3.3. Bonding II HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Bonding II

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Bonding II
The following National Science Education Life Science Content Standards

specifically relate to this study guide:
BONDING Ii
The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an

element as atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing the
outermost electrons.
Atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids, and
compounds are formed from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds
of atoms.
The physical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure
and the interactions among these molecules.
The number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is electrically
neutral or an ion.
Table of Contents
Atomic Orbitals ................................................................................................................ 2

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures.......................................................................... 6
Molecular Shape ............................................................................................................. 9
VSEPR Theory .............................................................................................................. 10
Hybrid Orbital Basics ..................................................................................................... 13
Hybrid Orbital Shapes ................................................................................................... 15
Hybrid Orbital Bonds ..................................................................................................... 17
Polarity .......................................................................................................................... 20
Intermolecular Forces.................................................................................................... 22
Large Molecules and Conclusion .................................................................................. 26
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding II
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Atomic Orbitals
Atomic Orbitals
Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding II
View scenes 1 5 and complete the exercise below.
Learn the shapes of electron orbitals and molecules.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. Molecules in 3D: this graphic shows molecules interacting with each other. Explain
the concepts of molecular structure and shape. Provide examples of physical
properties affected by molecular
interaction.
Scene 2
2. Orbital Shapes: this graphic shows the shapes of s and p orbitals. Explain electron
energy levels and orbitals in general, and the s and p orbitals specifically.

Scenes 3 4
3. Orbital Diagram: this graphic shows the orbital diagram for oxygen, as well as the
higher energy shells that are used by elements heavier than oxygen. It also shows
how the diagram corresponds to a model of oxygens electronic structure. Explain
the assignment of electrons in an orbital diagram by energy shell and orbital, using
the ground state of oxygen as an example.

Scene 5
4. Which electrons participate in forming bonds between atoms? Explain the concept
of valence, using oxygen as an example.

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures
Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

View scenes 6 - 12 and complete the exercise below.
Learn how Lewis structures represent covalent bonds.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 6
1. New Orbital: this graphic shows two separate atoms
on the top and two bonded atoms beneath. Explain
the formation of a covalent bond between two
atoms.
Scenes 7 8
2. Lewis Atoms: this graphic shows the Lewis diagrams for three different elements,
and how the orbital diagram for carbon corresponds to its Lewis diagram. Explain
Lewis diagrams and how to make them, using specific examples.

Scenes 9 10
3. Lewis Octet: this graphic shows
the Lewis structure for the diatomic
chlorine gas molecule, Cl2.
Describe how this example
demonstrates the octet rule. What
is a lone pair? What element is true
to the spirit of the octet rule, but not
to the number?
Scene 11
4. Octets for All: this graphic shows one chlorine atom bonded with carbon and three
more about to bond, which will result in a molecule of carbon tetrachloride. Explain
the naming convention for the CCl4 molecule and how its bonding pattern is true to
the octet rule.

Scene 12
5. Multiple Bonds: this graphic shows various bond
types formed with the versatile element, carbon.
Describe these bonding types, how they are noted
in a Lewis structure, and how they observe the
octet rule.
Bonding II
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding II
Complete Interactive Lesson # 4.
Practice creating Lewis diagrams.
Interactive
Lesson

Molecular Shape
Molecular Shape
Examine the basic shapes of small molecules.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 13
1. 3D Shapes: this graphic compares a Lewis structure of
ammonia with a 3D ball and stick model of the ammonia
molecule. What does a Lewis structure show well and what is
its main limitation? Use ammonia as an example.
Scenes 14 15
2. Complete the following table of common small molecule shapes
Molecule Shape Description and bonding angle

VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
Learn about Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 16
1. Mutual Repulsion: this graphic shows how pair bonds in linear,
trigonal planar and tetrahedral molecules arrange
themselves as far apart as possible. Explain how VSEPR
accounts for this, using the examples in the graphic.
Scenes 17 19
2. Extra Push: this graphic shows how
lone pairs affect molecular shape.
Explain this principle.

Scene 20
3. Atoms Only: this picture shows the
difference between the geometry of
electron pairs and the geometry of
bonded atoms. Explain this difference,
using examples.
Scene 21
4. Shaping a Molecule: this scene shows the information needed for determining the
molecular shape of phosphorus trichloride. Describe the analysis.

Scenes 22 23
5. Multiple Bonds: this graphic shows the derivation of molecular shapes for two
molecules containing multiple bonds. How does VSEPR theory handle multiple
bonds? Explain with examples.
Bonding II
Complete Interactive Lesson # 2 and 9.
A review of molecular shape, and how Lewis dot structure influences
Interactive
molecular shape.
Lesson

Hybrid Orbital Basics
Hybrid Orbital Basics

Learn how electron orbitals combine to form hybrid shapes.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 24 26
1. Speculating about Bonds: this graphic shows two hypotheses for how hydrogen
atoms form bonds with carbon in the methane molecule. Explain these mistaken
ideas and tell why they are both wrong. How does carbon obtain four bonding
electrons when only two in the valence shell are unpaired?

