make a
physical education in and conditioning exercises. French soldiers general of physical education in fitness program in order to
France was were introduced to volleyball, basketball, the school of Paris, had develop physical fitness
influenced by three track and field athletics, swimming, boxing organized monitor schools to among the militarys.
systems: the so called and wrestling. train physical educators, and
French system, which -YMCA physical directors also introduced these schools produced a
was in reality the mass and games for school children in ant teacher with much better
gymnastics developed French cities and towns. qualifications than those
by Amoros; the currently in service in France.
Swedish system; and
the Natural exercises
devised by George
Hebert
GERMANY -the revival of Olympic -ministerial decrees of the 1920 introduced - in 1923 DR. CARL DIEM- to develop peace and
Games in 1896 rhythmical activities of native or foreign origin, director of the newly organized friendship among
focused the attention games, and sports. Berlin College of Physical participating nations and
of continental Europe -1924 decrees required the students in the Education, invited physicians build camaraderie.
for the first time upon upper elementary grades and secondary interested in the medical aspect
sports competition as schools to attend a daily period of physical of exercise and sports, where
an expression of education and recommended that swimming they organized the medical
national pride. be provided where possible. association for the promotion of
physical education.
GREECE -the reluctance of the -Gymnastics, required by Law in 1834, were -the dominant promoters of
Greek government to emphasized in schools, but sports played Gymnastics in Greece include
accept Athens as the insignificant role. George Pagon, Jean Fokianos,
site of the first modern Jean Chryssafiss,
Olympic Games in SotiriosPeppas, Phillipe
1896 was not entirely Karvelas, and
financial. EvangelosPavlinis.
18
Civilization
HUNGARY -Hungary showed -DR. E KAROFIATH- the one -in 1925 the government
interest sports and who organized the Commission established the (Royal)
recreation. In 1921 a of Levente Associations. College of Physical
plan to organize this *Levente (Young Hero) Education at Budapest .
interest was -1959 Hungary
presented to the established the Institute
National Assembly, of Scientific Research in
but on account of the Physical Education and
economic and political Sports to conduct
situation was experimental studies in
postponed until 1924. Pedagogy & methodology.
ITALY -Emphasis is placed -lower grades the program consists of free In the post war years
upon fundamental exercises, games, sports, and rhythmic. University of bologna
movements, which -upper grades consist of individual and team established a training
are integrated with sports, rhythmic activities and gymnastics course in physical
lead-up games and education for teachers in
rhythmic activities. secondary school and
higher institutions.
-Also provide a course in
theory nd practice of
sports for medical
students who wished to
qualify as sports
physician.
NETHERLANDS Physical education in -indoor programs consist of locomotion skills, Additional apparatus was
the Netherlands freely moving exercise with Indian clubs, introduce for gymnastics
(Holland) has been wands and hoops.
influenced by -outdoor program includes low organized
gymnastics systems games, volleyball, field ball, hockey,
of Danes, Swedes, basketball and softball.
French, Belgian and
Austrians.
19
Civilization
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION IN
CONTINENTAL
EUROPE IN THE
TWENTIETH -In 1927 the -volleyball, basketball and swimming -In 1930 Walter Sikorski, a Academy of Physical
CENTURY (II) government Springfield College graduate Education at Warsaw is
established the Board introduced volleyball, basketball one of the leading
POLAND of Physical Education and swimming into the program professional schools in
and Military of the Association at Cracow Poland.
Preparation within the -Schools in Poznan,
ministry of Education, Cracow, and Wroclaw. All
to finance school these institution provide a
camping, activities four year curriculum
preparatory to military leading to a masters
duty and sports. degree in Physical
Education.
SCANDINAVIA -Scandinavian -Gymnastics is a core program, supplemented K.A. KNUDSEN- an advocate of
countries developed by an extensive after-school program of the Swedish system, who was
systems of games, sports and recreation. transferred to a newly organized
gymnastics which state Gymnastic Institute in
satisfy the 1923.
environmental and
cultural needs of
homogeneous .
SWITZERLAND -Track and Field, Athletics, Riflery, games, In 1944, the state
Strong Youth, a Free and recreational activities as skiing, government established
People. swimming, mountain climbing, hiking, the state Institute of
bicycling, and other outdoor activities. Gymnastics and sports
under the administration of
the Federal Military
Department at Macolin.
20
Civilization
PHYSICAL The Scottish Royal

EDUCATION IN Commission on
THE BRITISH Physical Training -the Fisher Education Act of 1918 - SIR GEORGE NEWMAN- of -The university of
COMMONWEALT (1903) and the English recommended elementary and secondary medical department of the Birmingham was one of
H IN THE Interdepartmental schools require physical education and Board of Education suggested the first to offer
TWENTIETH Committee on Physical provide facilities for holiday and school that the school camp program professional curriculum for
CENTURY Deterioration helped camping. should emphasize therapeutic both men and women
shape future trends of -Military Drill. exercises, games and rhythms majors leading to the
1.THE P.E in United rather than military drill. baccalaureate degree, in
UNITED Kingdom. 1946.
KINGDOM
Australia felt the
1. AUSTRALIA influence of the Australians are intensely interested I sports.
international sports -facilities for Tennis are supplied and golf
movement and courses and bowling greens are located.
provided facilities for - the national games is Cricket
greater participation in
sports and recreation
in school and among
the general public
2. BURMA Toward preparation for -it consist of gymnastics, marching, games,
the annual gymnastic and relays and the teacher is still called Drill
exhibition. Master
3. CANADA Physical education has - Football First professional
been molded by the - Other Canadian sports are Cricket, curriculum in Canada was
legislative bodies and curling, bowls, field hockey, rugby. established at McGill
local authorities, the - New world Canadians adopted university in 1912.
contributions of baseball, basketball, and volleyball.
immigrants, and the - The national game of Canada is Ice
countries natural Hockey
recourses.
21
Civilization
1. INDIA -physical training of the -recreation in songs and dances, associated -In 1908 Dr. J. HENRY GRAY In 1854 British establish a
warrior class with festival and marriage ceremonies. established the first YMCA in network of schools and
dominated the early - Occasionally , exhibitions in the use of India at Calcutta, Bengal. colleges financed by public
period of education. military weapon and tournaments in archery funds, local authorities, and
and wrestling. private management
-YOGA-ASANA-which designed to avoid assisted by government
disease and maintain balance between the grants- in-aid.
body, mind and spirit.
-SURYA-NAMAAKRAS- which is devoted
exclusively to breathing exercises.
-Indians also have many Native gameslike
Kabaddi- played in seven players.
Chuko- raiders stimulate tigers, the dreaded
enemy of all Indians.
Lathi- single stick fighting.
-Lezim- rhythmical dance.
-Karla- requires skillful manipulation of long
heavy Indian clubs.
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION IN
ASIATIC
COUNTRIES
-games of volleyball, basketball and -SELIM SIRRY BERRY- who -1926 Turkey established an
-YMCA established its playground ball were received with had been trained in the Swedish Institute of Physical
THE NEAR EAST first association at enthusiasm by the Turks. system was appointed director. education in affiliation with
1.TURKEY Constantinople the University of Ankara
22
Civilization
2.IRAQ -government of Iraq Elementary- gymnastics&rhythmic. -AKRAM FAHMI- the director -1952 the government
has organized a Secondary- English tradition of sports. who received his professional established an Institute of
directorate of physical Basketball(boys), soccer, volleyball(girls) training in the Swedish system. physical education in
education under the Baghdad.
Ministry of Education
to promote and
establish program
physical education in
the schools.
3.LEBANON -Swedish instructor of - Soccer football was introduced informally in In 1934 ABD-ES- SITTAL
gymnastics was 1896 by one of the staff member and other TRABULSI- was appointed
appointed to provide sports followed such as track and field, athletic director.
the students with a athletics, volleyball and basketball.
regular program of
exercise.
4.AFGHANISTAN -organized a -running games as soccer and field hockey THEODORE HARDER- was University of Kabul
professional training requested by Afghanistan
course for physical government and was assigned
education leaders. by the Asian Foundation to
assist the minister of Education
Dr. Ali Ahmed Papol.
5.ISRAEL -They made physical - introduced soccer football which became the -ZOI NISHRY- introduced
education compulsory most popular sports. gymnastics in secondary school
in all state- supported -Elementary- gymnastics, games and and published the first manual of
schools. rhythmic. gymnastics for teacher in the
-Secondary- Track and Field Athletics and language of the Bible.
swimming
SOUTHEAST ASIA -promote physical -elementary and secondary schools required OEN BING TIAT- director of Promoting physical
1. INDONESIA education and sports a program of gymnastics, free exercises, physical education at the education and sport is a
in Indonesia. games and sports, nationaldances and university of Padjadjaran. ground for good health
pentjak a self-defense skill. and self defense skills
23
Civilization
2. THE -the Director of public -all sports activities culminate in a series of E.L BROWN- general secretary University of Philippines
PHILIPPINES schools as head of athletic meets which are conducted on a of the YMCA, in 1913 organized adapted physical education
the Bureau of district, provincial, regional and national the first Far Eastern Olympic and minister to students
Education has basis. They features track and field athletics Games, and first meet held in need.
complete jurisdiction for boys and girls, volleyball for girls and Manila in the same year, with
over physical gymnastics, basketball and softball for the the Philippines, China, and
education. The boys Japan as charter me3mbers.
program consist of
gymnastics, marching,
and formal drills, the
whole being slanted
toward the mass
demonstration given
annually during the
national
Interscholastic Athletic
Meet.
3. THAILAND -physical education, -gymnastics, games and sports and test are Theres a need to include
under the control of employed for classification and determination in the elementary and high
the minister of of motor fitness. school curriculum to better
education, is required -scouting is required in elementary. lifestyle
subject in the
elementary and
secondary schools
and for two years of
college.
24
Civilization
4. CHINA -the change of policy -under the republican regime in the -DR. WILLARD LYON- a
toward foreign elementary schools consisted of gymnastic, pioneer YMCA worker in China
intrusion during the marching and games. Secondary and organized a course of better
Manchu dynasty colleges feature Swedish gymnastics and quality at Nanking Teachers
favored the sports, including track and field athletics, College and Soochow
development of soccer, basketball, baseball, and swimming. University.
physical education in - Abby Shaw Mayhew- of
the schools. university of Wisconsin, who
went china in 1912 to help
organize the program of the
YWCA, the physical training
school for Chinese women in
Shanghai was established.
5.JAPAN -In 1945 the allied Popular sports in Japan include Rugby and 1876- WILLIAM CLARK- an Develop physical education
powers in japan soccer football, basketball, ice hockey and English teacher and former to eliminate militaristic
reorganized the skating, bowling, badminton and softball are athlete at Cambridge University, activities.
physical education popular among girls. introduced Japanese students to
program to eliminate SUMO- a form of Japanese wrestling. rowing and Track and field
any residual military JUJITS-occidental wrestling. Athletics.
emphasis. -JUDO-a defensive sports -1900s- FRANKLIN BROWN,
YMCA DIRECTOR at Tokyo
acquainted Japanese youth with
volleyball, basketball and mass
games
25
Civilization
PHYSICAL -Through south -popular sports include: -Education has been

EDUCATION IN American physical -Soccer regarded as a powerful
LATIN AMERICA educators are still -Baseball weapon against sexual,
committed to the -Basketball racial, and religious
1. South America European philosophy -Volleyball discrimination. The
that instruction in -Track and Field athletics. education system- formal
gymnastics is - Emphasis on native folk and other forms of and non-formal modalities,
essential for the all- dancing every level-age group has
around development an undeniable
of the child. responsibility to provide its
users with an education
inspired in values, ethics
and sound moral
principles. In doing so, it
also contributes to building
a society where all citizens
may live with dignity, in
harmonious co-existence
and respectful individual,
gender, cultural, racial, and
religious differences.
2. Mexico -1933- Mexico organized the Pan- American -1933- President A.L. The Mexican state has
Junior Pentathlon to encourage international RODRIGUEZ- established the been directly involved in
athletic competition among the youth. confederation of Mexican sports, education since the 19th
-1940- Mexican government sent naval which in organization and century, promoting secular
gunboat Durango on a goodwill tour to Chile, function resembled the amateur education. Control of
Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama to Athletic Union of the United education was a source of
compete neighbors in equitation, track and states ongoing conflict between
Mexican state and Catholic
26
Civilization
field events, basketball, fencing, swimming, church, which since the

tennis, and pistol and trap shooting colonial era had exclusive
charge of education.
Mexican states power in
education, undermining the
power of Catholic church
to shape the educational
development of Mexicans.
3. The Republic of -Reorganizing -URBAN SCHOOLS consist of: -The area of public
Central America physical education -Gymnastics education, at primary,
programs. -Games secondary, and university
-Sports level, is regulated
-Rhythmic constitutionally by
autonomous bodies
because of reorganizing.
Colonial Period Colonial government -Gambling -John Cotton -The development of
-Drinking and dancing physical education and
-Card and dice games sports can be traced from
-Quoits bowls the historical phases of
-Ninepins precolonial, colonial and
-Shovel board post-colonial rule. The
indigenous sports and
games of the precolonial
period were informal and
were interwoven within the
African culture.
27
Civilization
English Colonies -Trade and commerce -Hunting The decision of whether to

during the -Slave trade -Fishing educate children was left
eighteenth century -Feudal estates -Picnics to individual families.
New England Pennsylvania law was
passed, requiring that all
children be taught to read
and write and be trained in
a useful trade.
Middle Colonies -Established feudal -Gay sleighing -Clark In the middle colonies,
estates, employed -Skating parties about half the adults could
tenants farmers, -Ice carnivals sign their names, colonial
indentured servants -Balls concerts leaders agreed that
and slaves to work the -Shooting matches education was important
land -Hunting but were not concerned
-Riding to the hounds with providing it.
-Boating Pennsylvania law was
-Cricket passed, requiring that all
-Golf children be taught to read
-Battledore and write and be trained in
-Shuttlecock a useful trade.
-Tennis Pennsylvania first school
-Fives( handball ) was established that same
-Cock fighting year. A variety of local
-Bearbaiting religious groups ran most
schools in the middle
colonies and stressed the
practical aspects of
education. All boys learned
a skill or trade. Depending
on their social class, they
28
Civilization
might also study classical

languages, history and
literature, mathematics and
natural science. Girls were
tutored at home in a
variety of household and
social skills.
Southern Colonies -One crop economy -Dancing -Dr. Thomas Walker- a land In the southern colonies,
-Giggs agent of the Loyal Company, children generally began
-Reels discovered the Cumberland Gap their education at home.
-Picnics through the Alleghenies in 1750 Because the distances
between farms and
plantations made
community schools
impossible, plantation
owners often hired tutors
to teach boys math,
classical languages,
sciences, geography,
history, etiquette and
plantation management.
Most of them completed
their education in England.
A governess usually taught
girls enough reading,
writing, and arithmetic to
run a household and the
social skills to attract a
husband.
29
Civilization
The Frontier -Land hungry - Hunting - Clark Class differences were

