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If a, b, c are in continuous proportion, then the middle term b is called the mean
proportional between a and c, a is the first proportional and c is the third proportional.
Concept No. 4. Properties of Proportion
1. If a : b = c : d, then ad = bc
a c
Pr oof . ; ad ac ( By cross multiplication )
b d
2. If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertendo)
a c 1 1 b d
Proof. or ,or
b d a/b c/d a c
3. If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternendo)
a c
Pr oof . or , ad bc
b d
Dividing both sides by cd, we get
ad bc a b
, or , i . e. a : c b : d
cd cd c d
4. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : b = c + d : d (Componendo)
a c a c
Proof. , or , 1 1
b d b d
a b cd
or , , i . e. a b : b c d : d
b d
5. If a : b = c : d, then a b : b = c d : d (Dividendo)
a c a c
Proof. , or , 1 1
b d b d
a b cd
, i . e. a b : b c d : d
b d
6. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a b = c + d : c d (Componendo and Dividendo)
a c a c a b cd
Pr oof . , or , 1 1, or ..................................1
b d b d b d
a c a b cd
Again 1, 1, or .................................................2
b d b d
Dividing (1) and (2) we get
a b cd
, i . e. a b : a b c d : c d
a b cd
7. If a : b = c : d = e : f =., then each of these ratios
(Addendo) is equal (a + c + e +.) : (b + d + f +..)
[Chapter 1] Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms 3
a c e
proof = =
= ...........(say) k
b d f
a = bk, c = dk, e = fk,
a c e.....
Now a c e.......... k ( b d f )........... or k
b d f .....
Hence , ( a c e.......... ) : ( b d f .......... )
Ex . 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 5
2. a m a n a m n
Ex . 2 5 2 3 2 5 3 2 2
3. ( a m ) n a mn
Ex . ( 2 5 ) 2 2 5 2 2 10
4. a 0 1
x 2/ 7
x 2/ 5
x 9/ 7
z
2. The value of 1/ 2
2/ 3
1/ 3
3/ 5
is
z z z x
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None
2 x 3 32 x y 5x y 3 6 y 1
3. On simplication reduces to
6 x 1 10 y 3 15 x
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 10
9 y .32 ( 3 y )1 27 y 1
4. If then x y is given by
3 2
3x 3
27
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None
5.
Show that
9 x 1/ 4 3 .3 x
is given by
33 .3 3 x
3 x 6
(a) 3 2 (b) 1
3x
(c) 3 (d) 0
16(32)x 23 x 2 . 4 x 1 5(5)x 1
6. Show that is given by
15(2)x 1 (16)x 52 x
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 4 (d) 0
a b bc ca
xa xb xc
7. Show that c a is given by
xb x x
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 1
2 2 2
( a b ) xa ( bc ) xb ( ca ) xc
8. Show that 2
2
2
reduces to
xb xc xa
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) None
[Chapter 1] Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms 5
1 1 1
b c a b c a b c a b c a
9. Show that x c a x a b x bc reduces to
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) None
a b c
xb xc xa
10. Show that b reduces to
xc xa x
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 2
( a 2 abb2 ) ( b2 bcc2 ) ( c2 ca a 2 )
xa xb xc
11. Show that b c a reduces to
x x x
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) 3
a 2 ab b 2 b 2 bc c 2 c 2 ca a 2
xa xb xc
12. Show that b c a reduces to
x x x
(b) x 2 ( a b 2 c 2 )
2
(a) 1
b3 c3 )
(d) x 2 ( a b3 c3 )
3 3
(c) x 2 ( a
1 1 1
13. On simplification a b a c
b c b a
ca
would reduces to
1 z z 1 z z 1 z z c b
1 1
(a) 2 ( a b c )
(b) ( a b c )
z z
(c) 1 (d) 0
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None
a b bc ca
x ab x bc x ca
16. On simplication 2
2 2 2 2 reduces to
x a b x b c x c a
2
(a) x 2a
3 3
(b) x 2a
(c) x 2 ( a b 3 c 3 ) b 3 c 3 )
3 3
(d) x 2 ( a
1 1 1
17. If 2 a 3b 6 c then reduce to
a b c
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 1
18. If 2 a 4 b 8 c and abc 288 then the value 12a 14b 18c is given by
1 1
(a) (b)
8 8
11 11
(c) (d)
96 96
19. If a 3
2 1 3
2 1 the the value of a 3 3a 2 is
(a) 3 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 1
Answer Sheet