Scene 27
2. New Shape: this graphic shows the shape
of a hybrid orbital formed from s and p
orbitals. Explain this shape and how it is
customarily represented.
Scene 28
3. Hybrid Breeding: this picture shows how s and p orbitals hybridize. Explain the
process.

Hybrid Orbital Shapes
Hybrid Orbital Shapes

Examine hybridization and molecular shape.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 29
1. Hybridizing for Methane: this graphic shows the construction of an orbital diagram
for hybridized carbon in a methane molecule. Describe sp3 hybridization.
Scene 30
2. Hybridizing for Water: this graphic shows the hybridization of the oxygen valence
shell in the formation of water. How can sp3 hybridization create lone pairs?

Scene 31
3. Partial Hybridization: this graphic shows the partial hybridization of carbon in the
formation of formaldehyde. Explain the process of sp2 hybridization.
Scene 32
4. One on One: this graphic shows the hybridization of just one s and one p orbital.
Explain the process of sp hybridization.

Hybrid Orbital Bonds
Hybrid Orbital Bonds

Examine the different kinds of bonds formed by hybrid orbitals.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 33
1. Sigma Bonds: this graphic shows
sigma bond formation and rotation.
List the key facts about bonds.
Scene 34
2. Pi Bonds in sp2 Atoms: this sequence shows
Pi bond formation. Describe the process,
using an example.

Scene 35
3. Pi Bonds in sp Atoms: this sequence shows the formation of the triple bond
between two hybridized carbons in acetylene. Explain the process, using the
specific example.
Scene 36
4. Compare multiple bonding types by completing the table.
Bond type Relative Relative Sigma and pi Explain the relationship
Strength Length components between strength and length
single bond
double bond
triple bond

Scene 37
5. Rigid Pi: this graphic shows that pi bonds make multiple bonds non-rotational.
Using the illustrated example, explain why this is so. What are the chemical
consequences of non-rotation?
Bonding II
Complete Interactive Lessons # 5 - 7.
A review of how Lewis structures influence molecular shapes.
Interactive
Lesson

Polarity
Polarity
Learn how polarity in a molecule affects its shape.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 38 39
1. Poles Apart: this illustration shows how electronegativity differences in a molecule
affect charge distribution. Using an example, explain polarity and electronegativity.
Scene 40
2. Adding up Polarity: this graphic shows how polarity is determined for molecules
with more than two atoms. Use the example to explain the process.

Scene 41
3. Polarity Cancellation: this graphic shows a non polar molecule that contains polar
bonds. Describe the example.
Scene 42
4. Polar Water: this graphic shows the derivation of polarity in a water molecule.
Describe the example. What simple experiment confirms waters polarity?
Scene 43
5. Polarity and Symmetry: this graphic shows the
cumulative polarity in the tetrahedral molecule,
methane. Describe the example. What generalization
can you make about polarity and molecular symmetry?
Bonding II
Complete Interactive Lessons # 1 and 3.
A review of electronegativity, and the effects of polarity on shape.
Interactive Lesson

Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
Examine intermolecular forces.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 44
1, Forces within Water: these pictures illustrate the three physical states of water.
Describe in general how forces between molecules account for the physical
properties in a solid, a liquid, and a gas. Use water as a specific example.
Scene 45
2. Intermolecular Forces: Dutch chemist Johannes van der Waals categorized the
intermolecular forces. How are intermolecular forces distinguished from
intramolecular forces? What are the three
principle types of intermolecular forces?

Scenes 46 47
3. London Forces: this illustration symbolizes the ideas underlying the findings of
German physicist Fritz London. London answered the question, how do
intermolecular attractions hold liquids together? Describe London dispersion,
referring to the illustration.
Scene 48
4. Size Matters: these charts show how different sized molecules have different liquid
properties. Explain this fact, referring to the charts.

Scenes 49 50
5. Dipole Interactions: this graphic compares a molecule with a permanent dipole to
a molecule having no polarity. Describe the geometry, strength and effect of
dipole-dipole forces in permanent polar molecules, referring to the illustrated
example.

Scenes 51 52
6. Hydrogen Bonding: this graphic shows the effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling
point, and the types of covalent polar bonds that permit hydrogen bonding.
Describe hydrogen bonding.
Bonding II
Complete Interactive Lessons # 8.
Review intermolecular forces.
Interactive
Lesson

Large Molecules and Conclusion
Large Molecules and Conclusion

Learn how the shapes of simple molecules can account for large
Multimedia molecular shapes.
Presentation
Scene 53
7. Building Blocks: this illustration shows a large molecular shape broken down into
subunits. Describe this concept.
Scene 54
8. Why do chemists seek to understand molecular bonding?
Comprehensive Exam: Bonding II

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

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CyberEd Study Guide

The following National Science Education Life Science Content Standards

The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an

Atomic Orbitals ................................................................................................................ 2

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

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Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

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Hybrid Orbital Basics

Hybrid Orbital Basics

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Hybrid Orbital Shapes

Hybrid Orbital Shapes

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Hybrid Orbital Bonds

Hybrid Orbital Bonds

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Large Molecules and Conclusion

Large Molecules and Conclusion

Comprehensive Exam: Bonding II

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