-Land speculators -Fishing -Ottawa pronounced, where only
-Logrolling, upper-class men were
-Cabin raising widely educated. Literacy
-Corn husking bees among the male gentry
was almost 100 percent
and 40 percent of laborers,
25 percent of the upper
class women and 1
percent of slaves could
sign their names.
Early National -Developed industrial - Gymnastics - Charles Beck The early development of
period of United revolution -Early rowing contest -Charles Follen physical education in the
States A large- scale farming -Caledonian game -William McClure- was the first United States introduced
system -Track and field to sponsor the Pestalozzian the Turner Societies, which
-Baseball movement advocated a system of
-Wrestling -Joseph Neef- (1770-1854) was gymnastics training that
a teacher in music French and utilized heavy apparatus
gymnastics in Pestalozzis (e.g., side horse, parallel
School at Burgdorf and horizontal bars) in the
-Joseph Lancaster- an English pursuit of fitness. The
schoolmaster, discovered the Swedish system of
advantage of using monitors, or exercise promoted health
pupil assistants, to reduce the through the performance of
cost of instructions a series of prescribed
-Francis Lieber- an expert movement patterns with
gymnast and swimming light apparatus (e.g.,
instructor, serve as Professor Of wands, climbing ropes).
history at the University of South The English brought sports
Carolina and games to America
30
Civilization
. with a system that stressed

moral development
through participation in
physical activities.
Early National -Early rowing contest Thomas Jefferson- Advocated a Thomas stated that "the
Period of the United -Caledonian games and track and field- fist - plan of popular education which great thought of physical
States Caledonian games held in Boston in 1853. evoked little response from education is not the
-Baseball- was played first by English children southern leaders education of the physical
during the 18th century and brought them to -President Andrew Jackson- nature, but the relation of
colonies. who by right of suffrage became physical training to
-Wrestling. more influential in determining complete education, and
-Cricket educational policies then the effort to make the
-Swimming -Benjamin Franklin- wrote his physical contribute its full
idea of the English schools in share to the life of the
which he pleaded the use of the individual". During the
English tongue in school and in early twentieth century,
more useful curriculum than that several educational
of the Latin grammar school psychologists, supported
-Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) - a the important role of
Physician and was the earliest children's play in a child's
advocate of female education in ability to learn.
the United States A brief history of physical
-George William- a London dry- education in the United
goods clerk, conceive the idea States would kick off in the
of assisting young men to lead a nineteenth century. There
moral, upright life through prayer was growing popularity of
meetings formal physical education
programs all across
Europe where
31
Civilization
-December 29, 1851 was the calisthenics and

launched of YMCA movement in gymnastics were all the
the United States rage. American schools
looked to follow the
European model by
incorporating physical
education into the
curriculum for primary and
secondary schools. And a
brief history of physical
education would not be
complete with a
consideration of institutes
of higher education that
gradually built up
extremely successful
sports programs.
Physical Education -Industrial growth -Gymnastics -Dio Lewis (1823-1886) - The brief history of
in the United States -Transcendentalism Advocate the Dio Lewis System, physical education would
(1861-1900) -Idealism published ten edition of his start in just about 1820
-Classical humanism books The Gymnastics for Men, when schools focused on
-The German system. Women and Children gymnastics, hygiene
training and care and
development of the human
body. By the year 1950,
over 400 institutes had
introduced majors in
physical education. The
Young Men's Christian
Association launched its
32
Civilization
-The Swedish System -Gymnastics -Francois Delsarte (18-11- very first chapter in 1851
-The Delsartean 1871)-Advocated the and focused on physical
System Delsartean System activities. Colleges were
-Baron Pierre de Coubertin- A encouraged to focus on
Frenchman proposed the intramural sports
ancient Olympic Games be particularly track, field and
reinstated football.
-John Philbrick- noted that some The idea of the Dio-Lewis
of the school buildings will be System was to involve
furnished with excellent exercise routines that are
gymnastic apparatus and in vigorous enough to raise
some schools calisthenics your heart rate but not as
exercises were practiced vigorous as the German
System which included
running, climbing and
throwing.
The Dio Lewis exercises
include: music, social
games, and dance
routines.
Delsarte believed that
certain movements are
highly symbolic and
powerful. When you're
happy you want to throw
your arms up in the air.
When you're sad you want
to put your head down and
slump forward. Probably
everybody in the world
recognizes and uses
33
Civilization
these gestures everybody
except actors.
Physical Education -Sign of social -Gymnastics -Wilhelm Max Wundt- A German Physical education has
in the United States progress -Athletic (Track and field) physiologist, founded a gained immense
(1900- 1917) -Improvement of the -Commando Swedish Exercise psychological laboratory in importance in the 19th and
health and physical -Boating Leipzig 20th century. If we take a
welfare of children -Basketball -William James (1842-1910) - look at the history of this
-Volleyball according to him injury was field, we can see that
-Baseball initiated by puzzling situation. Physical Education has
-Thorndike (1874-1949) - gave undergone many changes
general and educational to evolve accordingly with
psychology a new point of view changing health trends and
-Jessie H. Bancroft required sports trends. Physical
twenty minutes of gymnastics education was first
daily, in addition to the recess developed by the romans,
period which called an additional Spartans Athenians. These
ten minutes civilizations introduced
exercise and physical
education as a necessary
skill.
Physical Education - The Beginning of - Camping -Thomas D. Storey- conducted a In the 1900s, the Athletic
in the United States Youth Services -Nature study survey of the academic status Association was created to
(1900- 1917) Agencies -Canoeing and educational background of regulate physical
-Boating the directors of Physical education standards. This
-Swimming Education in college and was the first formal step
-Hiking universities taken on a nationwide level
-Camp cookery -Charles W. Eliot 1888 to promote Physical
-Woodcraft suggested to the Department of Education. Now we can
-Recreational playground Superintendents of the see Physical Education
34
Civilization
National Education Association embedded in all school

to prolonged the school systems as a means to
education maintain healthy exercise
-George Ticknor proposed the regimes among students.
elective system in colleges and
universities finally triumphed
-Clark University 1889
devoted considerable attention
to psychology and education
-Columbia University 1898
organized a Teachers College
which was given equal status
with other professional schools
Physical Education -Social Trends in the -Gymnastics J. F Landis- Found out that the The 1920-21 school year
in the United States 20s -Athletics large number of high schools did saw the Physical
(1918-1929) not include physical education Education department
because they lack gymnasium. changed to Physical
- time was devoted to Education and Hygiene. It
calisthenics and marching was during this time "the
tactics Department dropped the
- time to games and distinction between men
recreative gymnastics and women's courses."
- time to talks hygiene, Beginning with the 1924-
bathing, and dressing 25 school year Physical
Education and Hygiene
became Hygiene and
Gymnastics. The 1925-26
annual catalog lists the
35
Civilization
department as Hygiene
and Physical Training. The
focus of the school was to
improve the physical
condition of all students.
The 1929-30 school saw
the addition of coaching
and dancing courses and a
change to Hygiene and
Physical Education.
Physical Education -Social Trends in the - Intramural Athletics -Fairly well established in the The Hygiene and Physical
in the United States 20s -Horseback Riding East and Mid-west Education department
(1918-1929) -Swimming Rapid expansion in the far West, remained concerned with
-Bowling South and Southwest students' physical
-First Aid -In 1930, 170 colleges and condition and fostering
universities had formally athletic activity. Most
organized departments of majors required students
intramural athletics to attend two class hours a
-Elmer D. Mitchell - provided week for one year.
assistance to many neophyte
intramural directors
Physical Education -A change social -Archery -June 1933 Congress At the start of the 19th
in the United States philosophy -Badminton adjourned, the United States century, sports became
(1930-1940) -During this decade, -Lacrosse had been introduced to a new more organized and the
intramural athletics for -Paddleball social philosophy the concept development of modern
men reached maturity: -Softball of equal opportunity and sports started. Machinery
guiding principles, -Touch football abundant living was developed and used
standards and policies -Miniature golf -Nursery schools and in the production of goods.
were developed which -Additional game/sport for women in team playgrounds This resulted in movement
sports: -Workers, teachers and of the
-Field ball recreational leaders
36
Civilization
gave the program -Basketball-NCAA 16 REGIONS -physical educators population from rural areas
stability and future -Lacrosse -Womens athletic associations to towns to seek
direction -Soccer continued to be guided by the employment in these
-Aviation principles established by the industries, and this had a
-Camping National Section on Womens great impact on sport.
-Camp craft Athletics and Womens Division Several factors have had
-Outing clubs of the NAAF an effect on sports since
-Tap and clog dancing -Out of 90 Negro Institution, 8 the start of the 20th
-Folk and social dancing had swimming pools and offered century. More persons are
instruction in swimming in the not only playing, but also
physical education watching. Sports have
become more organized.
New rules have been
developed, and some
sports revised to formed
new ones.
Physical Education -Intramural Athletics -Millions of women replaced Throughout history, sports
in the United States men in industries served in have played a variety of
(1941-1950) armed services important functions in
-Arises of different sport society as a form of
committees recreation; preparation for
war or the hunt; or later, as
a substitute for war. Sports
have undergone many
changes; some have
stayed much the same
(e.g. wrestling); while
others have adapted with
the times. New sports are
always being invented and
37
Civilization
developed. The value of

games on the development
of character was
recognized as learned
sportsmanship and
leadership, and a
willingness to abide by
rules emerged. One of the
most significant
developments is the
growth of televised sports.
Sports will continue to
change and develop in the
future as technology
progresses. The standard
of sports has continued to
be influenced by social
change,
commercialization, media,
sponsorship, government,
and education.
38
Civilization
Children were instructed in the proper use of Early Filipinos: The early Filipinos
spears, bows and arrows, and swords. Children and the elders unconsciously developed
As the elders worked, the children took time strong physique by their
out from their household chores to indulge in Early Filipinos: activities that enable them
frolics such as: Children to provide food, shelter
Physical Education climbing trees and safety to their families.
in the Philippines: Survival, enculturation running and jumping all over the wide open
Pre-Spanish Times and recreation. spaces Children were adventurous
( - 1521) crossing streams and rivers and energetic and they
playing their own game of make believe made use of their
imitating their parents in such activities such environment for them to
as: have fun while their elders
- hunting were busy working. Their
- fishing recreational activities
- housekeeping helped them develop
- making weapons and tools physically enabling them to
- worshipping maintain a healthy and
long-distance underwater swimming active body.
double underarm stroke Early Filipinos:
diving to fish for pearls which they sold at a Men and boys The men developed
profit to neighboring countries powerful arms and
Rowing/Paddling the banca. Early Filipinos: massive chest because of
Men the means of
Rituals involving various body movements transportation available to
and deep breathing exercises. Early Filipinos them.
They express their faith in

