CHAPTER THREE PSYCHROMETRY AND WETTED-SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 3:1 Importance Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of aic and water vapor. The subject i important in airconditioning practice because atmospheric sicisnot completely dry but a mixture of air and water vapor. In some air-conditioning processes water is removed from the aitswatersvapor mixture, and in others water it added. Psychometric principles are applied in later chapters in this book, e, to load calculations, air-conditioning systems, cooling and dehumidifying cails, cooling towers, and evaporative condensers, In some equipment there is a hest- and mass-ransfer process between air and ‘welted surface. Examples include some types of humidifiers, dehuaidifying and cool- ing cols, and water-spray equipment such as cooling towers and evaporative condens- 1s. Some convenient relations can be developed to express the rates of heat and mass transfer using enthalpy potential, discussed later inthis chapter. But fist the psychro- metric chat i explored, property by property, followed by a discussion of the most common airconditioning processes 32 Paychrometrc chart Since charts showing psychometric properties are readily available (Fig. 3-1), why should we concern ourselves with the development of chart? Two teasons are to become aware of the bases ofthe chart and to be able to calculate properties at new sets of conditions, e., nonstandard barometric pressure. The step-by-step development of the psychrametsic chart that follows will make use of a few simplifying sssumptions. They willbe pointed out slong the way with recommendations for making a more accurate calevation. The chart that can be deve 40 Figure 34 Psyetrometio chart 4OO eee Pf genesis Gerson eke ees de 42, REFRIGERATION AND AiR CONDITIONING — a Situation fing Be Temperature, Figure 4. Saturation line oped using simple equations is reasonably accurate id can be used in most engines. ing calculations, but of cousse the most accurate shart or data available should be use. 33 Saturation line The coordinates chosen for thitpaychtometrc chart presented in this chapter aze the temperature ¢ for the absvssayand temporarily the water-vapor pressure p, for the ordinate. Fsst consider the charfto represent water alone. The sit: uration line can now be drawn on the chart (Fig. 3-3 Data for the saturation line can be obtained dizectly from tables of saturated watdi-(Table A-1). The region to the right of the saturation line represents superheated Sater vapor. If superheated vapor is cooled at constant pressure, it wll eventually *Eich the saturation line, where it begins to condense = ‘Thus far, no alr has been present withthe water vapor. What is the effect on Fig. 3.2 if aris present? Ideally, none. The water vapofgontinues to behave as trough no tir were present. Ata given water-vapor pressure, wich is now a partial pressure, con densation occurs at the same temperature as it WOgld if no aie were present. There sctully isa sight interaction between the molecufs of air and water vapor, which changes the steamrfable data slightly. Table A-2 penis the properties of air sat ‘ated with water vapor. A comparison of vapor preauees of the water inthe air mix: ture of Table A-2 with that of pure water shown iTable A-l reveals practically no Aifference in pressure at a gen temperature,” Figure 3:2 can now be considered applicable t9,an air-water-vapor mixture. The portion of the chart now of significance is bounded by the saturation line and the axes, If the condition of the mixture lies on the surat line, the airs sald to be saturated, meaning that any decrease in temperatigé will esult in condensation of the water vapor into liquid, To the right of the satiation line the air i unsaturated. 1 point A represents the condition of the airy the temperature ofthat mixture will have to be reduced to temperature B in order for condensation to begin. Air at A ssid 0 have a dew-point temperature of B. 3-4 Relative humidity The relative humidity @ is defined as the ratio of the mote faction of water vapor in moist ai to mole fractionpf water vapor in saturated air at 4 PSYCHROMETRY AND WETTEDSURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 43 Saturation lin presuve Ke Sette hamiity Ferner. 6 Figure 3-3 Relasietumigity tine the sume temperature and presture. From perfectas relationships another expression for ois existing partial pressure of water vapor ssluration pressure of pare water at same temperature Lines of constant relative humidity can be added to the chart, a in Fig. 3-3, by mask ing off vertical distances between the saturation ine and the base of the chart. The relative humidity of 0.50, for example, has an ordinate equal to: one-half that of the saturation lie at that tempetature 3.5 Humidity ratio The humidity ratio W is the mass of water interspersed in each Iellogram of dry aie. The humidity ratio, like the next several properties to be studied— enthalpy and specific volume—is based on 1 kg of dry ar. The perfectgas equation fan be summoned to solve for the humidity ratio, Both water vapor and air may be assumed to be perfect gases (obey the equation py= RT and have-constant specific hats) in the usual air-conditioning applications, Airis assumed ta: be a perfect gas ‘because its temperature is high relative to its saturation temperature, and water vapor fs sumed to be a perfect gas because its pressure is low relative to its saturation pressure ; oy Keordny air p,VIR,T (p, - PIR, wre W humidity sao, (ky of water vapor )lGeg oF dry as) V= arbitrary volume of airvapor mixture, = atmospheric pressure = p+ Py, Pa partial pressure of dry at, Pa AR, = gas constant of dry air= 287 J/kg-K R, = gas constant of water vapor = 461.5 J/kg-K bsolute temperature of ai-vapor mixture, K44. