Goldbergpolyhedron

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AGoldbergpolyhedronisaconvexpolyhedronmadefromhexagonsandpentagons.
TheywerefirstdescribedbyMichaelGoldberg(19021990)in1937.Theyaredefinedby IcosahedralGoldbergpolyhedrawithpentagonsinred
threeproperties:eachfaceiseitherapentagonorhexagon,exactlythreefacesmeetateach
vertex,theyhaverotationalicosahedralsymmetry.Theyarenotnecessarilymirror
symmetrice.g.G(5,3)andG(3,5)areenantiomorphsofeachother.Aconsequenceof
Euler'spolyhedronformulaisthattherewillbeexactlytwelvepentagons.

Icosahedralsymmetryensuresthatthepentagonsarealwaysregular,althoughmanyofthe
hexagonsmaynotbe.Typicallyalloftheverticeslieonasphere.

Itisadualpolyhedronofageodesicsphere,withalltrianglefacesand6trianglesper
vertex,exceptfor12verticeswith5triangles.
G(1,4) G(4,4)
SimpleexamplesofGoldbergpolyhedraincludethedodecahedronandtruncated
icosahedron.Otherformscanbedescribedbytakingachessknightmovefromone
pentagontothenext:firsttakemstepsinonedirection,thenturn60totheleftandtaken
steps.SuchapolyhedronisdenotedG(m,n).AdodecahedronisG(1,0)andatruncated
icosahedronisG(1,1).

Asimilartechniquecanbeappliedtoconstructpolyhedrawithtetrahedralsymmetryand
octahedralsymmetry.Thesepolyhedrawillhavetrianglesorsquaresratherthanpentagons.
ThesevariationsaregivenRomannumeralsubscripts:GIII(n,m),GIV(n,m),andGV(n,m).

G(7,0) G(5,3)

Contents
1 Polyhedralelements
2 Smallexamplesbysymmetryfamily
3 IcosahedralG(0,n)polyhedra
4 IcosahedralG(n,n)polyhedra
5 IcosahedralG(m,n)polyhedra
6 Seealso
7 Notes
8 References
9 Externallinks

Polyhedralelements
Thenumberofvertices,edges,andfacesofG(m,n)canbecomputedfrommandn,withT=m2+mn+n2=(m+n)2mn,dependingononeofthree
symmetrysystems:[1]

System Vertices Edges Faces Facesbytype

Tetrahedral
GIII(m,n) 4T 6T 2T+2 4{3}and2(T1){6}

Octahedral
GIV(m,n) 8T 12T 4T+2 6{4}and4(T1){6}

Icosahedral
GV(m,n) 20T 30T 10T+2 12{5}and10(T1){6}

Smallexamplesbysymmetryfamily
AfewpolyhedraaregivenwithConwaypolyhedronnotationstartingwith(T)etrahedron,(C)ube,(O)ctahedron,and(D)odecahedron,(I)cosahedron
seeds.Theoperatordk(dualkis)generatesG(1,1).Thechamferoperator,c,replacesalledgesbyhexagonsandtransformsG(m,n)toG(2m,2n).In
addition,thetkoperator,transformsG(m,n)toG(3m,3n).
 Class1G(0,n)
G(0,1) G(0,2) G(0,3) G(0,4) G(0,5) G(0,6) G(0,8) G(0,9) G(0,12) G(0,16)
System
T=1 T=4 T=9 T=16 T=25 T=36 T=64 T=81 T=144 T=256

Tetrahedral
GIII(0,n) (ccT) (ctkT) (cccT) (cctkT) (ccccT)
(T) (cT) (tkT) (tktkT)

Octahedral
GIV(0,n) (ctkC) (cctkC) (ccccC)
(C) (cC) (tkC) (ccC) (cccC) (tktkC)

Icosahedral
GV(0,n)
(D) (cD) (tkD) (ccD) (ctkD) (cccD) (tktkD) (cctkD) (ccccD)

