VII-210 SCOPE
TheIQI
Metallic castings, due to their inherent complex
configurations, present examination conditions
that are unique
to this product form.
Radiographic examination may be performed on
castings when the modified provisions to Article
2,asindicated herein, are satisfied.
VII-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
VII-224 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION
A system shall be used to produce permanent
identification on the radiograph traceable to the
contract, component, or part numbers, as
appropriate. In addition,
each film of a casting being radiographed shall be
plainly
and permanently identified with the name or
symbol of
the Material Manufacturer, Certificate Holder, or
Subcontractor, job or heat number, date, and, if
applicable, repairs (R1, R2, etc.). This
identification system does not
necessarily require that the information appear
as radiographic images. In any case, this
information shall not obscure the area of interest.
VII-270 EXAMINATION
VII-271 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
VII-271.2 Double-Wall Viewing Technique.A
double-wall viewing technique may be used for
cylindrical castings 3
1 viewing.
/2in. (88 mm) or less in O.D. or when the
shape of a casting precludes single-wall viewing.
VII-276 IQI SELECTION
VII-276.3 Additional IQI Selection Requirements.
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the
single-wall
thickness.
(a) Casting Areas Prior to Finish Machining.
shall be based on a thickness that does not
exceed the finished thickness by more than 20%
or
1
/4in. (6 mm),
whichever is greater. In no case shall an IQI size
be based
on a thickness greater than the thickness being
radiographed.
(b) Casting Areas That Will Remain in the As-Cast
Condition. The IQI shall be based on the thickness
being
radiographed.
VII-280 EVALUATION
VII-282 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
VII-282.1 Density Limitations.The transmitted film
density through the radiographic image of the
body of
the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the
designated
wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be
1.5
minimum for single film viewing. For composite
viewing
of multiple film exposures, each film of the
composite
set shall have a minimum density of 1.0. The
maximum
density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite
A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for
variations between densitometer readings.
VII-290 DOCUMENTATION
VII-293 LAYOUT DETAILS
8
To assure that all castings are radiographed
consistently in the same manner, layout details
shall be provided. As a minimum, the layout
details shall include:
(a)sketches of the casting, in as many views as
necessary, to show the approximate position of
each location
marker; and
(b)source angles if not perpendicular to the film
15
15
MANDATORY APPENDIX VIII
RADIOGRAPHY USING PHOSPHOR IMAGING
PLATE
VIII-210 SCOPE
This Appendix provides requirements for using
phosphor imaging plate (photostimulable
luminescent phosphor) as an alternative to film
radiography.
Radiography using phosphor imaging plate may
be performed on materials including castings and
weldments
when the modified provisions toArticle 2as
indicated
herein and all other requirements ofArticle 2are
satisfied. The term film,asusedwithinArticle 2,
applicable
to performing radiography in accordance with
this
Appendix, refers to phosphor imaging plate.
ASTM
E2007,Standard Guide for Computed
Radiography,may
be used as a guide for general tutorial
information regarding the fundamental and
physical principles of computed
radiography (CR), including some of the
limitations of the
process.
VIII-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
VIII-221 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS
VIII-221.1 Written Procedure.A written procedure
is
required. In lieu of the requirements ofT-221.1,
each procedure shall include at least the
following information, as
applicable:
(a)material type and thickness range
(b)isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used
(c)minimum source-to-object distance (Din T-
274.1)
(d)distance from source side of object to the
phosphor
imaging plate (din T-274.1)
(e)source size (Fin T-274.1)
(f) phosphor imaging plate manufacturer and
designation
(g)screens used
(h)image scanning and processing equipment
manufacturer and model
VIII-221.2 Procedure
Demonstration.Demonstration of image quality
indicator (IQI) image requirements
of the written procedure on production or
technique
VIII-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
VIII-231 PHOSPHOR IMAGING PLATE
VIII-231.1 Selection.Radiography shall be
performed
using an industrial phosphor imaging plate
capable of demonstrating IQI image
requirements.
VIII-231.2 Processing.The system used for
processing a phosphor imaging plate shall be
capable of acquiring, storing, and displaying the
digital image.
VIII-234 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF
RADIOGRAPHS
Viewing facilities shall provide subdued
background
lighting of an intensity that will not cause
reflections, shadows, or glare on the monitor that
interfere with the interpretation process.
VIII-260 CALIBRATION
VIII-262 DENSITOMETER AND STEP WEDGE
COMPARISON FILM
The requirements ofT-262are not applicable to
phosphor imaging plate radiography.
VIII-270 EXAMINATION
VIII-277 USE OF IQIS TO MONITOR
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
VIII-277.1 Placement of IQIs.
(a) Source-Side IQI(s). When using separate
blocks for
IQI placement as described inT-
277.1(a),thethickness
of the blocks shall be such that the image
brightness at
the body of the IQI is judged to be equal to or
greater than
the image brightness at the area of interest for a
negative
image format. If verified by measurement, pixel
intensity
variations up to 2% are permitted in the
determination of
equal to.This image brightness requirement is
reversed
for a positive image format.
(b)All other requirements ofT-277.1shall apply.
VIII-277.2 Number of IQIs.
(a) Multiple IQIs. An IQI shall be used for each
applicable thickness range inTable T-276spanned
by the
minimum-to-maximum thickness of the area of
interest
to be radiographed
radiographs using phosphor imaging plate shall
be
consideredsatisfactoryevidenceofcompliancewith
that
procedure.