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Pl Substituting the numerical values of R, and R, into Eq. (3-1) gives 287 >, W152, -P, P,P, (G2) The atmospheric pressure p, has now appeared on the scene, and from this point on fn the development of the psychrometric chaet the chart will be unique to. given barometric pressure. Equation (3-2) shows the relationship between the humidity ratio and the watersvapor pressute,s0 that companion scales can be shown as ordinates of the psychromettic chart, as illustrated in Fig, 3-4. As Eq, (3-2) shows, the relation be tween W and p, is not perfectly linea. In Fig. 3-1 and in most psyehsometrle charts ‘the W scale is divided linearly, which makes the p, scale slightly nonlinear Example 3-1 Compute the humidity ratio of air at 60 percent relative humidity ‘when the temperature is 30°C. The barometsic pressure is the standard value of 1013 KPa, Solution The waterapor pressure of saturated air at 30°C is 4.241 kPe from Table Ac. Since the relative humidity is 60 percent, the water-vapor pressure of the aris 0.60 (4.241 kPa) = 2.585 kPa, From Eq, (3-2) W= 0.622 Sena 0.0160 kes! 101.3 - 2.545 re This result checks the value read from Fig. 3-1 3-6 Enthalpy The enthalpy of the mixture of dry air and water vapor isthe sum of the enthalpy of the dry air and the enthalpy of the water vapor. Enthalpy values are always based on some datum plane, and the zero value of the dry ar is chosen a at O°C. The zero value of the water vapor is saturated liquid water at O*C, the same datum plane that is used for tables of steam. An equation forthe enthalpy is PSICHROMETRY AND WETTED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 45 sruation ine of superbste vpor ‘Tie of constant temperature eee Entropy. kg Figure 3 Line of constant temperate shows that the antay of superheated water vapor is gronamatly equ to the entalpy of started vapor at the sm empeatue eet Wh, Klike dry air es) were Gy = pei heat of ry aia constant pressure = 1.0 kak "= temperature ofair-vapor mixture, °C n= enthalpy of saturated steam at tempereture of ar-vapr mixture, kg qustol (3) sve quite accurate results, although several refivements can be made ‘he specific het c, actualy varies from 1.006 at O*C to 1.009 at SO*C. The enthalpy of water vapor hf for siturated steam, but the water vapor inthe ar-vapor mixture i key to be supesheatec. No appreciable err reals, however, because of the for tunate relationship of enthalpy and temperature shown on the Mole diagram of Fi, ee——”=Ce—=e Fig. 36. Suppose, for example, that the 95 kB/kg enthalpy line is o be constructed Several arbitrary temperatures can be chosen and the humidity ratio computed at 98 kifke using Eq. (3:3) The humidity ratio thus computed and the temperature locate one point on the lise of constant enthalpy. Tin of constant enthalpy igure 36 Line of constant enthalpy46 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Example 3-2. Locate the point on the 95 ki/k enthalpy line whege the tempers re is $0°C Sotution At £= 50°C, hy = 2892 kif fom Table A-1. Solving for W from Ea, (G3) for = 95 kg eves 95 - 1.0(50) = 0.0178 kal 2592 a The lines within the confines of the saturation line and the axes on Fig. 3-1 are not the lines of constant enthalpy but lines of constant wet-bulb temperature (See, 3.9), which deviate slighty from lines of constant enthalpy. Lines of constant en thalpy are shown to the left of the saturation line in Fig. 3-1, and thels continuation, axe shown at the right and bottom bordess of the chart. The procedure for reading enthalpy values off the psychrometric chart wil be explained later 3-7 Specific volume The perfect-gas equation is used to calculate the specific volume of the airvapor mixture, The specie volume isthe number of cubie meters of mixture per kilogram of dry air. It could just as well be the cubic meters of dry ar or the cubic ‘eters of mixture per kilogram of dry ai, since the volumes occupied by the indie ual substances are the same. Prom the perfectgas equation, the specific volume v is RT_ RT. Pe PP afk dry air cy ‘To establish points on a line of constant specifie volume, 0.90 m® kg for example, sub stitute 0.9 for v, the barometric pressure for p,, and at arbitrary values of Tsolve for Pe The pais ofp, and # values then describe the line of constant», asin Fig. 3-7 Example 3.3 What isthe specific volume of an st-water-vapor mixture havinga temperature of 24°C and relative humidity of 20 percent at standard barometric pressure? ine ie eh, = Ta Figure 37 Line of consent specie | volume, PSYCHROMETRY AND WETTEDSURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 47 a 1 L Anat ' = Wer igure 38 Als pasing over a we EE te mace Solution The water-apor pressure of saturated ais at 24°C i, from Table A-1, 2.982 KPa; 0 the vapor pressure with a relative humidity of 20 percent is (0.2(2.982) = 0.5964 kPa = 59644 Pa, Applying Eq. (3-4), we get 287124 + 273.15) 0.85 mks dry air 101,300-- 596 tie “This result checks the value from Fig. 3-1. 