their gods by various
movements and helped
them develop not just
spiritually but physically as
well.
39
Civilization
War dances
- when tribesmen captured an enemy, they Dances served as a way of
performed a torture dance as they circled Early Filipinos: expressing themselves,
the captive Warriors their hatred, feeling of
- two warriors, armed with bolos or bows vengeance, making
Physical Education and arrows, executed a duel dance which decisions related to war
in the Philippines: Survival, enculturation stimulated a fight that enabled them to be
Pre-Spanish Times and recreation. - at other times, after having accomplished understood by their fellow
( - 1521) dreadful contortions and springs people. These dances
accompanied by weird cries, some were a form of non-verbal
warriors finished their dance by shooting communication wherein
their arrows into the air, often hitting a bird their movements meant
in the process what they felt in their
- Saut, a typical war dance, characterized hearts.
by quick runs, distinct body elevations,
and much body quivering performed to the
rhythm of the guimba, or drum
Himog or death dance The dance served as their
- executed to the accompaniment of the Early Filipinos: way of communicating to
bangibang, or wooden clapper Men their gods in times of death
among their warriors.
Funeral dance These dances served as
- In case of illness in the family, the people their way of offering their
also danced to hasten recovery. sympathy to the family of
- When a person died, the neighbors the person who died, and
perform this type of dance characterized as a form of ritual casting
by slow swinging of feet up in the air by a away evil spirits. This
line of men standing with arms on each became a symbol of the
others shoulders people working together
Beneseew or witch dance and sympathizing with
- Held precisely to drive away evil spirits that each other.
inhabit the balete tree
40
Civilization
Tabing Baila
- a prayer for a bountiful fish catch. Early Filipinos
- The movements stimulated those of a fish,
with the hands curling in and out like a fin,
arms circle here and yon, and the body
Physical Education twisting and contorting
in the Philippines: Survival, enculturation Festival dances
Pre-Spanish Times and recreation. Bumayab Festival dances were a
( - 1521) - started auspiciously with a limliwa or chant representation of their joy
- notable for its elaborate footwork and and offering thanks to their
hand movement gods for a bountiful harvest
- music was provided by gongs, gongha, or fish catch. Their faith is
tubob, and habit clearly seen through these
Tanggugo dances.
- a dance with hardly any arm movement
- men and women rotated bodily, stepped
sideways, and stamped animatedly with
kulong-kulong around their feet to the
accompaniment of the tanggungguan, or
gongs suspended by ropes from a
triangular rack
Unomey-umey
- a thanksgiving dance for the diwatas for a
rich crop
Courtship dances
Tadek
- both man and woman danced on tiptoe,
carrying a piece of red cloth which they
fluttered from side to side as they shook
their whole body to the measure of the
ganza, or native drum
41
Civilization
- the highlight of the dance was the
exchange of symbolic keepsakes wherein Early Filipinos: Courtship dances served
the wife offers her husband a dagger to Men and Women as opportunities to express
show that she looked up to him; in turn, themselves and to tell
the husband gave her a piece of cloth to stories of love and
Physical Education signify their common bond romance. These were a
in the Philippines: Survival, enculturation Kinal-logong form of non-verbal
Pre-Spanish Times and recreation. - the man remained in place as the woman communication making
( - 1521) teasingly sang and danced around him, use of gestures, body
trying each time to place a hat on his head movements to express
Takik love and admiration.
- the man danced with a blanket on his
shoulders
Pinanyo-wan
- both man and woman danced with a
handkerchief, the man chasing after his
love like a rooster, until she showed
acceptance by placing her handkerchief on
the shoulder of the suitor
Wedding dances These dances served as a
- the babaylan or priestess usually climaxed Early Filipinos: form of celebration during
a marriage ceremony with a dance at the The babaylan or priestess, the weddings and at the same
end of which she threw her javelin to kill a bride and bridegroom time a tradition asking for
sacrificial animal guidance and peace
Tagum Di Malahim throughout the couples
- characterized by energetic birdlike married life.
movements of the bridegroom, enlaced
with elegant, flexuous movements of the
bride
42
Civilization
Mimetic dances
Munggayong Early Filipinos By making use of their
- a line of men and another of women environment, they
participants danced around a pile of pots; performed mimetic dances
the dancers sat down afterwards and went not just a form of
through the motions of making pots recreation but also their
- as they did so, tapuy or rice wine was way of telling and passing
passed around in coconut shells on stories to children.
Sayaw Tu Baud These embody their
- a pigeon dance creativity in creating
- an imitation of the flight of pigeons from dances out of the things
hunters stalking them they usually see and
Ninanog observe in their
- a hawk dance surroundings.
- feigned the movements of a hawk as it
pounced on its quarry
Funny/comical primitive dances
Kinnotan or ant dance Early Filipinos They were not just serious
- showed a man dancing and gesticulating all the time; they were also
to another person who had been attacked creatively comical by
by ants performing dances that
Camote or Yam dance entertain people through
- imitated the movements of a man the dance movements.
attempting to steal yam These were a source of
Pinubag or bee dance fun and joy despite of their
- the steps and movements simulated a bee hard and some were
gathering honey dangerous daily activities
Inamo-amo or monkey dance for survival.
- mimicked the movements of a monkey as
it bounced and gamboled about
43
Civilization
Church-centered physical activities
Physical and material Santa Cruz de Mayo A close study of the
well-being was - to commemorate the finding of the Holy Catholic missionaries and curriculum during the
Physical Education subordinated to a Cross in 324 by Empress Helena and re- priests Spanish regime shows that
in the Philippines: wholesome spiritual enacted her search and pilgrimage to no provision was made for
Spanish Era life that looked to Jerusalem physical education. The
(1521 1898) Heaven for a reward. - when the religious ceremony was over, all activities that the Filipinos
In this kind of the children went to the pabiten which was participated were those
philosophy, physical hung at a certain height and lowered now related to church affairs.
education had no and then and as it was lowered, the Despite the limitations,
place. Play was children shouted and jumped as high as they were still able to be
regarded as a sign of they could, trying their best to grab the involved in physical
laziness and was choicest as well as the biggest number of activities and develop their
therefore not only items physique in the process. It
discouraged, but even The feast of the Immaculate Conception may seem like theres a
suppressed to a - a celebration in honor of the Virgin Mary huge gap between the Pre-
certain extent. The - an elaborate affair climaxed by a long Spanish and Spanish Era
people indulged only procession where Filipino dancers in terms of physical
in the activities and dressed as a cardinal, canon, or pastor training, the existence of
amusements accompanied the saints on the floats and physical activities is still
approved and danced with timbrels in their hands visible. This only shows
tolerated by the Fertility dance that physical education has
church. The only - performed by barren women before the diversities especially on
physical activities image of the Virgin in Obando, Bulacan how people involve
allowed the people and the Nuestra Seora de Talarin in themselves in various
were those connected Paco, Manila activities.
in some way with Dinulog or Pit Seor Santo Nio dance
church affairs. - performed in Cebu by the participants
who sought favors from the Child Jesus
Turumba
- held in Pakil
- dedicated to the Virgin Dolores
- characterized by street dancing
44
Civilization
Easter
Physical and material - after the mass and sermon, the
well-being was townspeople danced and made merry in
subordinated to a the churchyard
Physical Education wholesome spiritual Moro-Moro
in the Philippines: life that looked to - an adaptation of Spanish plays and was
Spanish Era Heaven for a reward. interspersed with many dances and quaint
(1521 1898) In this kind of gesticulations
philosophy, physical - the characters were Moors and Christians,
education had no the offering being a carry-over of the
place. Play was constant struggle for supremacy between
regarded as a sign of Mohammedanism and Christianity
laziness and was Dances
therefore not only Comintang
discouraged, but even - as the musician played and sang, a boy
suppressed to a and a girl pantomimed the words of the
certain extent. The song
people indulged only Pampango
in the activities and - a dance wherein the woman skillfully
amusements moves her hips about to the
approved and accompaniment of loud clapping
tolerated by the Bagay
church. The only - performed to melancholy and languorous
physical activities melody
allowed the people - characterized by graceful arm movements
were those connected Pabayo dance
in some way with - performed by young men on moonlight
church affairs. nights in front of the house of a dalaga
Hinal-o
- men hopped, skipped, and jumped
skillfully between large and small pestles
45
Civilization
The Filipinos eagerly watched the dances
brought over by the Peninsulars from the
Old World, imitated them, and gradually
incorporated the steps, moods, and styles
into their own dances.
They injected local leitmotifs to the dances
or substituted native props, like bamboo and
coconut for the Spanish castanets.
The stamping of the feet replaced the
Zapateado while the rigid posture and fixed
arm and foot positions gave way to flowing,
smooth movement.
Dances learned from the Spaniards:
o Waltz
o Gallop
o English contradance
o German Redowa
o French Rigaudon
o Fandango
o Jarabe
o Habanera
o Cachucha
o Jota
Traditional Games
Sipa
- played in three ways:
*lambatan or by net
*bilangan or by points
*mudansa or fancy kicking exhibition
- the game was played as singles or
doubles, and by four or eight players on
one team
46
Civilization
Arnis or native fencing
The Filipinos were - two men each held a wooden bolo or Among the great Filipinos who Filipinos were able to
not deterred from saber about thirty inches long and two mastered the art of the arnis engage themselves in
playing games and inches wide and engaged each other in a were Jose Rizal, Andres sports in spite the lack of
Physical Education engaged in their own duel Bonifacio, Gregorio del Pilar, support of the government.
in the Philippines: native sports. Some - provided excellent training in self-defense and Antonio Luna. They still managed to play
Spanish Era were forms of Dumog traditional games and
(1521 1898) amusement, as - native form of wrestling adapted some games from
pastimes, for self- Sumping the Spaniards. These
defense and others - finger wrestling games served as a form of
were even in a form Sanggol recreation to Filipinos.
of gambling. These - arm wrestling Games involving gambling
undesirable activities Swimming were not suppressed and
were not suppressed - people became more proficient Filipinos were able to learn
by the Spanish Recreational games: and adapt these games as
government for they Sintak, Siklot, and Chongka their pastime. These were
helped increase the - tests of individual skill and were played undesirable but were
revenue of the with shells, seeds, pebbles, or marbles allowed because of the
Crown. - usually played with sigays or little shells benefits obtained by the
Tubigan government and Filipinos
- a tag game usually played on moonlight did not mind any of those
nights because they considered
Piko-piko these games as a form of
- a form of hopscotch amusement. These types
Luksong tinik of games exist until today.
- meaning jumping over thorns, the latter
hurdle being a bridge improvised by the
fingers of the players
Lanse
- a puzzle made of a flat piece of bamboo
thirteen and one-half inches long with two
cords tied to it
47
Civilization
Takip-silim
The Filipinos were - a blindfolded player tried to catch the rest of
not deterred from his playmates who were in circle formation
playing games and Buwan-buwan
Physical Education engaged in their own - a form of dodge game
in the Philippines: native sports. Some Taguan
Spanish Era were forms of - hide and seek
(1521 1898) amusement, as Luksong lubid
pastimes, for self- - jumping rope
defense and others Bato-bato
were even in a form - stone passing
of gambling. These Lubi-lubi
undesirable activities - two teams jumped forward or backward
were not suppressed depending on who guessed correctly
by the Spanish where the pebble was
government for they Luksong alon
helped increase the - rope swinging clockwise by two teams
revenue of the Luksong palia
Crown. - alternate jumping to a designated area by
two teams
Paligsahang kalabao
- carabao race
Paluan ng palayok
- hitting a pot containing water and money
Tarumpo
- top spinning
Buchay
- tossing pebbles or corn kernels into the air
and catching the same with the back of
the hand
Kalahoyo