VIII-225 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATIONS
OF RADIOGRAPHS
The requirements ofT-225are not applicable to
phosphor imaging plate radiography
(b)As an alternative to(a)above, a minimum of
two
IQIs representing the minimum and maximum
thicknesses of the area of interest may be used,
provided the
requirements ofVIII-288are met.
(c)All other requirements ofT-277.2shall apply.
(d)Comparators such as digitized film strips, gray
scale
cards, etc., may be used to aid in judging
displayed image
brightness. When comparators are used to judge
areas
within the image, they need not be calibrated.
Pixel intensity values may also be used to
quantify image brightness
comparisons.
VIII-277.3 Shims Under Hole IQIs.For welds with
reinforcement or backing material, a shim of
material radiographically similar to the weld
metal and/or backing
material shall be placed between the part and
the IQIs,
such that the image brightness at the body of the
IQI is
judged to be equal to or greater than the image
brightness
at the area of interest for a negative image
format. If verified by measurement, pixel
intensity variations up to 2%
are permitted in the determination ofequal
to.This image brightness requirement is reversed
for a positive image format.
The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI
dimensions
such that the outline of at least three sides of the
IQI shall
be visible in the radiograph.
VIII-280 EVALUATION
VIII-281 SYSTEM-INDUCED ARTIFACTS
The digital image shall be free of system-induced
artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or
be confused with the image of any discontinuity.
VIII-282 IMAGE BRIGHTNESS
The image brightness through the body of the
hole-type
IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of the
VIII-284 EXCESSIVE BACKSCATTER
For a negative image format, the requirements
ofT-284
shall apply. For a positive image format, if a dark
image of
theB,as described inT-223, appears on a lighter
background of the image, protection from
backscatter is insufficient and the radiographic
image shall be considered
unacceptable. A light image of theBon a darker
background is not cause for rejection.
VIII-287 DIMENSIONAL MEASURING
VIII-287.1 Measuring Scale Comparator.The
measuring scale used for interpretation shall be
capable of
providing dimensions of the projected image. The
measurement scale tool shall be based on one of
the following:
(a)a known dimensional comparator that is
placed on
the cassette prior to exposure
(b)a known dimensional comparator that is
inscribed
on the imaging plate prior to processing
(c)a known comparator scale placed on the
imaging
plate prior to processing
VIII-287.2 Alternative Comparator.As an
alternative
to a measuring scale comparator, a dimensional
calibration of the measuring function based upon
a verifiable
scanned pixel size may be used.
VIII-288 INTERPRETATION
Final radiographic interpretation of the area of
interest
shall be performed within the identified IQI image
contrast and brightness values or, if multiple IQIs
are used,
the overlapping portions of the identified
contrast and
brightness values for the intervening thickness
ranges.
The IQI and the area of interest shall be of the
same image
format (positive or negative). Additionally, where
applicable
wire-type IQI,
shall be judged to be equal to or greater than the
image
brightness in the area of interest for a negative
image format. If verified by measurement, pixel
intensity variations
up to 2% are permitted in the determination
ofequal to.
This image brightness requirement is reversed for
a positive image format. Additionally, the
requirements of
T-282are not applicable to phosphor imaging
plate
radiography.
VIII-283 IQI SENSITIVITY
VIII-283.1 Required Sensitivity.Radiography shall
be performed with a technique of sufficient
sensitivity
to display the designated hole-type IQI image and
the essential hole, or the essential wire of a wire-
type IQI. The
radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying
numbers
and letters. Multiple film technique is not
applicable to
phosphor imaging plate radiography.
VIII-290 DOCUMENTATION
VIII-291 DIGITAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE
DOCUMENTATION DETAILS
The organization shall prepare and document the
radiographic technique details. As a minimum,
the following information shall be provided:
(a)the requirements ofArticle 1, T-190(a)
(b)identification as required by T-224
(c)the dimensional map (if used) of marker
placement
in accordance with T-275.3
(d)number of exposures
(e)X-ray voltage or isotope used
(f) source size (Fin T-274.1)
(g)base material type and thickness, weld
reinforcement thickness, as applicable
(h)source-to-object distance (Din T-274.1)
(a)the contrast and brightness range that
demonstrates the required IQI sensitivity shall be
used for interpretation. When more than one IQI
is used to qualify
multiple thicknesses, the overlapping portions of
each
IQIs determined contrast and brightness range
shall be
considered valid for interpretation of intervening
thicknesses. Pixel intensity values may also be
used to quantify
image brightness comparisons in accordance with
VIII-277.1, VIII-277.3, and VIII-282.
(b)the digital image may be viewed and evaluated
in a
negative or positive image format.
(c)independent areas of interest of the same
image
may be displayed and evaluated in differing image
formats, provided the IQI and the area of interest
are viewed
and evaluated in the same image format
(i) distance from source side of object to storage
phosphor media (din T-274.1)
(j) storage phosphor manufacturer and
designation
(k)image acquisition (digitizing) equipment
manufacturer, model, and serial number
(l) single- or double-wall exposure
(m) single- or double-wall viewing
(n)procedure identification and revision level
(o)imaging software version and revision
(p)numerical values of the final image processing
parameters, i.e., filters, window (contrast), and
level
(brightness) for each view
The technique details may be embedded in the
data file.
When this is performed, ASTM E1475, Standard
Guide for
Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital
Radiological Test Data, may be used as a guide for
establishing
data fields and information content