Sei sulla pagina 1di 29

Introduction to

Artificial Lift Systems

Objectives

Present AL Statistics
Provide summary of how each lift
method works and key components
Advantages and disadvantages of each
method
How determine lift efficiency
Process for lift method selection /
elimination
Selection exercise

1
Major Forms of Artificial Lift (AL)

6Section Courtesy: Weatherford


AL Distribution: North America

2
AL Distribution: World Wide

14%

832000 Wells
7%

Sucker Rod / Beam


Gas Lift
8%
All others
ESP

71%

AL Statistics
Approximately 2 Million Oil Wells In The
World
About 1 Million Wells Utilize Artificial Lift
Roughly 750,000 of these wells use sucker rod
pumps
Gas lifted wells produce more oil than nay other
method
More $ are spent on ESPs worlwide than any other
method
PCPs are fastest developing / evolving lift method
U.S. beam lift systems lift about 350,000
wells. About 80 percent of U.S. oil wells are
stripper wells, making less than 10 bpd

Reciprocating Rod
Pump or Beam Pump
Overview

Tower Long Stroke Units

4
Hydraulically Powered Surface Units

Different Geometry Units

10

5
More Common Units

Air Balance
Unit Conventional Unit
Mark

11

Beam System Advantages


High System Efficiency
Optimization Controls Available
Economical to Repair and Service
Sucker Rod
Positive Displacement/Strong
Tubing Anchor/
Catcher Drawdown
Upgraded Materials Reduce
Sucker Rod
Pump Corrosion Concerns
Assembly
Flexibility - Adjust Production
Through Stroke Length and Speed
High Salvage Value for Surface &
Downhole Equipment

12

6
Beam System Disadvantages
Potential for Tubing and Rod Wear
Gas-Oil Ratios
Most Systems Limited to Ability of
Rods to Handle Loads - Volume
Sucker Rod
Tubing Anchor/
Catcher
Decreases As Depth Increases
Environmental and Aesthetic
Sucker Rod
Pump
Concerns
Assembly

13

Beam System Application Considerations

Typical Range Maximum*


Operating
Depth 100 - 11,000 TVD 16,000 TVD
Operating
Volume 5 - 1500 BPD 5000 BPD
Operating
Temperature 100 - 350 F 550 F
Sucker Rod
Wellbore 0 - 20 Landed 0 - 90 Landed
Tubing Anchor/
Deviation Pump Pump -
Catcher
<15/100
Build Angle
Sucker Rod Corrosion Handling Good to Excellent
Pump
Assembly
w/ Upgraded Materials
Gas Handling Fair to Good
Solids Handling Fair to Good
Fluid Gravity >8 API
Servicing Workover or Pulling Rig
Prime Mover Type Gas or Electric
*Special Offshore Application Limited
Analysis
Required System Efficiency 45%-60%

14

Progressing Cavity
Pumps (PCP)

PCP Components

16

8
PCP Advantages
Low Capital Cost
Vertical
Low Surface Profile for Visual and
Electric
Wellhead Height Sensitive Areas
Drive

High System Efficiency


Casing Simple Installation, Quiet Operation
Pumps Oils and Waters with Solids
Production Tubing

Sucker Rod
Low Power Consumption
Portable Surface Equipment
Sucker Rod Coupling

Tubing Collar Low Maintenance Costs


Stator
Rotor Use In Horizontal/Directional Wells

Tubing Collar

Tag Bar Sub

17

PCP Disadvantages
Limited Depth Capability
Vertical
Temperature
Electric
Wellhead
Drive
Sensitivity to Produced Fluids
Low Volumetric Efficiencies in
Casing High-Gas Environments
Potential for Tubing and Rod
Production Tubing
Coupling Wear
Sucker Rod
Requires Constant Fluid Level
Sucker Rod Coupling

Tubing Collar
above Pump
Stator
Rotor

Tubing Collar

Tag Bar Sub

18

9
PCP System Application Considerations

Typical Range Maximum*


Vertical Operating
Electric Wellhead Depth 2,000 --4,500 TVD 6,000 TVD
Drive
Operating
Volume 5 - 2,200 BPD 4,500 BPD
Operating
Casing Temperature 75 -150 F 250 F
Wellbore N/A 0 - 90 Landed
Deviation Pump -
Production Tubing
<15/100
Build Angle
Sucker Rod Corrosion Handling Fair
Gas Handling Good
Sucker Rod Coupling
Solids Handling Excellent
Tubing Collar

Stator
Fluid Gravity <35 API
Rotor
Servicing Workover or Pulling Rig
*Special Prime Mover Type Gas or Electric
Analysis
Required Offshore Application Good (ES/PCP)
Tubing Collar System Efficiency 40%-70%