- directing stones into a hole by using a flat
pebble
48
Civilization
Spanish-influenced games:
The Filipinos were o cara-cabesa
not deterred from o juego de anillo
Physical Education playing games and o a la viva
in the Philippines: engaged in their own o corocochillo
Spanish Era native sports. Some o santito
(1521 1898) were forms of o bulong pare
amusement, as o pasa en orden
pastimes, for self- o juego de prenda
defense and others o vivora de amor
were even in a form o Bordon de los bordones
of gambling. These o Presohan
undesirable activities o bola-boaya
were not suppressed o banda
by the Spanish o palmo
government for they o Biola
helped increase the o San Miguel Arcangel
revenue of the o San Pedro
Crown. o San Juan
Card games, game of chance, and other
amusements with the element of gambling:
Trucos
- a game resembling billiard played
Briscas
- won upon gaining thirty-one points
Duplo
- consists of arithmetical combinations
Dice
Casino, monte and panguingui
Billar de barimbao
Capona
- played by counting off small pebbles in
four and betting on the remainder
49
Civilization
Tablita
The Filipinos were - player threw a copper disk over a string The Spaniards introduced card
not deterred from stretched across a wooden board games, games of chance and
Physical Education playing games and containing twenty-six squares other amusements involving
in the Philippines: engaged in their own Cara-cruz and Birachapo gambling.
Spanish Era native sports. Some - heads-or-tails types of game
(1521 1898) were forms of Prinola
amusement, as - played with hexagonally-topped dice
pastimes, for self- Horse racing
defense and others Ripa
were even in a form - a lottery played with twenty cards
of gambling. These Chabaqui
undesirable activities - a form of lottery played with a wooden
were not suppressed tablet containing painted numbers from
by the Spanish one to twelve and a corresponding set of
government for they numbered cards
helped increase the
revenue of the
Crown.
50
Civilization
The La Independencia, influential Filipino Teodoro Sandico and Graciano
paper during Spanish regime, published a Reyes two licensed primary Although the Filipinos were
Filipino intellectuals long editorial on March 29, 1898, which and secondary instructors who not given enough incentive
subscribed to the proposed a new curriculum for the public applied for permission to open in physical education by
classical idea that elementary schools. Its most outstanding night schools for adults of both the Spaniards, they were
both the mind and features were the emphasis on physical sexes with gymnastics as one of aware of its importance.
Physical Education body must be education, absence of Christian doctrine, and the subjects to be taught. The
in the Philippines: equally developed. its stress that a history of the Philippines application was disapproved
Spanish Era written by a Filipino be taught. However, the because it would undermine
(1521 1898) authorities refused to include physical Spanish authority.
education in the curriculum.
Mariano Espiritu a teacher
who taught the primary course Mariano Espiritu and
Pupils still payed sipa and other games. and the first two years of the Ramon Tinsay knew the
secondary course in La Union value of physical fitness
and Ilocos Norte; he always and physical education as
encouraged his pupils to play a whole thats why they still
sipa and other games in order to made efforts to promote
develop physical fitness among physical activities.
them.
Fencing Ramon Tisay a teacher who
taught in Silay, Negros
Occidental, gave private lessons
in fencing.
Jose Rizal proposed a modern school Early in life, Jose Rizal
A sound mind could curriculum and included instruction in Jose Rizal the pioneer Filipino decided to round out his
flourish best in a gymnastics, fencing, swimming, proponent of formal physical education by maintaining a
sound body. horsemanship, and dancing. education. well-balanced life and this
A gymnasium with gymnasium equipment has he sought to accomplish
been set up and various exercises on the by conscientiously
apparatus were taught. developing himself
mentally and physically.
51
Civilization
Early morning hike among the townspeople of Jose Rizal promoted this hobby Rizal knew from
Calamba going to the nearby hill called the among the townspeople. experience the value of
Physical Education Lecheria. physical training and
in the Philippines: A sound mind could Jose Rizal initiated this activity decided to teach others the
Spanish Era flourish best in a with the following companions: benefits that could be
(1521 1898) sound body. Mountain climbing expedition to Mt. Makiling. o Paciano Rizal derived from it. He wanted
o Leandro Lopez others to feel the thrills and
o Mariano Herbosa exhilaration he had
o Lieutenant Jose Ataviel de enjoyed in his search for
Andrade physical well-being.
Outdoor gymnasium with bodybuilding
paraphernalia composed of: These are the activities under He decided to change the
o parallel bars the physical fitness program narrow concept of
o Roman rings conducted by Jose Rizal when education established by
o Chinning bar he was exiled to Dapitan. the Spaniards. By tearing
Pupils undergo rigid physical training. down that narrow concept,
Judo he paved the way towards
Wrestling the development of a well-
Spanish fencing balanced personality: a
American boxing sound mind in a sound
Arnis body (in the words of Dr.
Marksmanship Rafael Palma).
Hagis
- a game played by Rizal and his pupils
- the object of this game was to throw
stones in such a way that they would hit
a piece of wood suspended from a
branch of a mango tree
- anyone hitting the wood five times in
succession was awarded a prize of
cartridges and the privilege of
participating in the hunting expeditions
52
Civilization
Physical training became a regular part of Father William McKinnon Almost the first thing the
the curriculum. - chaplain of the First California American administration
Physical Education In the elementary grades physical exercises Regiment did was to re-establish
in the Philippines: Health, normal were prescribed. - several schools were opened schools all over the Islands
American Regime growth, and Physical education was also prescribed in in Manila under his with qualified soldiers as
(1898 - 1941) development of the the secondary course as a required subject supervision teachers. When the
body as an efficient in all four years of high school. - as a teacher, he helped to schools were organized,
organism. A grade of 75% in physical education was ease whatever tension there physical education was
required for promotion in the elementary was between the Filipinos and given a prominent place in
grades as well as in the high schools. the Americans the program. In
Professional boxing became an established accordance with the
institution in the Philippines in 1910. general aim of training for
In 1911, an Athletic Handbook was issued by American educators democracy and
the Bureau of Education which was revised - characteristic of their concern wholesome living, a
later in 1913 that served as the guide for all for the physical training of the balanced curriculum was
forms of play, calisthenics, and athletics in the Filipinos was this portion of prescribed composed of
public schools. the annual report of the academic instruction,
The handbook divided the scope of the work General Superintendent on industrial instruction, and
of physical education into three parts: Education in 1904: physical education.
o Physical Education I (not more than ten Physical Exercise and
minutes a day) which includes daily health Athletics There is manifest The introduction of music
sanitary inspection of pupils, of classrooms, need for attention to these and physical exercises in
of school buildings, and of school premises. matters. The Filipino is the primary school was
o Physical Education II (not less than four nor undeveloped physically. This appreciated by the
more than ten minutes a day) which is particularly true of the Filipinos. The schools
included relief exercises for all grades of all students in the high schools became an attractive and
schools. whose social position relieves bright place. The large
them of all forms of manual numbers of children who
labor and exercise. flocked to the elementary
schools found school life
pleasant instead of the
drudgery it had been
during Spanish days.
53
Civilization
o Physical Education III (thirty minutes in the
primary grades, forty minutes in the
Physical Education intermediate grades, sixty minutes a day in
in the Philippines: Health, normal
the secondary schools)
American Regime growth, and
(1898 - 1941) development of the Lessons for elementary grades:
body as an efficient - marching
organism. - calisthenic exercises
- dancing
- impromptu games
- group calisthenics
Lessons for secondary boys:
- military drill
- impromptu games
- group athletics
Lessons for secondary girls:
- marching
- calisthenic exercises
- impromptu games
- dancing
- calisthenics
The prescribed order of exercises in the
calisthenics class was:
1. Attentive exercises composed of simple
arm and leg exercises, marching, easy
dance steps.
2. Corrective exercises composed of arm
flexions and head and trunk bendings
3. General exercises composed of many
movements requiring simultaneous use of
the arms, trunk, and legs.
54
Civilization
Follow the leader
- a teacher or a resourceful pupil led the
Physical Education rest in single file around the room or
in the Philippines: Health, normal playground
American Regime growth, and - the path taken was usually winding and
(1898 - 1941) development of the footwork included:
body as an efficient running forward and back
organism. marching with short or long steps
walking stiff-legged or on toes
hopping
skipping
Group games suggested were:
- three deep
- rooster fight
- fence tag
- cross tag
- ball tag
- partner tag
- numbers change
- hide the thimble
- pull-up
- pom-pom pull away
- body guard
- huckle
- Indian wrestle
55
Civilization
- wand wrestling
- tug-of-war
Physical Education - day and night
in the Philippines: Health, normal - basketball throw
American Regime growth, and - indoor baseball throw and catch
(1898 - 1941) development of the - whip tag
body as an efficient - duck on a rock
organism. - hide and seek
- prisoners base
- wolf, cat and mouse
- charging beasts
- arch ball
- The following races and relays were
also listed:
- backward and forward
- hopping
- ball passing
- crab
- obstacle
- pick-a-back
- ball roll
- straight run
- all up
- walk and run
- basketball
- wand
- broad jump
- potato
- tag the wall
- circle seat
The Athletic Badge competition was held
to encourage individual achievement.
56
Civilization
Playing rules for the following sports were
also discussed in the handbook:
Physical Education - baseball
in the Philippines: Health, normal - indoor baseball
American Regime growth, and - boys basketball
(1898 - 1941) development of the - girls basketball
body as an efficient - track and field
organism. - tennis
Also explained were:
- training hints
- athletic courtesy
- equipment for playgrounds
- calisthenic exercises
- rules governing meets
- declaration of policy regarding
amateur athletics
- first aid instruction
- price list of equipment
- playground records
- working bibliography
The Bureau of Education also issued a
Physical Education Manual in 1919.
A complete course in athletics was offered
at the Teachers Assembly of the Philippine
Normal School.
57
Civilization
The girls finally took interest in the
physical education of the schools. Participation in physical
They adopted middy blouses and training gave the girls a
Physical Education Health, normal bloomers and first participated in the new confidence in their
in the Philippines: growth, and stereotyped form of calisthenics. physical and moral
American Regime development of the Afterwards, they learned to play tennis, strength. It made them
(1898 - 1941) body as an efficient basketball, and indoor baseball. realize the beneficial
organism. Basketball was played for several years effects of exercise. Even
and was one of the major sports in the as the girls improved
carnival interscholastic meets. physically and made
Indoor baseball (a modified form of notable achievements in
baseball) became highly developed. their physical activities, the
In 1917, two indoor baseball teams of attitude of men towards
Filipino girls were sent to play exhibition such participation relaxed
games in Shanghai, China and became approving.
In 1925:
- Mary Yotoko and Ester Tempongko
started fencing at the University of the
Philippines.
- The first high school gymnastic
exhibition and competition was
conducted which was won by the East
High School, whose girls were
outstanding in ladder pyramid building.
The first swimming club at the University
of the Philippines was organized in August
13.
On January 27, 1926, the first track and
field contest for girls was held in Felicidad Manuel coach of the
Pampanga. Pampanga Trade School girls
1935: the first National Open Track and who first won in the track and
Field Championship for women was held field contest
with Manila Central University winning
58
Civilization
National champions from 1923
till the outbreak of World War II
included:
Physical Education Health, normal o Concepcion Santos
in the Philippines: growth, and Filipino girls also learned to play tennis. o Petra Careaga
American Regime development of the o C. A. Mitchell
(1898 - 1941) body as an efficient o Elisa R. Ochoa
organism. o Imgard Baumann
o Minda Ochoa
o Estrella Alburo
o Liberty Solisa
The girls also studied folk dances of other

