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Solar Charge Controller Working using

Microcontroller
The requirement and use of electrical energy is
increasing rapidly with technology development
and population growth. By using renewable and
non-renewable sources, electrical energy is
generated. Multiple advantages of solar energy are
the key factors behind the usage of solar charge
controller for various purposes in industrial
applications. Solar charge controller is used for
Solar Charge Controller Circuit storing the electrical power in batteries which is
generated with the help of solar panels and further
it can be fed into loads.

Adsby Google A solar charge controller is basically a current or a voltage controller to

charge the battery and to protect the cells from overcharging. It directs the
CircuitDiagram
current and voltage comes from the solar panels to charge the battery.
MicrocontrollerCircuit Generally, 12V panels are put out in the approximate value of 16 to 20V, so in
the overcharging condition the electric cells will be damaged if no regulation
is provided. For getting completely charged, electric storage devices require14 to 14.5V. The solar charge
controller circuits are available in all features, sizes and costs ranges from 4.5A to 60-80A.
Here in this article we are going to discuss about solar charge controller using comparators and as
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controller circuit with SYSTEMSis alsoROBOTICS
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The solar charge controller project is designed to store electrical energy in batteries which is obtained by
converting the solar energy into electrical energy with the help of photo-voltaic cells during the daytime and
to utilize this stored solar energy during night time. For monitoring the voltage and load current of solar
panels a set of op-amps are used as comparators as shown in the block diagram.

Block Diagram of Solar Power Charge Controller

Different types of light emitting diodes are used to indicate the following conditions: under voltage, overload
and deep discharge conditions. To cut off the load in overload and low battery conditions MOSFET is used
as a power semiconductor switch. If the battery is fully charged, then the solar energy is transferred to the
dummy load with the help of a transistor. This project can be further developed by using microcontroller.
So here we are explaining about the solar charge controller circuit using microcontroller

Solar Charge Controller Circuit using Microcontroller

Solar charge controller plays a prominent role in the solar powered lighting systems based on the system
overall performance. Solar powered lighting systems are made available in urban and rural areas. These
include solar street lights, solar home lighting systems and solar power packs. All these systems make use
of four major components, namely photo-voltaic cells, solar charge controller, rechargeable battery and
load.

Solar Charge Controller Circuit using Microcontroller Consists of Following

Features:
 Automatic dusk to dawn operation of the load
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Overcharging condition
Deep discharge condition
Low current
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Displays the status on LCD

The solar charge controller circuit diagram comprises of the following hardware components: AT89C2051
microcontroller, serial ADC0831, voltage regulator 7805, MOSFET, LCD display, and few discrete
components such as solar panel, rechargeable battery, dusk to dawn sensor, charge control and load
control.

Solar Charge Controller Circuit Diagram using Microcontroller

Hardware Components Used

AT89C2051 Microcontroller: Microcontroller acts as the heart of the whole circuit.It has following
specications such as high performance and low voltage, and it has the following features: 2KB of ash,
two 16 bit counters/ timers, 15I/O lines, a full duplex serial port, a ve vector two level interrupt architecture,
on chip oscillator, analog comparator and clock circuitry. A 12MHz crystal oscillator is used to provide the
basic clock frequency. All the I/O pins get reset if reset pin goes high. For the manual reset operation switch
S2 is used.

Serial ADC0831: Analog to digital converter and microcontroller are used for monitoring the battery voltage.
It is an 8 bit successive approximation ADC converter with a serial I/O and very low conversion time of
32micro Sec. It is made available in an 8 bit PDIP package and interfaced to the microcontroller with the
help of three wires.
Voltage Regulator 7805: It is an integrated circuit used to maintain the output voltage at a constant value.
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Many of the circuits have uctuations and will not produce a xed voltage in ROBOTICS ANDROID
that case voltage regulator is
preferred. It provides a regulated power supply of +5v to the entire circuit.
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Dusk-to-Dawn Sensor: Generally in solar lighting system or solar street lights, during dusk time the light
switches should be ON and switched off during the dawn time. During the dawn time the load is
disconnected from the battery and battery is recharged with the help of current from the solar panel. A
simple dusk to dawn sensor is built using a potential divider formed around Zener diode Z1, resistor R8 and
R9 and transistor T1 to know the solar panel voltage by microcontroller. By the status of this sensor
microcontroller decides whether the battery should be in charging or discharging mode or whether the load
is to be connected to or disconnected from the battery.

Solar Panels: In this project solar panels are used to charge a battery and a range of wattage from 10 to 40
watts. Higher wattage panels are also recommended, but modications have to be done to the charge
controller circuit.

Rechargeable Battery: A 12V lead-acid battery is used to store the electrical energy comes from the solar
panels. The capacity of current in ampere-hour ranges from 5Ah to 100Ah

LCD Module: LCD Display is used to display the battery voltage and system status. In this project a 4-bit
LCD is used to save the microcontroller port pins. In 4-bit mode LCD is interfaced to the microcontroller by
using 7 pins.

Circuit Working of Solar Charge Controller

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Working of Solar Power Charge Controller

Microcontroller is powered up with 5V regulated DC supply from the battery. Ones the microcontroller
is powered ON, it continuously monitors the battery voltage with the help of ADC. A potential divider
connected at the pin 2 of the ADC with resistor arrangement, scale down the voltage from 0V-20V to
0V-05V. Then these values are accordingly displayed on LCD display.
This circuit is implemented with a parallel regulation technique which allows the charging current to
ow into the battery and once the battery is fully charged it stops charging. By making this charging
as pulsed, wasting of current as heat is reduced to keep the battery topped-up.
Microcontroller continuously gets the input signals from dusk to dawn sensor and based on this input,
it switches the load or charging relay. When this sensor gives the input to microcontroller upon solar
voltage presence, then microcontroller drives the LCD to display the message as charging. Once
battery is fully charged (reaches to 14V), then microcontroller interrupts the charging by energizing
the relay through the MOSFET. At this time, microcontroller starts 5 minute timer and displays the
message as Battery Full.
After the timer elapsed, the relay reconnects the battery to solar panel. By this way solar charging
current is pulsed as long as the solar voltage is present.
Whenever the solar panel voltage falls below the zener diode voltage of the dusk-to-dawn sensor, then
microcontroller receives it and activates the load through MOSFET and accordingly displays the
message as Load ON. Similarly, when the voltage falls below the 10V of the dusk-to-dawn sensor then
microcontroller turns OFF the load through this MOSFET.

By this way solar charging system charges the battery as well as protects the battery and loads from over
and under voltages. Hope this article gives a brief about the advanced solar charge controller circuit using
microcontroller. For more information regarding the solar charger controllers and their detailed working you
can contact us by posting your queries in the comments section below.
Photo Credits:
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Solar Power Charge Controller Circuit solar-power-answers

Solar Charge
OTHERS BUYController
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Working of Solar Charge Controller Circuit aliimg

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About Tarun Agarwal

Tarun Agarwal is the Chief Customer Support Ocer at Edgefx Technologies Pvt
Ltd. He has 8 years of experience in Customer Support, Operations and
Administration.

Comments

naveen says
December 19, 2014 at 11:21 am

sir will you please send me the program for this project.
my mail id is 290naveen295@gmail.com

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

December 20, 2014 at 12:02 pm

Hi Naveen,
 Please check the user friendly website http://www.edgefxkits.com to see if anything nearer
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to your requirement can be met.

Raji (Mobile:
OTHERS +91 9959178000)
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