Tag Bar Sub


19

Gas Lift

10
Gaslift Rotative System

21

Gaslift Advantages
High Degree of Flexibility and
Injection Design Rates
Gas In Produced
Hydrocarbons
Out
Wireline Retrievable
Handles Sandy Conditions Well
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Allows For Full Bore Tubing Drift
Side Pocket
Gas Lift Valve
Surface Wellhead Equipment
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Requires Minimal Space
Multi-Well Production From
Side Pocket
Mandrel with Single Compressor
Gas Lift Valve

Completion
Multiple or Slimhole Completion
Fluid
Single
Production
Packer

22

11
Gaslift Disadvantages
Needs High-Pressure Gas Well or
Injection Compressor
Gas In Produced
Hydrocarbons
Out
One Well Leases May Be
Uneconomical
Side Pocket Fluid Viscosity
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve Bottomhole Pressure
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
High Back-Pressure

Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve

Completion
Fluid
Single
Production
Packer

23

Gaslift Application Considerations

Typical Range Maximum*


Injection
Gas In Operating
Produced
Hydrocarbons
Depth 5,000 -10,000 TVD 15,000 TVD
Out Operating
Volume 100 - 10,000 BPD 30,000 BPD
Operating
Side Pocket Temperature 100 - 250 F 400 F
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Wellbore 0- 50 70
Deviation Short to
Side Pocket Medium
Mandrel with Radius
Gas Lift Valve
Corrosion Handling Good to Excellent with
Upgraded Materials
Side Pocket
Gas Handling Excellent
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve Solids Handling Good
Fluid Gravity Best in >15 API
Completion
Fluid Servicing Wireline or Workover Rig
Single
Production *Special Prime Mover Type Compressor
Packer Analysis
Required Offshore Application Excellent
System Efficiency 10% - 30%

24

12

Plunger: Low Rate and


Gas Wells

Plunger Lift Advantages


Lubricator Requires No Outside Energy Source
Solar Panel
Catcher
- Uses Wells Energy to Lift
Controller Orifice Control

Motor Valve
Valves
Dewatering Gas Wells
Rig Not Required for Installation
Dual T Pad
Plunger
Easy Maintenance
Keeps Well Cleaned of Paraffin
Deposits
Bumper
Spring
Low Cost Artificial Lift Method
Handles Gassy Wells
Good in Deviated Wells
Can Produce Well to Depletion

26

13
Plunger Lift Disadvantages
Lubricator Specific GLRs to Drive System
Catcher
Solar Panel
Orifice
Low Volume Potential (200 BPD)
Controller Control
Motor Valve Valves
Solids
Requires Surveillance to Optimize
Dual T Pad
Plunger

Bumper
Spring

27

Plunger Lift Application Considerations


Lubricator
Catcher Typical Range Maximum*
Solar Panel
Orifice Control Operating
Controller
Valves Depth 8,000 TVD 19,000 TVD
Motor Valve Operating
Volume 1-5 BPD 200 BPD
Operating
Dual T Pad Temperature 120 F 500 F
Plunger
Wellbore N/A 80
Deviation

Corrosion Handling Excellent

Bumper Gas Handling Excellent


Spring
Solids Handling Poor to Fair
GLR Required 300 SCF/BBL/1000 Depth

Servicing Wellhead Catcher or Wireline

*Special Prime Mover Type Wells Natural Energy


Analysis
Required Offshore Application N/A at this time

System Efficiency N/A

28

14

Hydraulic Pumping
Systems

Unidraulic Hydraulic System

Wellhead & Flowline


Oilmaster
Four-Way
Valve Triplex Suction
High Pressure
Power Fluid
Kobe/Oilmaster
Bottomhole Cleaner Feed
Assembly Cleaner
Underflow
Kobe/Oilmaster Produced Fluid
Piston or Jet (from well)
Free Pump
Flowline

30

15
Hydraulic Piston Lift System Advantages
Often Free or Wireline
Surface Power Retrievable
Fluid Package
Positive Displacement - Strong
Drawdown
Production
Casing Double-Acting High-Volumetric
Efficiency
High Pressure
Packer Nose
Power Fluid Good Depth/Volume Capability -
Bottom Hole
Assembly
+15,000 ft.
Piston or Jet
Deviated Wells
Free Pump
Multi-Well Production From Single
Standing Valve
Surface Package
Horsepower Efficiency

31

Hydraulic Piston Lift System Diasadvantages


Solids
Surface Power
Fluid Package
Requires Specific Bottom Hole
Assemblies
Production
Medium Volume Potential
Casing
(50 - 1000 BPD)
Require Service Facilities
High Pressure
Packer Nose
Power Fluid
Free Gas
Bottom Hole
Assembly
Requires High-Pressure
Piston or Jet
Free Pump
Surface Line

