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Trng m
1. nh ngha
Trong ngn ng .\, trng m l
The term is also used for similar
patterns off phonetic prominence
inside syllables.
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Understanding syllables
To understand word stress, it help
to understand syllables. Every word
is made from syllables. Each word
has one, two, three, or more
syllables.
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 WORD

Dog Dog

Quiet Qui-et

Expensive Ex-pen-sive

Interesting In-ter-est-ing

Unexceptional Un-ex-cep-tion-al

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Prominence:
It would have been logically
possible for every syllable to have
exactly the same loudness, pitch,
and so on. (Some early attempts at
speech synthesizers sounded like
this.) But human languages have
ways to make some syllables more
prominent than others. A syllable
might be more prominent by
differing from the surrounding
syllables in terms of:
loudness
pitch
length
Prominence is relative to the
surrounding syllables, not absolute.
(A stressed syllable that is nearly
whispered will be quieter than an
unstressed syllable that is shouted.)
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The realization of stress in

English
In English, the three ways to make a
syllable more prominent are to
make it:
- Louder
- Longer
- Higher pitched
In many languages, changing which
syllable is stressed can change the
meaning of the word.
Ex:
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Types of stress
There are 2 types of stress:
- Word stress
- Sentence stress
 - In English, stress is performed
very clearly.
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DEGRESS OF STRESS
Primary stress:
It is the stronger degree of
stress.
Primary stress gives the final
stressed syllable.
Primary stress is very
important in compound words.
Secondary stress:
 Being the weaker of two
degrees of stress in the
pronunciation of a word.
Giving other lexically stressed
syllables in a word.
Being important primarily in
long word with several syllables.
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Tertiary stress:
It includes the fully unstressed
vowels. An unstressed vowel is the
vowel sound that forms the
syllable peak of a syllable that has
no lexical stress.
Quaternary stress:
It includes the reduced vowels.
Vowel reduction is the term in
phonetics that refers to various
changes in the acoustic quality of
vowels, which are related to
changes in stress, sonority, duration,
loudness, articulation, or position in
the word which are perceived as
"weakening
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a. Word stress: the manner in

which stresses are distributed on the
syllables of a word - called
also word accent.
- To define stress of word, we have
to follow these rules:
Rule 1: Most of verbs have 2
syllables, the main stress is
stressed the second syllable.
Except:
offer,happen,answer,enter,listen,ope
n,publish,finish,follow,argue ..their
stress falls primary syllable.

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assist escape destroy repe

collect accept relax attra

descend forget allow main

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Rule 2: Most of nouns and

adjectives have 2 syllables,
main stress are stressed
primary syllable
Except: machine, mistake, result,
effect, alone , stress falls into
second syllable
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mountain butcher carpet table

summer village busy pretty

morning winter handsome porte

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Rule 3: Some words are nouns

as well as verbs, main stress
are stressed primary syllable. If
the verb, its stress falls into
second syllable
Except : visit, travel,promise, its
stress falls into primary syllable,
the word reply stress falls into
second syllable.
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record object absent im

present suspect increase co

desert insult decrease pr

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raincoat sunrise airport airlin

baseball film-maker bedroom typew
bookshop high-school bathroom hot-d

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 Rule 4: Compound nouns are
stressed primary syllable
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Rule 5: Compound adjectives

are stressed primary syllable
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home-sick air-sick

trust-worthy car-sick

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Rule 6: Compound verbs are

stressed second syllable
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understand overcook unde

overcome undertake overw

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Rule 7: Adjectives finish with

ANT, ABLE, AL, ENT, FUL,
LESS, Y, the stress fall into
primary syllable.
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distant comfortable careful careless

absent current competent rocky

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Rule 8: Words finish with

HOW,WHAT,WHERE, the
stress fall into primary syllable
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anyhow somehow anywhere somewhe

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however whenever w

whatever whoever w

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Rule 9: Words finish with

EVER, the stress are stressed its
syllable
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Rule 10: Words have 2

syllables finish with ER, the
stress fall into primary syllable.
 Rule 11: Words have 2
syllables start with A, the stress
are stressed second syllable.
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father mother teacher builder

enter dressmaker film-maker suffer

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about above again alive

asleep abroad alone afraid

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Rule 12: Words finish with IC,

ICS, IAN, TION, SION, the
 stress falls into second
syllable from bottom to.
Rule 13: Words finish with
CY, TY, PHY, ICAL, the stress
are stressed third syllabe
from final up.
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Rule 12: Words finish with IC,

ICS, IAN, TION, SION, the
stress falls into second
syllable from bottom to.
Rule 13: Words finish with
CY, TY, PHY, ICAL, the stress
are stressed third syllabe
from final up.
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democracy dependability photography geology

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Rule 14: Words have 2 syllabes

finish with ATE, the stress are
stressed primary syllable
Rule 15: Words finish with
ADE, EE, ESE, EER, EETE, OO,
OON, AIRE, IQUE, the stress
are stressed its syllable.
- Except: commitee, stress falls
into second syllable
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climate senate playm

private classmate nitrate

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lemonate colonnate Vietnamese Chinese
refugee degree guarantee engineer
questionaire monsoon kangaroo cigarette

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Rule 16: All adverbs finish

with LY, the stress are stressed
its adjective.
Rule 17: Most abverbs have 2
syllables, the stress are
stressed second syllable.
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carelessly differently patiently

easily difficultly intelligently

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myself himself itself ourselv

yourself herself themselves yoursel

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Rule 18: Words show numbers

finish with TEEN, the stress are
stressed final syllable.
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fourteen fifteen sixteen sevente

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Finish with TY , the stress are

stressed first syllable
Rule 19: Prefixes have never
stress, stress usually falls into
second syllable.
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fifty sixty ninety eighty

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unable illegal mistake

dislike indefinite precede
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Rule 20: Toward suffixes stress

can varies by original word ( if
it have varies and stress, it can
vary about pronounces)
- Eg : protect protection
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b. Sentence stress( prosodic
stress): the manner in which
stresses are distributed on the
syllables of words assembled into
sentences called also sentence
accent.
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In a sentence, almost words

consist of 2 types: content words
and structure words
a. Content words

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Part of speech Examples

Main verbs Give, sell, ta
Nouns Car, music, b
Adjectives Nice, beauti
Adverbs Quickly, lou
Demonstrative pronouns This, that, t
Modal auxiliary(negative) Cant, could
Question words Who, which
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b. Structure words:
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Part of speech Examples

Pronouns He, she
Prepositions At, on, in,..
Conjunctions But, and,
Articles A, an, the
To be is, am, are
Modal auxiliary Can, could, wo
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 Emphatic Stress
Eg:
It was very BOring. (unmarked)
It was VEry boring. (emphatic)

You mustn't talk so LOUDly.

(unmarked)
You MUSTN'T talk so
loudly. (emphatic)
Contrastive Stress
Eg:
Do you like this one or THAT
one?
I like THIS one.
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Tonic Stress
Eg:
I'm going.
I'm going to London.
I'm going to London for a holiday
New Information Stress
Eg:
a) What's your NAME
b) My name's GEORGE.
a) Where are you FROM?
b) I'm from WALES.