countries.
An annual playground day demonstration
sponsored by the different schools served
to promote interest in these dances.
Camp Fire Girls club were organized in
the schools and among the activities
undertaken were:
- hiking
- swimming
- excursions
Right living, proper The American soldiers who came to the
feeding, and good Philippines played baseball at every American soldiers In 1915 the Director of
systematic exercise opportunity. By watching the soldiers play, Education reported that in
are three essential Filipinos began to understand the skill and no line of endeavor has the
factors in the rules, appreciated the game, and Filipino shown himself
production and eventually started to play it. more efficient than in
maintenance of Schools started teaching baseball due to its athletic sports.
health. popularity.
59
Civilization
Athletic color competitions patterned after American male teachers took
those of the Public Schools Athletic League of charge of coaching the teams in The 1917 annual report of
New York City were introduced. athletics. the Director of Education
Physical Education Right living, proper In general, the school system was observed the following
in the Philippines: feeding, and good organized for athletics with the Director of The Director of Education and results of the physical
American Regime systematic exercise Education having complete control of the the Bureau of Education as a training program of the
(1898 - 1941) are three essential physical training of the public school pupils whole Bureau of Education:
factors in the and all sports and games. - According to the report
production and Interscholastic athletics was taken up by submitted by the senior
maintenance of the public schools in 1905. Inspector of Schools,
health. The athletic club of the school as the smallest Philippine Health
athletic organization was organized. Service indicates that
The schools of a district formed into a athletics have been an
union while all the districts banded important factor
themselves into a league. decreasing the number
Associations which were interprovincial in of cases of tuberculosis
nature were set up. among the pupils.
Athletic meets started: - Largely on account of
- town the improvement
- district brought by the schools,
- provincial the physical and mental
- interprovincial requirements into the
- interscholastic meet held in connection Philippine Constabulary
with the Philippine Carnival have been considerably
Sports included were: raised.
- baseball
- volleyball
- indoor baseball
- basketball
- track and field
60
Civilization
An open championship meet was
conducted after the interscholastic games
wherein teams from the public schools
Physical Education Right living, proper competed with representatives from the:
in the Philippines: feeding, and good - U.S. Army
American Regime systematic exercise - University of the Philippines
(1898 - 1941) are three essential - Government bureaus
factors in the Private schools and other institutions
production and introduced physical activities which
maintenance of included:
health. - basketball
- soccer football
- volleyball
- group games
Soon afterwards, the private schools also
formed their own athletic associations.
In 1916 the Bureau of Education
implemented certain policies.
- A credit of 1% on the general average
was granted to pupils who had done
regular and systematic work in athletics
and who took part in provincial meets.
- As an alternative, 5% was added to the
average in any single subject in which the
student was deficient.
- 2% was added to the general average of
any student who represented the Bureau
of Education in the carnival
interscholastic meet and the open meet.
The Bureau of Education published a
monthly magazine called Physical and
Vocational Training.
61
Civilization
In 1916: The motto Athletics for Every
Pupil of the Bureau of Education as they
introduced athletics into the schools had
been practically realized.
The Playground Movement
Creating a nationwide The First Playgrounds
enthusiasm for sports - took definite form in the Philippines in
Physical Education and games, promoting 1913
in the Philippines: the establishment of - the standard barrio size of barrio school
American Regime more and better sites was set at 5,000 square meters and
(1898 - 1941) playgrounds and that of the central school at 10,000 square
extending the benefits meters
of physical education - located on the playground in the different
to those who were not schools were:
attending the public o baseball field
schools. o quarter-mile running track
o courts for group games
- playground and equipment were
constructed out of wood, bamboo, and
galvanized iron pipes
- public grounds were converted into
playing areas
- Sunken Gardens
- Victoria Gardens was transformed into
tennis courts for public use
- track and field oval constructed at Wallace
Field and could be played:
o soccer
o volleyball
o sipa
- a baseball diamond was built at Osmea
Park
62
Civilization
- in 1916 the first playground director for
Creating a nationwide Manila was appointed
Physical Education enthusiasm for sports - training of instructors
in the Philippines: and games, promoting - in November 1917, a civil service
American Regime the establishment of examination was given for playground
(1898 - 1941) more and better teachers
playgrounds and - in 1920 a Department of Public Recreation
extending the benefits was created in Manila
of physical education - athletic fields and grandstands were
to those who were not constructed in different places in the
attending the public country
schools. - a national athletic and recreation center in
Manila was established and named as the
Rizal Memorial Stadium, Coliseum, and
Field
Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation The first officers of the PAAF
(PAAF) were:
- organized in November, 1911 to protect President:
amateur athletics Governor-General William
- set up fixed rules and regulations to draw Cameron Forbes
clear distinction between professional and (1911 1914)
non-professional sports First Vice-President:
- important projects of the federation: President Murray Butler of the
o conducting of annual championships in University of the Philippines
all sports that it recognized Second Vice-President:
o drafting of standardized game rules Leonard D. Dyson
o devising and executing a system of Secretary-Treasurer:
records to protect holders from unfair Elwood Stanley Brown of the
claims YMCA
o taking charge of Philippine participation
in the Far Eastern Games and the
World Olympics
63
Civilization
Athletic Associations
Creating a nationwide o Southern Luzon Athletic Association Mr. Serafin Aquino
Physical Education enthusiasm for sports (1905) - Superintendent of physical
in the Philippines: and games, promoting o Manila Interscholastic Athletic Association education in the Bureau of
American Regime the establishment of (1905) Education
(1898 - 1941) more and better o Central Luzon Athletic Association (1907) - recognized the different
playgrounds and o Visayan Interscholastic Association (1909) interprovincial athletic
extending the benefits o Ilocano Interscholastic Athletic Association associations in 1938 that later
of physical education (1911) on became the BPSIAA
to those who were not o Southern Tagalog Athletic Association
attending the public (1911)
schools. o Public Schools Interscholastic Athletic
Association (BPSIAA)
- Northern Luzon Athletic Association
- Central Luzon Athletic Association
o Manila Interscholastic Athletic
Association
- Southern Tagalog Athletic Association
- Bicol Athletic Association
- East Visayas Athletic Association
- West Visayas Athletic Association
- Mindanao Athletic Association
Games played in BPSIAA:
- baseball
- softball
- basketball
- swimming
- tennis
- track and field
- boxing (exhibition)
64
Civilization
o In 1924, the National Collegiate Athletic
Creating a nationwide Association (NCAA) was founded with the
Physical Education enthusiasm for sports following charter members:
in the Philippines: and games, promoting - University of the Philippines
American Regime the establishment of - University of Santo Tomas
(1898 - 1941) more and better - University of Manila
playgrounds and - National University
extending the benefits - De La Salle College
of physical education - Ateneo de Manila
to those who were not - Institute of Accounts
attending the public Competitions in the NCAA:
schools. - track and field
- basketball
- soccer football
- swimming
- tennis
- track relays
- volleyball
- handball
- baseball
By 1936, the universities were eliminated
and only colleges remained.
o On May 8, 1930, the UAAP (University
Athletic Association of the Philippines),
more popularly known as the Big Three,
was formally organized.
- the constitution and by-laws were
approved on September 27, 1938
- in due time, the University of the East,
Far Eastern University, and Manila
Central University became members of
the association
65
Civilization
International Competition Far Eastern Games Filipino
o Far Eastern Athletic Association or Far winners:
Physical Education Eastern Olympic Association Second Meet:
in the Philippines: Organized by PAAF composed of: o Genaro Saavedra (decathlon)
American Regime - China o Regino Ylanan (shotput)
(1898 - 1941) - Japan Third Meet
- Philippines o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd
- the Far Eastern Games were held in one dash and 880-yd relay)
of the three competing countries every Third Meet
two years o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd
1st meet: Manila, February, 1913 dash and 880-yd relay)
Overall Champion: Philippines o Pedro Ablan (880-yd relay)
2nd meet: Shanghai, 1915 o Alejo Alvarez (shotput)
Overall Champion: China o Nicolas Llaneta (880-yd relay)
3rd meet: Tokyo, 1917 o Rafael Montes (discus throw)
Overall Champion: Japan o Constanino Rabaya (120-yd
4th meet: Manila, 1919 hurdles)
5th meet: Shanghai, 1921 o Genaro Saavedra (880-yd
Overall Champion: Philippines relay)
6th meet: Osaka, Japan, 1923 Fourth Meet:
Overall Champion: Philippines o Antonio Alo (pole vault)
7th meet: Manila, 1925 o Alejo Alvarez (shotput and
8th meet: Shanghai, 1927 discus throw)
9th meet: Tokyo, 1930 o Calixto Bello (220-yd hurdles)
10th meet: Manila, 1934 o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd
11th meet (Osaka, 1938) and 12th meet dash, 200-yd dash, and 880-yd
(Manila 1941) were scheduled but were relay)
never held because of the war situation in o Francisco Danao (400-yd run
the East and 1-mile relay)
o Nicolas Machan (broad jump)
66
Civilization
o World Olympics, 1924 Fifth Meet
Physical Education Creating a nationwide held in Paris o Antonio Alo (pole vault)
in the Philippines: enthusiasm for sports Philippines sent teams including a o Ignacio Amad (120-yd hurdles)
American Regime and games, promoting sprinter o Emilio Bucoy (880-yd relay)
(1898 - 1941) the establishment of o Ninth Olympic Games, 1928 o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd
more and better o held in Amsterdam dash, 200-yd dash, and 880-yd
playgrounds and o a larger delegation was sent relay)
extending the benefits o Berlin Olympics of 1936 o Juan Escamos (220-yd
of physical education o Philippines won in: hurdles)
to those who were not - basketball o Fransisco Danao, Vicente
attending the public - hurdles Lopez, and Vicente Malinao (1-
schools. - rifle shooting mile relay)
o Davis Cup matches o Simeon Santos (broad jump)
- American Zone (1926) o Juan K. Taduran (decathlon)
- Fransisco and Guillermo Aragon o Sotera Abreu (50-yd swim and
- European Zone (1928) 100-yd swim)
- Lope Yngayo and Fransisco Aragon o Paulino Fernandez (220-yd
- American Zone (1939) breaststroke)
- Amado Sanchez and Felicisimo o Manuel Leyva, A. Mamerto,
Ampon and Ong Sin Guan (220-yd
o Presentation of outstanding world players relay, swimming)
to Filipino fans: o Gil Fargas and Leandro Suarez
o Boxing was introduced and popularized. (tennis doubles)
Seventh Meet
Teofilo Yldefonso (breaststroke)
Eighth Meet
Simeon G. Toribio
(high jump)
David Nepomuceno
- a sprinter who represented
Philippines in World Olympics,
1924
67
Civilization
9th Olympic Games Filipino
Physical Education Creating a nationwide winners:
in the Philippines: enthusiasm for sports o Simeon Toribio (fourth in high
American Regime and games, promoting jump)
(1898 - 1941) the establishment of o Teofilo Yldefonso (third in the
more and better 400-m breaststroke)
playgrounds and World Olympics of 1932 (Los
extending the benefits Angeles) Filipino winners:
of physical education o Simeon Toribio (third in high
to those who were not jump)
attending the public o Teofilo Yldefonso (third in the
schools. 400-m breaststroke)
o Jikirum Adjaludin (fifth in
swimming event)
o Jose Villanueva (third in
boxing bantamweight division
Larry Montes became the