Standing Valve

32

16
Hydraulic Piston Application Considerations

Typical Range Maximum*


Operating
Surface Power Depth 7,500 - 10,000 TVD 17,000 TVD
Fluid Package
Operating
Volume 50 - 500 BPD 4,000 BPD
Production
Operating
Casing Temperature 100 - 250 F 500 F
Wellbore 0 - 20 0 - 90 Pump
Deviation Landed Pump Placement -
High Pressure
Packer Nose <15/100
Power Fluid
Build Angle
Bottom Hole
Corrosion Handling Good
Assembly
Gas Handling Fair
Piston or Jet Solids Handling Poor
Free Pump
Fluid Gravity >8 API
Servicing Hydraulic or Wireline
Standing Valve
Prime Mover Type Multi-Cylinder or Electric
*Special Offshore Application Good
Analysis
Required System Efficiency 40%-50%

33

Hydraulic Jet Lift System Advantages


No Moving Parts
Surface Power
Fluid Package
High Volume Capability
Free Pump
Production Deviated Wells
Casing
Multi-Well Production from Single
High Pressure
Surface Package
Packer Nose
Power Fluid
Bottom Hole
Low Pump Maintenance
Assembly

Piston or Jet
Free Pump

Standing Valve

34

17
Hydraulic Jet Lift System Disadvantages
Producing Rate Relative to
Surface Power Bottomhole Pressure
Fluid Package
Some Require Specific Bottomhole
Assemblies
Production
Casing
Lower Horsepower Efficiency
High-Pressure Surface Line
High Pressure
Packer Nose
Power Fluid Requirements
Bottom Hole
Assembly

Piston or Jet
Free Pump

Standing Valve

35

Hydraulic Jet Lift Application Considerations

Typical Range Maximum*


Operating
Surface Power Depth 5,000 - 10,000 TVD 15,000 TVD
Fluid Package
Operating
Volume 300 - 1,000 BPD >15,000 BPD
Production Operating
Casing Temperature 100 - 250 F 500 F
Wellbore 0 - 20 0 - 90 Pump
Deviation Hole Angle Placement -
Packer Nose
High Pressure <24/100
Power Fluid
Build Angle
Bottom Hole Corrosion Handling Excellent
Assembly
Gas Handling Good
Piston or Jet Solids Handling Good
Free Pump
Fluid Gravity >8 API
Servicing Hydraulic or Wireline
Standing Valve Prime Mover Type Multi-Cylinder or Electric
*Special Offshore Application Excellent
Analysis
Required System Efficiency 10%-30%

36

18

Electric Submersible
Pumps
(ESP)

Typical ESP System

38

19
ESP System Advantages
Motor
Control
High Volume and Depth Capability
Vent
Box High Efficiency Over 1,000 BPD
Produced
Hydrocarbons Out Low Maintenance
Productio
n
Tubing
Minor Surface Equipment Needs
Pump
Good in Deviated Wells
Adaptable to All Wells With 4-1/2
Flat
Cable Casing and Larger
Extensio
Seal
n Section
Use for Well Testing

Motor

39

ESP System Disadvantages


Motor
Control
Available Electric Power
Vent Box
Limited Adaptability to Major
Produced
Hydrocarbons Out
Changes in Reservoir
Productio
n Difficult to Repair In the Field
Tubing

Pump
Free Gas and/or Abrasives
High Viscosity
Flat Cable
Extension Higher Pulling Costs
Seal
Section

Motor

40

20
ESP Application Considerations

Typical Range Maximum*


Operating
Motor Control Depth 1,000 - 10,000 TVD 15,000 TVD
Vent Box Operating
Produced
Volume 200 - 20,000 BPD 30,000 BPD
Hydrocarbons Out Operating
Temperature 100 - 275 F 400 F
Production
Tubing
Wellbore 10 0 - 90 Pump
Deviation Placement -
<10 Build
Pump
Angle
Corrosion Handling Good
Flat Cable
Extension Gas Handling Poor to Fair
Seal Section
Solids Handling Poor to Fair
Fluid Gravity >10 API
Servicing Workover or Pulling Rig
Prime Mover Type Electric Motor
Motor
*Special Offshore Application Excellent
Analysis
Required System Efficiency 35%-60%

