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Abstract
The reduction of hydration heat and the prediction of temperature history in massive concrete structures have been
very important problems. In this study, a three-dimensional nite element program for thermal analysis of hydration
heat in concrete structures with pipe cooling system was developed. A line element was adopted for modeling of pipe.
Internal ow theory was applied for calculating the temperature variation of cooling water. The predicted results were
compared with the measured data from the spread concrete footing of the SeoHae Bridge in Korea. The predicted results
showed good agreements with the site measured data. 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
0045-7949/01/$ - see front matter 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 4 5 - 7 9 4 9 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 2 8 - 0
164 J.K. Kim et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 163171
Concrete is a heterogeneous material of which com- where u is the velocity of cooling water (cm/s). This
ponents have dierent thermal properties. Therefore, the equation can be applied within the practical range of u,
thermal properties of concrete are aected by various i.e., 20 6 u 6 60 cm/s.
factors, such as types of material used and volume ratios
of aggregate, concrete temperature, water content, po-
rosity, etc. [5,6]. 3. Finite element formulation
respectively, where subscript n represents the normal where C con and C pipe are the matrices for specic heat
direction to the convection area. Csa and Csw are the capacity of concrete and pipe, respectively. K con and
boundary surfaces with ambient atmosphere and cooling K pipe are the matrices for heat conductivity of concrete
water, respectively. ha and hw are the coecients of heat and pipe, K atm and K water are the matrices for heat
convection for atmosphere and cooling water, respec- convection of atmosphere and cooling water. fQhyd g is
tively. Ta and Tw are the temperatures of atmosphere and the heat ux vector for internal hydration heat. fQatm g
cooling water, respectively. Ts;a and Ts;w are the concrete and fQwater g are the heat ux vectors for heat convection
temperatures on convection boundary surface of atmo- of atmosphere and cooling water. [N] is the matrix for
sphere and cooling water, respectively. shape function and [B] is the matrix for derivative of the
The constant temperature condition is expressed as shape function with respect to natural coordinates. cc
and cp are the coecients of specic heat for concrete
T TA xi ;t; xi 2 CA ; 7
and pipe. qc andqp are the weights of unit volume for
where TA is the prescribed temperature value, xi is a concrete and pipe. kc and kp are the coecients of heat
specied point applied on a prescribed temperature at an conductivity for concrete and pipe. ha and hw are the
arbitrary time t. coecients of heat convection for atmosphere and
cooling water. qB is the internal hydration heat of unit
3.3. Finite element formulation of heat transfer volume for concrete. Ta and Tw are the temperatures of
atmosphere and cooling water.
By using the variation formulation, the equilibrium
equation of heat transfer in Eq. (4) can be transformed
into the following matrix form 3.4. Connection method of two elements
CfT_ g KfT g fQg; 8 The eight-node isoparametric solid element and the
two-node isoparametric line element were used for
where [C] is the matrix for specic heat capacity, [K] is modeling concrete and pipe, respectively, as shown in
the matrix for heat conductivity, and {Q} is the total Fig. 1.
heat ux vector for internal hydration heat and heat As two dierent elements were used for concrete and
convection. pipe, it was necessary to combine these two elements for
The matrices of [C] and [K], and vector fQg shown in the application of Eq. (8). The two nodes of a line ele-
Eq. (8) are ment should be identical with any two nodes of eight-
C C con C pipe ; node solid element as shown in Fig. 1(c). Therefore, a
line element is located at an edge of or run across a solid
K K con K pipe K atm K water ; 9 element.
hyd atm water
fQg fQ g fQ g fQ g:
ZV
K BT kc B dV ;
con
ZV
K BT kp B dV
pipe
ZV
K Ns T ha Ns dS;
atm
ZS
K water Ns T hw Ns dS;
ZS
fQhyd g NT qB dV ;
ZV
fQ g Ns T ha Ta dS;
atm
ZS
fQ water
g Ns T hw Tw dS;
S Fig. 1. Connection methods of two elements.
166 J.K. Kim et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 163171
where C1 Qw qw cw , C2 hw pDl=2.
Fig. 2. Analytical procedure of internal ow. Fig. 3. Concept diagram of energy conservation principle.
J.K. Kim et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 163171 167
numbers of solid and line element of this nite element Fig. 7. Adiabatic temperature rise curve.
meshes were 32,688 and 428, respectively, and the total
number of nodes was 38,067.
The measured temperatures were compared with the
predicted results at section A. As shown in Fig. 6, the analysis, i.e., the inlet temperature of cooling water was
locations of temperature sensors were not exactly in 25C, and the volume of cooling water was 1.08 m3 /h
accordance with node points except point d. The initial which corresponded to the velocity of cooling water of
temperature of placed concrete was 31C, and the tem- 60 cm/s.
peratures at upper and lower plane of rock were
assumed to be 32C and 28C, respectively. The tem-
5.3. Comparison between measured and analyzed results
perature distribution of rock was also assumed to vary
linearly with depth.
The temperature histories of concrete at section A
due to the hydration heat are presented in Fig. 8(a)(d).
5.2. Properties of material The gures show that the temperature of concrete with
pipe cooling decreases more rapidly than without pipe
The adiabatic temperature rise curve of the concrete cooling. This trend is much more apparent at point
obtained with the calorimeter equipment is shown in b which is a close location to cooling pipe. The reduc-
Fig. 7. The maximum temperature K was 47.0C , the tion of concrete temperature is larger at points b and d
reaction rate
a was 1.3, and the delayed time was 0.1 than at points a and c due to these points near proximity
day. to the cooling pipe. The reduction of concrete temper-
Table 1 gives the thermal properties of rock, placed ature at points a and c is mainly attributed to the at-
concrete, and pipe. In order to investigate the eect of mosphere convection and heat dispersion to rock,
cooling pipe, thermal properties of coolant, as given in respectively.
Table 2, were used. During the pipe cooling, the inlet The temperature of point a adjacent to atmosphere is
temperatures were in the range 2128C, whereas the highest at 24th hour, and the temperature histories of
volumes of cooling water varied in the range 0.91.2 m3 / numerical and measured results in Fig. 8(a) have similar
h. Thus, the mean values were used in this numerical trends.
Table 1
Thermal properties of materials
Thermal conductivity Specic heat (kcal/ Density (kg/m3 ) Atmosphere convec-
(kcal/m h C) kg C) tivity (kcal/m2 h C)
Rock 1.9 0.22 2500 9.0
Placing concrete 2.5 0.27 2350 9.0
Pipe 60.0 0.16 7800
Cement content 363 kg/m3 ; 28 day cylinder strength 248 kg/cm2 and water:cement:sand:gravel ratio 0.52:1:2.03:2.73 by weight.
J.K. Kim et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 163171 169
References