Philippine Open Champion in
golf for ten years
Philippine boxers who won world

recognition were:
o Pancho Villa won the world
flyweight championship on
June 18, 1923
o Ceferino Garcia won the
world welterweight
championship in 1939
o Elino Flores fought for the
world lightweight championship
in February 2, 1923
68
Civilization
Extending the physical training program Governor Forbes, more
Physical Education Training the body as and facilities of the YMCA by proposing its Governor William Cameron than any other American
in the Philippines: well as the mind. establishment in the Philippines. Forbes official, did much to
American Regime President: Philippine Amateur Athletic (1909 1913 incumbency, encourage the Filipinos.
(1898 - 1941) Federation ushered in the golden era of the He was a true lover of
Vice President: Far Eastern Olympic Philippine athletics) sports and took personal
Association interest in the physical
He gave the Bureau of Education authority activities of the Filipinos.
to spend funds for athletic purposes. Any plan to develop
Offered prizes to winners in the various athletics in the country
events. received his full support.
He donated a baseball outfit to the school Determined to arouse
in each division containing the highest greater interest in games,
percentage of pupils qualifying in a three- he offered prizes to
event athletic competition. winners which resulted to
He donated a volleyball outfit to the school students practicing longer
winning the championship in group athletic and harder. He was also
contests. deeply concerned with the
He donated baseball and tennis outfits to health and physical uplift of
the schools in each province. the Filipinos and exerted
He founded the Manila Polo Club and effort to fight Tuberculosis
wrote a book on the game Polo. that plagued a great
He founded the Philippine Tuberculosis number of populace. He
Society. was a leader, an educator;
a sports lover and an
admirable American who
helped the Philippines
develop its people in the
field of athletics.
69
Civilization
YMCA physical director In his extra ordinary career
Physical Education Health and sports and In 1910, he underscored the need for a Elwood Stanley Brown of the past fifteen years, he
in the Philippines: their relationship to student building and stressed the had done more than any
American Regime sound character. importance of an athletic field. living man to carry the
(1898 - 1941) Played a key role in the introduction of ideals of sound physical
various games into the Philippines. education and wholesome
Organizer of numerous athletic contests, play by his clean and
leagues, and tournaments sponsored by brave manhood, his warm
the YMCA. and affectionate
Set up a training school for Filipino physical disposition, and his blithe
directors. spirit of play. He had
He went to Japan and China to arrange established himself deeply
personally the participation of the two in the affections of all
countries in the Far Eastern Games in those associated with him.
1913. Little did he dream that his
First executive secretary of the Far Eastern going to the Philippines
Olympics. would mean so much to
One of the founders of the Philippine the advancement of the
Amateur Athletic Federation scientific program of
Athletic director of the annual Philippine physical education there,
Carnival (1911 1917) which was in turn to have a
Appointed in the Playground Movement profound influence upon
committee that would make suggestions for the athletic life of the
its activities. Orient (as stated in one of
An instructor of physical educators at the tributes given to him
Baguio vacation institute for teachers. when he died).
Play for Everybody or All Sports for All
program throughout the world.
70
Civilization
Civic Organizations Most enthusiastic backers:
Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) o Don Teodoro Yangco The YMCA is intimately
Physical Education Maximum - organized in 1911 o Justice Jose Abad Santos connected with the
in the Philippines: development of the - a physical plant was constructed in o Secretary Jorge C. Bocobo development of athletics in
American Regime physical, intellectual, Manila o Senator Juan Sumulong the Philippines. With its
(1898 - 1941) social, and spiritual - built the first gymnasium for Filipinos in o Dean Conrado Benitez well-rounded programme
personality of boys 1914 o Judge Manuel Camus of physical activities and its
and young men in the - set up: o Timoteo Paez technically trained leaders
Philippines, in the o swimming pools o Antonio K. Roxas supported by groups of
Christian Faith and o bowling alleys o Jose P. Laurel altruistic Filipinos who
Life, according to the o basketball, volleyball and handball o Jose Sanvictores voluntarily serve in its
teachings and courts o R. de San Agustin committees, the
traditions of their - responsible for the introduction into the o Simplicio del Rosario Association should be able
respective churches. Philippines of such popular sports as: to continue the good work
o basketball Americans who contributed to that it has carried on in the
o volleyball the success of the country with signal
o indoor baseball organization: success (according to
- organized for the first time in the country, o Governor-General William PAAF President Jorge B.
the following: Cameron Forbes Vargas).
o cross-country hiking contest in 1912 o Dr. Walter W. Marquardt
o playground day in 1912 o Elwood Stanley Brown
o volleyball league in 1914 o D.A. Tener
o interbureau league o J. M. Groves
o inter-dormitory league o George Goss
o basketball league o Golden D. Long
- set up camps where boys spent many
enjoyable hours
- conducted health campaigns
- varied activities:
o swimming and lifesaving
o social dancing
o body conditioning
71
Civilization
- founded a school of physical education in
1914 J. Truit Maxwell YMCA
Physical Education - organized the following athletic physical director, organizer of
in the Philippines: associations: the Philippine Physical
American Regime o Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation in Education Association
(1898 - 1941) 1911
o Far Eastern Athletic Association in 1912
o Bureau of Public Schools Interscholastic
Athletic Association in 1912
o Inter-Commercial Athletic Association in
1932
Young Womens Christian Association
To promote among (YMCA) Physical Directors of the YWCA: The YWCA served as a
the young women - organized in October, 1926 o Van Sant Jenkins building of open doorways
growth in Christian - its nucleus was the Time Investment Club o Vera Barger through which thousands
character and service which started in 1921 to provide young o Lois Weir of girls and women of
through physical, women with worthwhile leisure-time o Mary Brobst different nationalities,
social, mental, and activities o Zelma Day creeds, and social
spiritual development. - organized various tournaments o Mrs. Balbina Icasiano positions have entered to
- promoted such sports as: find a home and friend,
o basketball relaxation and health;
o badminton education and
o indoor baseball employment; opportunity
o table tennis and spiritual ministration;
- there were classes in: guidance and leadership
o swimming training; international
o gymnastics understanding and
o dancing fellowship.
72
Civilization
- play schools for children of pre-school
Physical Education To promote among age were established
in the Philippines: the young women - instruction in health and hobbies was
American Regime growth in Christian given
(1898 - 1941) character and service - popular projects were the girls camps
through physical, and outing activities
social, mental, and - provided recreation facilities to the:
spiritual development. o nurses of St. Lukes and Mary Chiles
hospitals
o students of the Union Theological
Seminary
o members of the Philippine Columbian
Association
- established a club in Tondo where
women from the poor sectors could
gather for relaxation purposes and
creative activities
- contributed to the training of play leaders
and health education teachers
Boy Scouts of the Philippines U.S. Army Lieutenant Sherman The boy scouts were so
- boy scout troops composed mainly of Kiser started the first all- interested and worked
American boys who were sons of army Filipino troop hard to improve
personnel were already organized in U.S. themselves. They were
Army centers in the Philippines Manila Rotary Club (1922) in keener about the things
- the first all-Filipino troop was started in conjunction with the YMCA, that are instructive and
Zamboanga, 1914 and was called the initiated a 12,000 fund drive to worthwhile. They were
Lorillard Spencer Troop organize a local council of boy eager for knowledge and
- soon, more troops were organized in scouts so that a body could on how to develop
other provinces direct the movement on a themselves in all aspects.
nation-wide basis
73
Civilization
- some schools also adopted scouting as Col. J. E. H. Stevenot The activities helped
an avenue for its character-building - General Manager of the promote physical fitness
program Philippine Long Distance alongside developing ones
Physical Education One may willingly - October 31, 1936: Commonwealth Act Telephone Company duty to God and his
in the Philippines: dedicate ones self to No. 111 creating the Boy Scouts of the - convinced president Quezon country and to help other
American Regime glorifying God, Philippines was passed by the National of the need for an people at all times.
(1898 - 1941) sacrificing for the Assembly independent scout
motherland, and - January 1, 1938: the Boy Scouts of the organization
helping other people, Philippines was formally organized - served as President of the
he cannot do so - the scout motto Be Prepared became B.S.P. from 1939 to the
without fulfilling his Laging Handa outbreak of World War II
duty to himself, and - popular patrol names such as lion, bear,
that is to make himself and flaming arrow were changed to lawin, Exequiel Villacorta chief scout
physically strong to usa, and tamaraw executive of BSP when it was
enable him to do all - the two highest scout ranks were altered formally organized
the things he has from Life and Eagle to Maginoo and Jose
resolved to Rizal
accomplish. - among the scout ideals, activities, and Incorporators of the BSP:
skills are: o Col. J. E. H. Stevenot
o first aid o firebuilding o Arsenio N. Luz
o safety o signaling o Carlos P. Romulo
o athletics o swimming o Vicente Lim
o personal health o tracking o Manuel Camus
o camp sanitation o training o Jorge B. Vargas
o rope work o stalking o G. C. Daza
o camping o hiking
o outdoor cooking o physical development
o firemanship o home repairs
o public health o nature conservation
o craftsmanship o animal husbandry
o plant cultivation
o lifesaving
74
Civilization
For girls from seven to Girl Scouts of the Philippines
eighteen years of age: - May 26, 1940: Commonwealth Act No. Mrs. Josefa Llanes Escoda The Girl Scouts of the
understanding the 542 which chartered the Girl Scouts of the first national director of the GSP Philippines is a realization
Physical Education value of ideals in a Philippines as a national organization of the vision and backing
in the Philippines: practical world and to - training camps were conducted in Baguio Charter members: of active officers of the Boy
American Regime realize them in active and Manila o Marina Y. Vargas Scouts of the Philippines.
(1898 - 1941) participation in home - activities include: o Pilar Hidalgo Lim Through the out-of-doors
and community life. o hiking o Trinidad F. Legarda program a girl scout learns
o cookouts o Concepcion R. Gonzales to look and search, to be a
For women above o nature study o Emilia Q. Lim pathfinder and a pioneer,
eighteen years of age: o water sports o Concepcion M. Gil and to be a lover of the
promoting service o climbing mountains o Minerva G. Laudico open. The activities
opportunities as would o crossing streams o Maria Aurora Quezon included in the program
make them more o camping o Helena Benitez help girls and women
useful to the Proficiency Badges: o Lulu Reyes become empowered
community and the Brownie Program o Erlinda Kalaw individuals for they have
nation as a whole. o athlete o swimmer o Betty Magalona developed themselves to
o first aider o team player o Leni Alano be active members of the
o gardener o woodworker o Lily de las Alas community.
o house orderly o Lourdes Ledesma
Intermediate Program
o agriculture and community life
o health and safety
o homemaking
o music and dancing
o nature
o out-of-doors
o sports and games
Senior Program
o out-of-doors
o service
o preparedness
o special hobbies
75
Civilization
He was an athlete during his student days.
Physical Education Promotion of physical He was a member of the Cebu and U.P. Dr. Regino R. Ylanan Upon his death in 1963,
in the Philippines: education in the baseball and weight teams. PAAF President Antonio
American Regime Philippines through Far Eastern Games (Manila, 1913): he de las Alas said in tribute
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to won the pentathlon, discus, and shot-put to his memory, I consider
take charge of events. Dr. Ylanan the most
physical activities in Far Eastern Games (Shanghai, 1915): he outstanding of all
the country. Sent in won a gold medal in shot-put and bronze sportsmen in the
1918-19 by the medal in pentathlon. Philippines. His record of
government as a Far Eastern Olympics (Tokyo, 1917): service in sports will be
pencionado to the Captain and catcher of the Philippine hard to equal. He
United States to take baseball team. maintained the purity of
up advanced studies 1920 1927: Phyical Director of the amateurismHe was a
in physical education. University of the Philippines real sportsman, a
Responsible for making physical gentleman, and a great
education a requirement for all students loss.
enrolled at the U.P.
He contributed greatly to Philippine
participation in international competition in
these various capacities:
- Medical officer, Philippine delegation to the
Far Eastern Championship Games in
Shanghai May, 1921.
- Medical officer and head coach, Philippine
baseball team to the Far Eastern
Championship Games in Osaka, Japan
1923.
- Philippine representative and coach, track
team to the World Olympics in Paris
1924.
- Medical officer and track and field coach,
Philippine teams to the Olympic Games in
Amsterdam 1928.
76
Civilization
- General Manager, Far Eastern
Physical Education Promotion of physical Championship Games in Manila 1934.
in the Philippines: education in the - Business Manager and head coach,
American Regime Philippines through Philippine delegation to the Berlin
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to Olympics 1936
take charge of He organized the National Collegiate
physical activities in Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1925.
the country. Sent in Started a summer school of physical
1918-19 by the education in 1926.
government as a Opened a coaching school in 1929.
pencionado to the National physical director in 1927.
United States to take Secretary-treasurer of the PAAF (1927
up advanced studies 1957)
in physical education. Constructed the Rizal Memorial Field
during his incumbency.
Managing editor of the Filipino Athlete in
1936.
Awarded an honorary Master of Physical
Education degree by Springfield College in
June, 1950
A miler, finished fifth in the Far Eastern
Championship Games held in Manila in Serafin Aquino
1919.
Coach of the Philippine School of Arts and
Trade baseball and track and field teams
for five years
(1922 27).
Physical director of the National University
in 1927.
Physical education supervisor of the PAAF
in 1928.
Supervisor of physical education at the
Bureau of Education for seven years
77
Civilization
Became the bureau superintendent of One of the great steps
Physical Education Promotion of physical physical education in 1937. undertaken in the
in the Philippines: education in the Executive secretary-treasurer of the promotion of physical
American Regime Philippines through PAAF. education in the
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to Coached the Philippine track and field Philippines was the
take charge of team at the Far Eastern Olympics held in training of Filipinos to take
physical activities in Shanghai (1927), Tokyo (1930), and the charge of physical
the country. Sent in Philippines (1934). activities in the country.
1918-19 by the Assistant of the Philippine delegation to When these Filipino
government as a Japan and Korea in 1935. pensionados returned to
pencionado to the Coach of the track and field teams in the the Philippines, they took
United States to take Berlin World Olympics in 1936. charge of the various
up advanced studies Credited with the following achievements: physical education
in physical education. o Organizing the Physical Education activities in the country.
Section in the Bureau of Education;
o Founding the summer school of
physical education for teachers in the
public schools;
o Organizing the Bureau of Public
Schools Interscholastic Athletic
Association;
o Enriching the physical education
program in the public schools;
o Shaping definite policies about physical
education in the Bureau of Education;
and
o Holding of workshops, institutes, and
clinics in the different provinces for the
benefit of physical education teachers.
A sportsman and a sportswriter.
Assistant sports editor of the old
Cablenews American in 1915 and Manila Pedro T. Villanueva
Daily Bulletin in 1917.
78
Civilization
Sports editor of the Manila Times in 1919
and of the Philippines Herald from 1925 to
Physical Education Promotion of physical 1941.
in the Philippines: education in the Appointed physical director of the Iloilo
American Regime Philippines through High School, then of the Philippine Normal
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to School in 1924.
take charge of Supervisor of physical education at the
physical activities in Bureau of Education in 1945-48.
the country. Sent in Physical director of the University of the
1918-19 by the East for sixteen years.
government as a Coached the victorious Philippine
pencionado to the basketball team to the 1930 Far Eastern
United States to take Games in Tokyo, the La Salle and San
up advanced studies Beda College quintets, and the U.P.
in physical education. Varsity basketball and football teams.
Other positions held:
o President Philippine Physical
Education Association
o Secretary UAAP
o Chairman PAAF basketball committee
o Member PAAF executive committee
o Member PAAF football committee
Member of the Philippine track and field
teams at the Far Eastern Olympic Games Pedro Ablan
of 1917 and 1919.
Coach of the Philippine track and field
teams to the Far Eastern Games in 1930.
Supervisor of physical education at the
Bureau of Education in 1936-38.
Physical director of the Philippine Normal
School in 1938-41
Superintendent of physical education at
the Bureau of Public Schools.
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Civilization
YMCA physical director