41

Summary: AL Characteristics

42

21

Lift Method
Efficiency

Lift Method Efficiency


The efficiency of the
system is the result of
multiplying the
efficiencies of
individual components

system = txfr vsd cable motor prot pump

44

22
Lift Method Efficiency
Unit
unit
Motor
motor

Stuffing
box stuff

Rods rods

system = motor unit rods stuff THP pump

Bomba pump

45

Lift Method Efficiency


What do you think may be the cause of
losses in other lift methods
PCP
Jet pump
Gaslift
Guess the order of efficiency for AL
methods

46

23
Lift Method Efficiency
Ultimately the efficiency
of the system is: Energy Out
system =
Energy In

Hydraulic HP Hydraulic HP Out Q Lift s . g


system = Out
=
HP In kWIn / 0.746 HPIn

1 HP = 550 ft.lb/sec
How do we takes care of
units to convert BPD x Lift
x s.g to HP?

BPD Lift s . g
HP =
135730

47

Lift Method Efficiency


The efficiency for a
Q(bpd) Lift(ft) s . g .
system can be system =
135730 HP In
determined using the
following formulas Q(bpd) Lift(ft) s . g .
(depending on data system =
kW
available). 135730
0.746

Q(bpd) Lift (ft) s . g.


system =
181944 kW

48

24
Lift Method Efficiency
Statistics on lift method
efficiency vary
It depends on source
And what they want to
justify
Typical figures. AL Typical
Method Efficiency (%)
PCP 60 - 75
Rod Pump 45 - 60
ESP 35 - 40
Gas Lift 5 30
Jet Pump 10 - 25

49

Lift Method
Selection

25
AL Lift/Rate Capabilities ( Approximate )

2. Elimination Process

35,00
0

High Volume 30,000

ESP Gas Lift

Hydraulic Jet 25,00


0

Pumps, Electric 20,000

Submersible
Barrels per Day

Pumping and
15,000
Hydraulic
Jet Pump
Gas Lift 10,000

5,000

13,000

14,000

16,000
12,000

15,000
4,000

5,000

6,000

8,000
1,000

2,000

3,000

7,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

Lift Depth
51

AL Lift/Rate Capabilities ( Approximate )


2. Elimination Process

4,500

Lower Volume 4,000

3,500
Reciprocating
3,000
Hydraulic
2,500
Pumps,
Barrels per Day

PC Pumps, 2,000
Recip. Hydraulic

Rod Pumps & 1,500


Recip. Rod
Plunger Lift 1,000
PC
Pump

50 Pumps
0 Plunger Lift
14,000

16,000
2,000

7,000
3,000

10,000

15,000
11,000
1,000

13,000
9,000
4,000

5,000

6,000

8,000

12,000

Lift Depth

52

26
AL Depth/Rate Capabilities ( Approximate) SI

Lower Rate Applications


700.0
Recip. Hydraulic
650.0
600.0
550.0
PCPumps
500.0
450.0
400.0
Recip Rod Pumps
m /D

350.0
3

300.0
250.0
200.0
Plunger Lift
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
Depth, m

53

Depth/Rate Capabilities ( Approximate) SI

Hi-Volume Selection of Lift


6000.0
5500.0
5000.0
4500.0
4000.0
Gas Lift
3500.0 ESP
m /D

3000.0
3

2500.0
2000.0
1500.0
1000.0 Jet Pump
500.0
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Depth, m

54

27
Summary

Information has been presented on the major methods


of AL.

Already enough information has been presented that


would allow you to rule out certain methods of lift for
particular applications.

Later sections describe the various systems in detail,


discuss operational considerations, discuss design and
analysis and other details of each system.

55

Select Best AL System for Conditions

1- Depth: 3000 ft 4- Depth: 3000 ft


Some sand present: No sand present:
Some viscosity:
Production: 800 bpd 5- Production: 3000 bpd
Depth: 13000 ft
2- Depth: 7000 ft No sand present
No sand present
Production: 500 bpd 6- Production: 30,000
Oil and Water bpd

3- Depth: 12000 ft
Little sand present
Production: 50 bpd

56

28
Select Best AL System for Conditions

1-Profundidad: 3000 ft - ~ 3-Profundidad: 12000 ft- ~ 3657 m


914 m No arena presente
Arena presente Caudal deseado: 50 bpd (8
Crudo poco viscoso m3/dia)
Caudal deseado: 800 bpd
(127 m3/dia) 4-Profundidad: 12000 ft - ~ 914 m
No arena presente
2-Profundidad: 7000 ft - ~ Caudal deseado: 3000 bpd (477
2133 m m3/dia)
No arena existente
Caudal deseado: 500 bpd 5-Profundidad: 13000 ft- ~ 3962 m
(80 m3/dia) Petrleo & No arena presente
agua Caudal deseado: 30,000 bpd
(4769 m3/dia)

57

29

Potrebbero piacerti anche