Class2,G(n,n)
G(1,1) G(2,2) G(3,3) G(4,4) G(6,6) G(8,8) G(9,9)
System
T=3 T=12 T=27 T=48 T=108 T=192 T=243

Tetrahedral
GIII(n,n) (ctT) (cctT) (ctktT) (ccctT) (tktktT)
(tT) (tktT)

Octahedral
GIV(n,n) (ctktO) (ccctO) (tktktO)
(tO) (ctO) (tktO) (cctO)

Icosahedral
GV(n,n) (ctktI) (ccctI) (tktktI)
(tI) (ctI) (tktI) (cctI)

Class3,G(m,n)
G(2,1) G(3,1) G(3,2) G(4,1) G(4,2) G(4,3) G(5,1) G(5,2) G(5,3) G(5,4)
System
T=7 T=13 T=19 T=21 T=28 T=37 T=31 T=39 T=49 T=61
Tetrahedral
GIII(m,n)
Octahedral
GIV(m,n)
Icosahedral
GV(m,n)

(wD) (tk5sD) (cwD)

IcosahedralG(0,n)polyhedra
GoldbergpolyhedraoftheformG(0,n)havefullicosahedralsymmetry,Ih,[5,3],(*532).G(0,n)has10(n21)hexagons.
 Index G(0,1) G(0,2) G(0,3) G(0,4) G(0,5) G(0,6)

Image

Conway
notation
D cD[2] dktI=tdtI[3] ccD[4] cdktI[5]

Vertices 20 80 180 320 500 720

Edges 30 120 270 480 750 1080
Hexagons 0 30 80 150 240 350
Index G(0,7) G(0,8) G(0,9) G(0,10) G(0,12) G(0,16) G(0,n)

Image

Conway
cccD[6] tdtdtkD[7] ccccD[8]
notation
Vertices 980 1280 1620 2000 2880 5120 20n2
Edges 1470 1920 2430 3000 4320 7650 30n2
Hexagons 480 630 800 990 1430 2550 10(n21)

IcosahedralG(n,n)polyhedra
GoldbergpolyhedraoftheformG(n,n)havefullicosahedralsymmetry,Ih,[5,3],(*532).G(n,n)has10(3n21)hexagons.

Index G(1,1) G(2,2) G(3,3) G(4,4) G(5,5) G(6,6) G(n,n)

Image

Conwaynotation tI[9] ctI[10] tktI[11] cctI[12] ctktI[13]

Vertices 60 240 540 960 1500 2160 60n2
Edges 90 360 810 1440 2250 3240 90n2
Hexagons 20 110 260 470 740 1070 10(3n21)

IcosahedralG(m,n)polyhedra
GeneralGoldbergpolyhedra(m>0andn>0)withmnhavechiral(rotational)icosahedralsymmetry,I,[5,3]+,(532).InsuchcasesG(n,m)and
G(m,n)aremirrorimages.

Index G(1,0) G(1,1) G(1,2) G(1,3) G(1,4) G(1,5) G(1,n)

Image ...

Conway
notation
D dkD[14] wD[15] tk5sD[16]

Vertices 20 60 140 260 420 620 20(n2+n+1)

Edges 30 90 210 390 630 930 30(n2+n+1)
Hexagons 0 20 60 120 200 300 10n(n+1)
 Index G(2,0) G(2,1) G(2,2) G(2,3) G(2,4) G(2,5) G(2,n)

Image

Conwaynotation cD[17] dk5sD=t5gD=wD[18] dkt5daD[19] cdk5sD=wcD[20]

Vertices 80 140 240 380 560 20(n2+2n+4)
Edges 120 210 360 570 840 30(n2+2n+4)
Hexagons 30 60 110 180 270 10(n2+2n+3)

Index G(3,0) G(3,1) G(3,2) G(3,3) G(3,4) G(3,5) G(3,n)

Image

Conway
notation tkD[21] wwD[22]