Acting physical director of the University of Geronimo T. Suva
Physical Education Promotion of physical the Philippines
in the Philippines: education in the Chief of the athletic and recreation section
American Regime Philippines through of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to Popularized morning calisthenics.
take charge of Physical director in 1937 at the State
physical activities in University.
the country. Sent in Coach of the Philippine swimming teams Candido C. Bartolome
1918-19 by the to the World Olympics in Los Angeles
government as a 1932, Berlin in 1936, London in 1948,
pencionado to the Melbourne in 1956, and Paris in 1960 and
United States to take to the Asian Games of 1950, 1954, and
up advanced studies 1958.
in physical education. He was the moving spirit behind the
formation of the Big Three (UAAP).
Instrumental in the organization of the
MBBL into an association (1961).
Her greatest contribution is her research
Anybody who on Philippine folk dances.
understands what he Boston University awarded her an Francisca Reyes Aquino
or she sees naturally honorary Doctor of Physical Education
enjoys it more than degree in 1949.
those who do not In 1954 she received from the Philippine
have any knowledge government an Award of Merit.
of it. The Far Eastern University conferred on
her in 1959 an honorary Doctor of
Humanities degree.
She won in 1959 the Presidential Citation
from the Boy Scouts of the Philippines for
Distinguished Service to the 10th World
Jamboree.
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Civilization
Received a Certificate of Award from the
UNESCO National Commission for her
invaluable contribution to the development
of Filipino culture through folk music and
the folk dance.
The U.P. Department of Physical
Education cited her in 1961 for
outstanding contribution towards the
advancement of Filipino culture in the field
of Physical Education.
Received the coveted Rizal Pro Patria
Award in 1961.
Won the prestigious Rockefeller-
sponsored Magsaysay Award for
government service.
The following books were authored by her:
o Philippine Folk Dances and Games.
Boston: Silver Burdett and Company,
1927.
o Philippine National Dances. New York:
Silver Burdett Company, 1946.
o Foreign Folk Dances. Manila, 1947.
o Gymnastics for Girls. Manila, 1948.
o Dances for All Occasions. Manila, 1949.
o Fundamental Dance Steps ad Music.
Manila, 1949.
o Rhythmic Activities. Manila, 1950.
o Philippine Folk Dances. 4 vols. Manila,
1950, 1953, 1956, 1960.
o Playground Demonstration. Manila,
1951.
o Philippine Folk Dances and Songs.
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1966.
81
Civilization
1934: The Presidents Advisory
Committee on Dances and Songs was President Jorge C. Bocobo of In restoring and making
Physical Education Preserving the created with its task of collecting and the University of the Philippines permanent for posterity
in the Philippines: treasury of folk recording songs, dances, music, initiated the move to revive the one phase of the folkways
American Regime dances and songs of costumes, musical instruments, and Philippine folk dances and of the Filipinos, the State
(1898 - 1941) the Philippines for customs of the country. songs. University has again
posterity. 1934 1938: Three members of the justified its claim to a place
committee, Mr. Ramon Tolentino, Mrs. Mr. Antonino Buenaventura as an important cultural
Fransisca R. Tolentino, and Mr. Antonino recorded the folk music force among the people.
Buenaventura, went out every summer to As a result of the revival of
the remotest barrios in the provinces and Mr. Ramon Tolentino took still Philippine folk dances, the
gathered their material directly from the and moving pictures of the country has been proud to
old people. dancers be able to exhibit these
The dances were transcribed with close manifestations of
attention given to their authenticity, distinct Mrs. Francisca R. Tolentino Philippine art.
quality, local color, and native form. studied the dance steps and
The research committee unearthed about figures
fifty fundamental steps and two hundred
folk dances. Committee members of the
The simple melodies were set into Conservatory of Music:
beautiful music by committee members o Dr. Fransisco Santiago
from the Conservatory of Music. o Professor Antonio Molina
August 13, 1937: the U.P. Folk Song and Mr. Antonino Buenaventura
Dance Club was organized with the
following objectives:
o To cultivate and perpetuate love and
admiration for Filipino folk songs and
dances;
o To disseminate to the people in outlying
districts folk songs and dances; and
o To cooperate in carrying out the
purposes of the Presidents Committee
on Folk Songs and Dances.
82
Civilization
- Some members of the club were chosen
to form a troupe that would go out to the
Physical Education Preserving the provinces to present folk dance recitals.
in the Philippines: treasury of folk - Lectures on the same subject were also
American Regime dances and songs of given by the troupers to teachers of both
(1898 - 1941) the Philippines for private and public schools.
posterity. The University of the Philippines made
Philippine folk dancing a regular part of
the service course in physical education,
and opened a professional course
specializing in Philippine folk dances.
The presentation of native dances was
made a constant feature in all important
university celebrations.
1940: the Bureau of Education Folk Song
and Dance club was organized under the
auspices of the Physical Education
Section of the Instruction Division.
Folk dances became a regular part of the
physical education program.
Private schools followed the pattern set
first by the University of the Philippines
and which was later adopted by the
Bureau of Education.
Research Findings of Mrs. Aquino:
The Jotas, Habaneras, Kuratsas, and
Pandangos were typically Spanish.
The Kandingan, Sua-Sua, Badjao, Daling-
Daling, and Malangka manifested Malayan
traits.
The Alcamfor, Pasakat, Minuete Yano,
and Rigodon were derived from the
French.
83
Civilization
The Lanceros and Birginia showed the
American touch.
The Ba-Ingles presented English features.
The Redoba presented German features.
While incorporating most of the
characteristics of the foreign dances,
Filipinos had taken care to retain the
typically charming and piquant native traits
of the folk dances.
Non-Christian dances have remained
pure.
The dances were divided according to
their:
o steps
o the persons, birds, beasts, or plants
they were named after
o the implements, objects, or costumes
used in the dances
o their places of origin
o their nature
o speed of movement
o formation
o special distinguishing features
People living near the sea had dances and
songs about fishing and rowing.
Those in the coconut regions performed
dances using coconut shells.
Those in the rice-producing provinces had
dances depicting the various stages of
planting and harvesting rice.
Persons in the economically self-sufficient
areas had gay and lively dances.
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Civilization
In places where livelihood was hard such
as the Ilocos regions, dances were sad,
slow, and even mournful.
Womans high place in the Philippine
society and her traditional modesty were
amply presented in many love, courtship,
and wedding dances.
Dances were performed with little or no
body contact.
The woman was always presented as shy
and reserved, in addition to being slow
and languid in her movements.
The man was usually chivalrous, brave,
dynamic, and vigorous in action.
As a rule, dances began and ended with a
saludo or curtsey, and the usual
arrangement was couples in longways
formation.
Foot movements were generally uniform
everywhere.
Usually, only simple hops and turns were
used.
Because of the tropical climate, most
Philippine dances were slow and
languorous since vigorous movements
would cause undue fatigue.
Majority of the dances utilized only one
rhythm - 3 / 4.
Dances were usually performed to the
accompaniment of a gong, guitar, violin, or
any combination of bamboo and wind
instruments (musikang bumbong) which
were locally made.
85
Civilization
1904: School health service of the Bureau
of Education began Dr. Victor G. Heiser first In the promotion of health
Physical Education Promotion of the 1905: the Bureau of Health (Philippine director of the Bureau of Health through the health
in the Philippines: health of the people. Health Service) was organized. education program, the
American Regime 1907: the Philippine Medical School and Dr. Aurora B. Peck assigned schools became the
(1898 - 1941) the first School of Nursing in the Philippine physician by the Bureau of primary centers that
General Hospital were established. Health to help the schools contributed to the success
Red Cross establish their health service of the program.
- expanded its services in 1917 to
include:
first aid training
public health nursing
child health care
Philippine Tuberculosis Society
- organized on July 29, 1910
Gota de Leche
- formed by American and Filipino
women in 1906
- distributed milk to infants of poor,
undernourished mothers
1913: the Womens Club opened a day
nursery led by Miss Jane S. Jack.
1926: the government began its own
maternal and child care through
puericulture centers and well-baby clinics.
1911: A law was passed requiring a
medical examination of all children in the
public schools.
A health and education period was
included in the curriculum of the
elementary and high school departments.
86
Civilization
1912: the University of the Philippines had
started military training. Governor-General Leonard With the establishment of
Physical Education Recognizing the value 1916: all able-bodied male students at Wood presented a program of the Commonwealth of the
in the Philippines: of military training in U.P. were required to undergo military drill studies for military training, Philippines in 1935, the
American Regime contributing to general with officers of the Philippine Constabulary approved and became the U.P. defense of the country
(1898 - 1941) physical conditioning. and the Philippine National guard as Corps of Cadets became a matter of
instructors. primary importance. The
1917: military drill was introduced into the passage of the National
curriculum due mainly to the Philippine Defense Act developed
offer of 25,000 troops to the United States physically strong and
forces fighting in World War I. morally confident men.
There was no definite program of
instruction, no rigid training schedule; only
wooden guns were used and instruction
was informal.
1922: the U.P. Corps of Cadets was
created as a program of studies for
military training.
Annual tactical inspection at the end of the
school year wherein cadets were checked
on their proficiency in:
o close order and extended order drills
o map reading
o musketry
o scouting and patrolling
o tent pitching
o machine gun drill
o minor tactics
o chemical service
Annual military field meet wherein each
company and battery vied with one
another in various contests
87
Civilization
The U.P. program was then followed by
the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and
Physical Education Recognizing the value the Ateneo de Manila which also set up
in the Philippines: of military training in similar ROTC units.
American Regime contributing to general 1936: Commonwealth Act No. 1 or
(1898 - 1941) physical conditioning. National Defense Act was passed.
o With its passage, the Bureau of
Education revamped the physical
education program and passed a
circular providing military training for
boys above ten years of age.
o All schools were required to offer
preparatory military training two days
each week.
o The time allotment was as follows:
40 minutes primary grades
50 minutes intermediate
department
1 hour high school
The other three days were reserved
for regular physical education
activities.
o Full-time military training became
compulsory.
o A young man may substitute the two-
year Reserve Officers Training Corps
(ROTC) basic instruction for the full-
time trainee course.
88
Civilization
In order to better propagate the ideals of The bleak and depressing
the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Dr. Jose P. Laurel declared in atmosphere of the times
Physical Education A reasonable amount Sphere, normal institutes were established. a speech on October 15, 1943: was not conducive to
in the Philippines: of daily exercise is Physical Education was an hour period, All students in our schools, physical exuberance. The
Japanese indispensable to keep two times a week and was emphasized in colleges, and universities must Filipino, tutored in the
Occupation you healthy and all levels of education. be subjected to the rigid American way of
(1942 - 1945) strong and thereby Compulsory mass physical education was discipline of a well-regulated democratic living, refused
develop your capacity required of all students (elementary daily schedule. to be ordered around by
and endurance for through college) and employees. the Japanese. And while
hard work. o Radio Taisho or Daily Calisthenics of the other countries in the
the Air was broadcast in the morning, in East accepted Japan
the afternoon, and between office because the latter had
hours. better to offer than their
o During these periods all students were previous sovereigns, only
assembled in the schoolyard and were in the Philippines were the
ordered to exercise in accordance with Japanese unsuccessful to
Japanese instructions aired over the a considerable degree in
radio. their technique, as shown
o Employees were massed in front of or by the resistance offered
behind the office building and were also by many.
compelled to perform gymnastics as
prompted over the radio.
o All athletic fields, gymnasiums, and
stadiums were taken over by the Japanese
soldiers and converted into garrisons.
Competitive athletics and sports activities
were paralyzed.
PAAF was inactive because the Japanese
Army suspected and checked movements
of any association then in existence.
The military authorities adopted a policy of
discouraging all ball games such as
basketball, baseball, football and volleyball.
89
Civilization
The U.S. Army Engineering Corps Swimming team first placers in The physical education
Physical Education Healthful living in a immediately set about to reconstruct the the First Asian Games: movement was greatly set
in the Philippines: wholesome Rizal Memorial Stadium and various A. Salamat: 100-meter back during the Japanese
Contemporary environment so as to games among the different army outfits backstroke occupation. The fight for
Period be physically strong were played there. J. Cayco: 200-meter the liberation of the country
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to Baseball bats and balls, basketballs, nets, breaststroke did additional harm
meet the and other athletic equipment were A. Salamat, J. Cayco, and N. because of the wanton
requirements of a donated by the army both to private Rajab: 3 x 100-meter medley destruction of the
useful life and to individuals and public institutions. relay gymnasiums, stadiums,
make wise use of Sports immediately rehabilitated after the and other existing athletic
leisure time for self- war were: Second Asian Games winners facilities. A redeeming
improvement and for o tennis (swimming): factor in the fight for the
the service of the o basketball P. Nabuila: 200-meter butterfly liberation of the Philippines
community. o baseball for men was the presence of
Once again foreign teams are being Haydee Coloso and Jocelyn von thousands of American
invited to play in the Philippines in order to Giese: 100-meter free style and servicemen who were
foster athletics in the country. 100-meter backstroke stationed all over the
Filipino players are sent abroad to country. These men of the
participate in exhibition matches and Second Asian Games winners armed forces of the United
acquire better skills. (boxing): States were well provided
Various Philippine delegations are sent to E. Sajo: flyweight with athletic equipment
compete in international meets. A. Ortuoste: bantamweight and had a rich program of
1951: A three-man team reached the C. Espinosa: lightweight recreation. They radiated
semifinals of the European Zone Davis E. Porto: light welterweight their zest for athletic
Cup competition. The team is composed V. Tunacao: light middleweight activities in their every
of: association with Filipinos.
o Felicisimo Ampon Second Asian Games winners
o Raymundo Deyro (shooting):
o Cesar Carmona A. Einsiedel
The Philippines won the championship of M. Gison
the Davis Cup tournament Eastern Zone A. Feliciano
in 1957, 1958, and 1960. H. Castelo
V. Zalvidea
90
Civilization
March, 1951: First Asian Games in New They lifted the people out
Physical Education Healthful living in a Delhi, India. Third Asian Games winners: of the confusion effected
in the Philippines: wholesome The Philippines won: Adolfo Feliciano free rifle by the war and assured
Contemporary environment so as to o Basketball and high jump Visitacion Bedana broad jump them that with American
Period be physically strong championships Inocencia Solis 100-meter assistance, athletics could
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to o Swimming dash be rehabilitated and
meet the Manila, 1954: Second Asian Games R. Deyro and F. Ampon mens revitalized.
requirements of a The Philippines won in: tennis doubles With the grant of
useful life and to o basketball R. Deyro mens tennis singles independence, the
make wise use of o boxing Remigio Vista, Pedro Subido, Philippine government
leisure time for self- o shooting Isaac Gomez and Enrique started perpetuating the
improvement and for Tokyo, 1958: Third Asian Games Bautista 400-meter mens wholesome attitude toward
the service of the The Philippines won in: track relay physical education which
community. o basketball championship Sandra won Giese, Victoria was earlier promoted by
o eight first places Cagayat, Sylvia von Giese and the Americans. It realizes
o eighteen second places Haydee Coloso-Espino 400- only too well the
o nineteen third places meter womens swimming relay importance of a physically-
Indonesia, 1962: Fourth Asian Games able citizenry that must set
The Philippines won: the country to higher and
o basketball championship greater heights as a
o four medals in track and field sovereign nation.
o gold medal in boxing
o gold medal in tennis
London, 1948: Olympics
Philippines won in weightlifting
Helsinki, 1952: Olympics
The Philippines won in weightlifting
Melbourne, 1956: Olympics
The Philippines won:
o 7th place in basketball
o Special honors to Carlos Loyzaga and
Antonio Genato who were named to
the All-Olympic Basketball Selection
91
Civilization
Tokyo, 1964: Olympics Fourth Asian Games winners:
Physical Education Healthful living in a Anthony Villanueva won a silver medal in Mona Sulaiman 100-meter
in the Philippines: wholesome the featherweight division. dash and 200-meter dash