Vertices 180 260 380 540 740 980 20(n2+3n+9)

Edges 270 390 570 810 1110 1470 30(n2+3n+9)
Hexagons 80 120 180 260 360 480 10(n2+3n+8)

Index G(4,0) G(4,1) G(4,2) G(4,3) G(4,4) G(4,5) G(4,6) G(4,n)

Image

Conway
notation ccD[23] tk5sD[24] wcD[25] dkt5dadkt5daD[26]

Vertices 320 420 560 740 960 1220 1520 20(n2+4n+16)

Edges 480 630 840 1110 1440 1830 2280 30(n2+4n+16)
Hexagons 150 200 270 360 470 600 750 10(n2+4n+15)

Index G(5,0) G(5,1) G(5,2) G(5,3) G(5,4) G(5,5) G(5,6) G(5,n)

Image

Vertices 500 620 780 980 1220 1500 1820 20(n2+5n+25)

Edges 750 930 1170 1470 1830 2250 2730 30(n2+5n+25)
Hexagons 240 300 380 480 600 740 900 10(n2+5n+24)

Index G(6,0) G(6,1) G(6,2) G(6,3) G(6,4) G(6,5) G(6,6) G(6,n)

Image

Conwaynotation tkt5daD=ctkD[27]
Vertices 720 860 1040 1260 1520 1820 2160 20(n2+6n+36)
Edges 1080 1290 1560 1890 2280 2730 3240 30(n2+6n+36)
Hexagons 350 420 510 620 750 900 1070 10(n2+6n+35)
Seealso
Capsid
Geodesicdome
Fullerene#Otherbuckyballs

Notes
1.ClintonsEqualCentralAngleConjecture,JOSEPHD.CLINTON
2.cD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10cD)
3.tdtI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tdtI)
4.ccD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10ccD)
5.cdktI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10cdktI)
6.cccD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10cccD)
7.tdtdtkD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tdtdtkD)
8.ccccD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10ccccD)
9.tI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tI)
10.ctI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10ctI)
11.tktI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tktI)
12.cctI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10cctI)
13.ctktI(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10ctktI)
14.dkD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10dkD)
15.wD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10wD)
16.tk5sD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tk5sD)
17.cD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10cD)
18.wD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10wD)
19.wD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10wD)
20.wcD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10wcD)
21.tkD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tkD)
22.wwD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10wwD)
23.ccD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10ccD)
24.tk5sD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10tk5sD)
25.wcD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10wcD)
26.cdkt5daD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10cdkt5daD)
27.ctkD(http://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/?recipe=A10ctkD)

References
Goldberg,Michael(1937)."Aclassofmultisymmetricpolyhedra".TohokuMathematicalJournal.
JosephD.Clinton,ClintonsEqualCentralAngleConjecture[1](http://45.79.160.8/technical/clintonsequalcentralangleconjecture/)
Hart,George(2012)."GoldbergPolyhedra".InSenechal,Marjorie.ShapingSpace(2nded.).Springer.pp.125138.doi:10.1007/9780387
927145_9.
Hart,George(June18,2013)."MathematicalImpressions:GoldbergPolyhedra".SimonsScienceNews.
Fourthclassofconvexequilateralpolyhedronwithpolyhedralsymmetryrelatedtofullerenesandviruses(http://www.pnas.org/content/early/20
14/02/04/1310939111),StanScheinandJamesMauriceGaye,PNAS,EarlyEditiondoi:10.1073/pnas.1310939111

Externallinks
DualGeodesicIcosahedra(http://dmccooey.com/polyhedra/DualGeodesicIcosahedra.html)
Goldbergvariations:Newshapesformolecularcages(https://www.sciencenews.org/article/goldbergvariationsnewshapesmolecularcages)
Flathexagonsandpentagonscometogetherinnewtwistonoldpolyhedral,byDanaMackenzie,February14,2014

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Categories: Polyhedra

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