Contemporary environment so as to December 16, 1967: the First National Men and women team 4 x 100
Period be physically strong Sports and Physical Fitness Festival was meter relay
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to held at the Rizal Memorial Track-Football M. Alikpala boxing
meet the Stadium. welterweight division
requirements of a Early 1960: Association for the J. Jose tennis singles
useful life and to Advancement of Amateur Athletics
make wise use of (AAAA) was formed for the purpose of 1948 Olympics winner:
leisure time for self- organizing a federation system of sports in Rodrigo del Rosario fifth place
improvement and for the Philippines. in the featherweight division
the service of the June 17, 1961: Republic Act 3135 or (weightlifting)
community. Sports Federation Law was passed.
o Under this law, each sport in the 1952 Olympics winners in
Philippines is governed by a national weightlifting:
association that is autonomous in Rodrigo del Rosario 4th place,
character and has exclusive control featherweight class
over the development and promotion of Pedro Landero 6th place,
the special sport for which it is bantamweight class
organized.
o The country is divided into regions in
order to effect better promotion and
supervision of the sport.
o The national association is the
governing body but it delegates
authority to the provincial chapters
which in turn take charge of the
development of the sport in the towns
and barrios.
92
Civilization
Philippine Amateur Swimming Association
Physical Education Healthful living in a (PASA)
in the Philippines: wholesome o Inaugurated on October 27, 1962 an
Contemporary environment so as to age group swimming program where
Period be physically strong young swimmers are group into various
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to age levels to insure a continuous supply
meet the of champions.
requirements of a Philippine Football Association (PFA)
useful life and to o Launched the Boys Football Association
make wise use of (BOFO) series.
leisure time for self- o Has set down a ruling that for a team to
improvement and for compete in any tournament it sponsors,
the service of the at least sixty percent of the players
community. must be Filipinos.
Amateur Boxing Association of the
Philippines (ABAP)
o Gabriel Flash Elorde world junior
lightweight champion
o Roberto Cruz world welterweight
champion
Philippine Lawn Tennis Association
(PHILTA)
o Initiated a program to send promising
players on regional tours to play
exhibition matches with provincial
neophytes. Luis Silverio winner of an
Philippine Amateur Golf Association Outstanding Athlete of the
(PAGA) Year award; won the third
o Promulgated definite rules and Southeast Asian golf
standardized certain procedures for the championship in Kuala Lumpur
proper conduct of golf tournaments. in 1963
93
Civilization
Basketball Association of the Philippines
Physical Education Healthful living in a (BAP)
in the Philippines: wholesome o Has sent teams to all the important
Contemporary environment so as to sports festivals.
Period be physically strong o The Philippines has been a consistent
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to Asian basketball champion.
meet the Philippine Amateur Volleyball Association
requirements of a (PAVA)
useful life and to o Its objective is to produce teams of
make wise use of international stature.
leisure time for self- Philippine Amateur Baseball Association
improvement and for (PABA)
the service of the o Seeking to regain the popularity that the
community. sport once enjoyed in the Philippines
before World War II.
o The Philippines won the baseball
championship at the 1954 Asian
Games.
Cycling
o Revived in the Philippines in 1955.
o Tour of Luzon: held first in 1956 as a
five-day affair but it has grown into a
twelve-day contest involving prizes
exceeding 60,000.
o At the First Asian Cycling
Championship in 1963 at Kuala
Lumpur, the Philippine team won one
bronze and four gold medals.
Philippine Amateur Judo Association
(PAJA)
o Filipino dans are sent to the Kodokan
Institute, a famous judo school in
Japan, to learn techniques of the sport.
94
Civilization
Gymnastic Association of the Philippines
Physical Education Healthful living in a (GAP)
in the Philippines: wholesome o Seeking to develop in the schools this
Contemporary environment so as to sport that promotes self-discipline,
Period be physically strong grace, precision, and ability.
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to o The first participation of Filipino
meet the gymnasts in international competition
requirements of a was at the Tokyo Olympics of 1964.
useful life and to Shooting
make wise use of o The high cost of ammunition is a big
leisure time for self- problem in the promotion of the sport in
improvement and for the Philippines.
the service of the Philippine Badminton Association
community. o Hopes to promote the sport further by
having it included in the school
curriculum and interscholastic meets,
holding clinics for young people all over
the country, and importing equipment
for resale at cost to local enthusiasts.
o In 1962, the Philippines sent its first
badminton team to play at the Asian
Games in Jakarta.
Philippine Weightlifting and Bodybuilding
Association (PWABA)
o Holds national tournaments in various
places.
o Launched the importation of lifting
paraphernalia.
Table Tennis Association of the
Philippines (TATAP)
o The group with the widest program of
activities but tends to concentrate
projects only in Manila.
95
Civilization
National Archery Association of the
Physical Education Healthful living in a Philippines (NAAP)
in the Philippines: wholesome o A national tournament is conducted
Contemporary environment so as to each February.
Period be physically strong o A silver cup was won by Filipino archers
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to in the 1962 Asian Games at Jakarta.
meet the Amateur Softball Association (ASA)
requirements of a o Organized only in 1965.
useful life and to Philippine Yachting Association (PYA)
make wise use of o Yachting activities are centered in the
leisure time for self- Manila Yacht Club.
improvement and for Manila Polo Club
the service of the o Sponsors activities in polo.
community. Car racing
o The soap box derby, a popular event Arsenio Laurel two-time (1962,
among young boys, is staged annually 1963) winner of the Macao
by the Better Boys Association. Grand Prix
Philippine Amateur Fencing Association
(PAFA)
Karate Federation of the Philippines
(KAFEPHIL)
Jai alai: Philippine Amateur Pelotari
Association (PAPA)
o Popularly called the game of a
thousand thrills.
o Similar to a handball but played with the
use of the cesta, wicker crescent.
o Makes use of a back wall called the
pared de rebote.
o Scoring: the first man to gain five points
wins.
National Arnis Association (NAA)
Sipa and Arnis
96
Civilization
Bayanihan Folk Arts Center of the
Philippine Womens University Mrs. Lucrecia Reyes Urtula These ambassadors of the
Physical Education Putting Philippine folk o Designated the Bayanihan Dancers directed the dance troupe of the dance generated much
in the Philippines: dances on the special cultural ambassadors of the Bayanihan Folk Arts Center sent goodwill for the country in
Contemporary international scene. country in 1959. to the International Exposition in the various places that
Period o Toured the U.S., Europe and Australia. Brussels, 1958 they visited and
(1946 - ) o 1960: won a Special Critics Award for contributed much to
Folk Ensemble at the Fete des Nations enhance Philippine
in Paris. prestige abroad. At the
o The repertoire they presented same time, they developed
consisted of the following: national pride among the
I. Dance of the Mountain People Filipinos and promoted
II. Regional Variations greater interest in
III. Mindanao Dance Philippine culture.
IV. In Rural Philippines
FEU Dance Troupe
o Made its debut in 1957 during a
Philippine Folk Dance Festival at the
Rizal Memorial Coliseum.
o 1959: the group went to France on the
invitation of the French government
and performed at the Theatre des
Nations in Paris.
o Toured nine European countries.
o Won grand prizes in Spain.
o Their presentation was entitled
Portrait of a Filipino and was
composed of the following:
I. Tribal and Muslim Dances
II. Courtship Dances
III. Social Dances
IV. National Dances
V. Religious and Ceremonial Dances
97
Civilization
Baranggay Folk Dance Troupe of the Mrs. Paz Cielo Belmonte
Philippine Normal College organized the Baranggay Folk
Physical Education Putting Philippine folk o Organized in 1959. Dance Troup; dance director
in the Philippines: dances on the o The outstanding characteristic of their
Contemporary international scene. group is the folk-like and unaffected
Period way they present their dances.
(1946 - ) o Toured ten Southeast Asian countries.
o The following was their repertoire:
I. Muslim Dances
II. Christian Dances
III. Tribal Mountain Dances
IV. Dances of the Yesteryears
V. Dances of the Countryside
Filipinescas
o Dance group that specializes in
stylized native dances. Mrs. Leonor Orosa Goquinco
o 1961: won a grand prize at the Festival director and choreographer of
Folklorico Ibero-Americano in Spain Filipinescas
o Also performed in Germany,
Scandinavia, and Washington.
o Its presentation was called
Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend,
and Love in Dance.
The Great Difference, High Pockets, Among the hundreds of
King Caloy, Stupendous Spire and El Carlos Loyzaga athletes of the
Leon contemporary period, four
Plays three positions (center, forward, and have carved for
guard) equally well. themselves permanent
He led the San Beda Lions to four NCAA niches in Philippine sports
championships and one national crown. hall of fame Carlos
Responsible for YCOs winning seven Loyzaga, Gabriel Elorde,
consecutive national championships Felicisimo Ampon, and
(1954-60) and five MICAA cage titles. Rodolfo Tan Cardoso.
98
Civilization
Mainstay of the Philippine basketball
Physical Education teams at the following competitions: They have shown
in the Philippines: o All four Asian Games in which the outstanding ability and
Contemporary Philippines emerged as champion have exemplified the best
Period (1951, 1954, 1958 and 1962). qualities of true sportsmen.
(1946 - ) o Two Olympics (1952 & 1956)
o Two World Championships (1954 and
1959).
o Two Asian Basketball Conference
Championships (1960 and 1963).
He has won various honors:
o twenty-five gold medals
o Athlete of the Year
o Mr. Basketball
o one of the Best Ten Cagers of the
World Selection (Brazil, 1954)
o All-Olympic Basketball Choice
(Melbourne, 1956)
He won the world junior lightweight
championship by defeating Harold Gomes Gabriel Flash Elorde
in Manila, 1960.
A friend and a former boxer, Lucio
Laborte, taught him the rudiments of
boxing.
He started fighting professionally at
seventeen in Cebu in 1951 and won his
first professional fight by defeating Kid
Gonzaga by TKO in the fourth round.
He also held the Oriental lightweight
crown and bantamweight and
featherweight titles of the Orient.
Experts classify him as a scientific or
thinking fighter.
99
Civilization
Asian chess champion at age twenty-five.
He started by watching chess games at a
Physical Education barber shop in Alaminos in 1947, then Rodolfo Tan Cardoso
in the Philippines: kibitzing, and finally, by formally joining in
Contemporary the games.
Period 1955: he became the champion of
(1946 - ) Pangasinan by defeating twelve
challengers at the age of eighteen.
1956: he won the first national junior
chess championship with a four-year
scholarship.
Chosen by the Philippine Sportswriters
Association as the Chess Player of the
Year 1956, 1957 and 1958.
He was runner up to Russias international
grand master David Bronstein in the
number of games won and overall
percentage at the XIIth Moscow Chess
Olympics.
He was conferred the title International
Chess Master by the Federacion
International Des Echecs (FIDE), the first
Asian to attain that distinction.
He was also awarded the Norman Vincent
Brilliancy Trophy for placing fifth in the
world junior chess tournament in Toronto,
Canada in 1957.
100
Civilization
Physical education is a requirement from
the elementary to the college level. The most important
Physical Education Physical education is Time allotment for physical training: agencies for developing
in the Philippines: a preparation for life o Primary twenty minutes interest in physical
Contemporary and that the best o Intermediate thirty minutes education among the youth
Period preparation for life is o High schools forty minutes are the schools. The
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad o College thirty-three to thirty-six hours increasing recognition of
interest in moral and per semester or one hour, two days a the place of physical
character training week during the first two years education in general
derived from Students who are physically handicapped education and the rising
wholesome activities. are placed in a special class upon popularity of physical
presentation of a medical certificate and education among the youth
are given activities adapted to their of the country has made
particular conditions. imperative the training of
Public Schools Interscholastic Athletic more leaders and teachers
Association (PSIAA): Intramural in the field.
competitions Interscholastic
competitions Provincial meets
Interprovincial meets Public
Interscholastic Athletic Association Meet
Mass demonstrations in gymnastics and
folk dances are presented.
Private Schools Interscholastic Athletic
Association (PRISAA)
o organized on February 17, 1953
o 1962: the board of governors decided to
reduce the units or participants to eight
from thirteen.
Instruction in the skills is more thorough
and advanced.
There is also emphasis on swimming.
101
Civilization
Three big collegiate athletic associations
in the Philippines:
Physical Education Physical education is o University Athletic Association of the
in the Philippines: a preparation for life Philippines (UAAP)
Contemporary and that the best o National Collegiate Athletic Association
Period preparation for life is (NCAA)
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad o State Colleges and Universities Athletic
interest in moral and Association (SCUAA)
character training Qualifications of Physical Education
derived from Teachers:
wholesome activities. o Elementary: practical courses in physical
education (athletics, fundamentals of folk
dancing, group games, gymnastics) at
summer sessions
o Secondary and College: B.P.E. (Bachelor
of Physical Education), B.S.E. (Bachelor
of Science in Education, major in
Physical Education), or C.P.E.
(Certificate in Physical Education).
o Physical Director (head of physical
education department): M.P.E. (Master of
Physical Education) or M.A. (Master of
Arts, major in physical education).
Class size and Physical Education
Uniforms
o There should not be more than sixty
students under an instructor during each
period.
o Both the P.E. instructor and the student
should wear appropriate shoes and
uniforms during the play period.
102
Civilization
1924: The Department of Physical
Education of the University of the
Physical Education Physical education is Philippines started offering professional
in the Philippines: a preparation for life courses.
Contemporary and that the best 1925: The University of the Philippines
Period preparation for life is offered summer courses in physical
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad education and athletic coaching for public
interest in moral and school teachers.
character training October 11, 1930: the Board of Regents
derived from approved the curriculum leading to the
wholesome activities. Certificate in Physical Education.
1933: The Bachelor of Physical Education
course was started.
1937: The curriculum was revised to give
students a chance to choose their course.
In order to earn a B.P.E. (Bachelor of
Physical Education) degree, a student
must take eighteen units more of
professional physical education courses
than are required of candidates for a
B.S.E. (major in physical education).
1967: an Institute of Physical Education
was organized with two programs
opened:
o Six-week non-credit coaching
proficiency course in baseball and
softball, track and field, basketball and
volleyball.
o Forty-unit course leading to a
Certificate in Physical Education taken
on a semester (20 units per) or
summer plan (ten units per).
103
Civilization
National College of Education
o 1938: accredited regular courses in
Physical Education Physical education is physical education were conducted in
in the Philippines: a preparation for life cooperation with the PAAF.
Contemporary and that the best o 1940: the Bureau of Education and the
Period preparation for life is PAAF agreed to run the summer
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad school of physical education as a joint
interest in moral and venture.
character training o In order to earn a Certificate in Physical
derived from Education, a student must complete
wholesome activities. forty units from among their required
subjects.
o A graduate study program leading to a
Masters degree in Physical Education
is also offered
Philippine Normal College
o The government training center for
elementary school teachers.
o Physical education courses required:
- PE 101 (Women) Fundamental of
Physical Skill and Games and
Sports, (Men) Volleyball, Basketball,
and Table Tennis
- PE 102 (Women) Fundamentals of
Rhythmic, Folk, and Social Dances,
(Men) Gymnastics, Rhythmical
Activities, and Officiating
- PE 204 (Men and Women) Physical
Education and Recreation for
Elementary Grades
104

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Period of Philosophy of P.E.

Activities Luminaries Reflection

-Egypt has the most

Spartans never indulged

-Spartans have been

Males are subject to military training

Paidotribe - physical education

Palaestra - an open area suitable for Plato who subscribed

-Their brief was not with

- Learn the basic religious rites and

Galen discussed exercises

and with apparatus (3) lifting - Von Fellenberg

Johanne Friedrich Hervart

Philipp Emanuel VonFellenberg

Konrad a teacher of history Hermann said in the

PHYSICAL The Scottish Royal

PHYSICAL -Through south -popular sports include: -Education has been

field events, basketball, fencing, swimming, church, which since the

English Colonies -Trade and commerce -Hunting The decision of whether to

might also study classical

The Frontier -Land hungry - Hunting - Clark Class differences were

. with a system that stressed

-December 29, 1851 was the calisthenics and

National Education Association embedded in all school

developed. The value of

They express their faith in

The girls also studied folk dances of other

Larry Montes became the

Philippine boxers who won world

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Philosophical & Historical Background of SPEAR

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