38 Combined heat and mass transfer; the straight-line law The final psychrometsic property to be considered is the wel-bulb temperature, but in order to improve our Understanding of this property a short detour wil be made. I leads into the combined process of hest and sass transfer and proposes the straight-line law. This law states that when air is transfersing heat and mass (water) to or from a wetted surface, the condition of the air shown on a psychrometric chart drives towasd the saturation line a the temperature of the wetted surface. IT air flows over a wetted surface, as in Fig 348, the condition of air passing over differential area d4 changes from condition I to condition 2 on the psyshrometric chart, Fig. 39. The stralghtline law asserts that point 2 les on a straight line drawn between point 1 and the saturation eure at the ‘wetted-surface temperature It is no surprise that the warm ar at 1 drops in temperature when in contact with water at temperature fy. It is also to be expected that the air at 2, having a higher Tomy ratios kee ani Figure 39 Contison of it delves toward ssturation Une at temperature of wetted Temperature" rac,48 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Equiibaum of ‘Ai @) Thermometer indestes hoch, Setmabami Loli », Figure 319 Adiabatic saturation vapor pressure than the Liquid at temperature ¢,, will transfer mass by condensing some water vapor and dropping the humidity ratio of the air, What is unique is that the rates of heat and mass transfer ate so related thatthe path isa straight line driving ‘toward the saturation line at the wetted surface temperature, This special property is due to the value of unity of the Lewis relation, « dimensionless group that will be ex: plained in See. 3:14, 39 Adiabatic saturation and thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature An adiabaric sat trator (Fig, 3-10) is @ device in which air flows through a spray of water. The water circulates continuously, and the spray provides so much surface aea thatthe air leaves the spray chamber in equilibrium with the water, with respect to both temperature and vapor pressure. The device is adiabatic in thatthe wals ofthe satucator are insu lated, and no heat is added to, or extracted from, the water line that circulates the water ftom the sump back to the sprays. In order to perpetuate the proves itis neces sary to provide makeup water to compensate forthe amount of water evaporated into the air. The temperature of this makeup water is controlled so that it isthe same as ‘that in the sump, ‘After the adiabatic saturator has achieved a steady-state condition, the tempera tuze indicated by an accurate thermometer immersed in the surmp is the thermody namic wer-buld temperature. Certain combinations of sir conditions will result in a fdven sump temperature and can be defined by writing an energy balance about the saturator, This energy balance, written on the basis of unit mass flow of air, i fay = hy = Wy ~ Wy hy Gs) where fr isthe enthalpy of saturated liquid at the sump or thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature, PSYCHROMETRY AND WETTEDSURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 49 ine of constant wot-bub empeature Wer-tutbtemperture igure 311 Line of constant termedynamie. wet ult tea Temper pert (On the paychrometrc chart in Fig. 3-11, point I ies below the line of constant cnthalpy that pastes through point 2. Any other condition of air that results in the fame sump temperature, such as point 1', has the same wet-bulb temperature. This fine is staight because of the straightline law, which states that the entering air at point 1 drives toward the saturation line at the wetted-surface temperature. The Stzight line between points 1 and 2 sepresents the path of the air as it passes through the saturatox Lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are shown on paychrometric chars, 3s in Fig. 3-1, but lines of constant enthalpy are rarely shown. The enthalpy scale to the left ofthe saturation line applis to air that i saturated. For unsaturated air the en thalpy scale on the left must be combined with the enthalpy scale shown atthe right and bottom borders of the chart. The deviation between the enthalpy and wet-bulb temperature lines will be explained next. 3.40 Deviation between enthalpy and wet-bulb lines As Fig, 3-11 indicates, eeadings of enthalpy obtained by following the wet-bulb line to the saturation curve spectly ‘alues of enthalpy that are too high. The paychrometric chart, Fig. 31, shows lines of constant thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature and not lines of constant enthalpy, The enthalpy scale shown at the left applies only to the conditions on the saturation line, and both the scale at the left and the scales at the right and bottom borders should be used for more precise determinations of enthalpy. To check an enthalpy deviation, compare the chart reading with acaleulation for tir having a dry-bulb temperature of 40°C and a relative humidity of 41 perceat. The ‘wet bulb temperature of air at this condition is 28°C. In Fig. 3-1 a straightedge can be eet at 40°C dry bulb kemperoture and 41 percent ‘lative humidity and pivoted about thet point until the enthalpy values on the left and right enthalpy scales match. That value is 89 kS/ke. Equation (3-5) permits calculation of the enthalpy of the point in question, fy, by corecting the value of fy (the enthalpy of saturated air at the same wet-bulb temperature) 4, 89.7 Kile ~ (WW = W, Vr50. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ” Frye 3:12) The wet temperstare an) the procs on a aychromes char, whore W = 0.019 kalkg : 0.0281 eles : hig at 28°C = 1173 fg ‘ 859 - 11731000241 -0.019) = 89.1 klk 3-11 Wetbulb thermometer Although the adiabatif satucator of Fig. 3-10 is not a convenient device for rovtlne memufements, a therpiometer having a wetted wick, in Fig. 312, would be convenient. We must thereto determine whether the we-blb ‘thermometer truly indicates the thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature, The wetted area of the wick is finite, rather than infinite likeshestturator in Fig. 210, so the change in state of air passing over the wetted bulb San be represented by process 1-2 In Fig. 3-125, Sinoe the energy balance about the bul i + Wlip= hy * Wey points 1 and 2 He on the same thermodynamic we-bulb lie. The important que tion, however, is: What is the temperature of the vater on the wick? The answer, ‘which comes from the aplication of the seightlie law, is hat the condition ofthe dic starting at point 1 has be diving toward the situration line at the temperature of the wetted surface in order to reach point 2, Had more wetted surface ben aa She, the state of the alr would contin to dive along the stright line toward the saturation cue 3 Carries) i his pioneer paper on psychrometzy, esumed thatthe temperature of water on a wot bulb thermometer was the same that in an adiabatic eatrstor. Lewis? in 1922 grouped she terms that bear his naine and coneluded that a value of unity ofthis dimensionless group results in identical temperatures of a wetted wick and adiabatic spray. In 1933 Lewis demonstrated that in atmospheres other than air and water vapor the reading of 2 wet-bulb theimometer and the saturated spray axe diferent. We shall hereafter consider the temperature of the we-bulb theron tter andthe adiabatic spray 10 be the same and drop the qulifcation “thermody namic” on the wet bulb temperature, simply cling the wet-bul temperature. PSVCHROMETRY AND WETTED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER $1 a alte Fampature igure 3:13 Selb heating o coling Figure 3.14 Hunlaitesion 3.12 Processes Processes performed on air can be plotted on the psychrometsic chart for quick visualization. Of even more importance isthe fact thatthe chart can be used to deterine changes in such significant properties as temperature, humidity rio, and tnthalpy for the processes. Some’of the basic provesses will now be shown, including (1) sensible heating o cooling, (2) humidification, adiabatic and nonadiabatic, (3) ‘cooling and dehumidification, (4) chemical dehumidification, and (5) mixing, 1. Sensible heating or cooling refers to a rate of heat transfer attributable only toa change in dry-bulb temperature of the air. Figure 3-13 shows « change in dry-bulb teroperature with no change in humidity ratio. 2, Humidification, as shown in Fig. 3-14, may be adiabatic, as shown in process 1-2, cor with addition of heat, as in process 1-3. 3. Cooling and dehumidifiction results in a reduction of both the dry-bulb tempera ture and the humidity ratio (Fig. 3.15). A cooling and dehumidifying coil per forms such a process. The refrigeration capacity in kilowatts during a cooling and t dig, is rom the ar to the water since, > 2; mom and since both da, and da are from the air to the water. Incase 2 dda, is feom the arto the water since t, > f cdgy, i {som the water to the air since W, fi56 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING i , f a Werempmun | | 2 Tempenure, sen Tenens, Figuo 3.19 Case 1, rom att water, igure 320 Case 2,9, rom att water, \ Wate tempeatae I | Figue 321 Case 3,4, from the wate to a. Before the concept of enthalpy potential was devel otential was developed, we were unable to deter. ‘mine immediately which way dq, was flowing because we did not know the telative ‘magnitudes of dg, and dg, , Now the relative values of h, and h provide the clue. Incase 3 dg, is from the ais to the water since t, >t; <4qy is from the water to the air since W, < dq, is from the water to the air since A, < hy, An interesting situation occurs in Fig. 3.21, where heat flows ftom the low: temperature water to the high-termperature ait. The seconé law of thermodynamics is not violated, however, because the transfer due to the difference in patil presure of the water vapor must also be considered, PROBLEMS 341 Caleulate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixt bie meters per kilogzam ixtur in cubie meters per kilogza of dry air when the following conditions prevail: = 30°C, W = 0.015 klk : Salk, 32 A sample of air has dry-bulb temperature of 30°C and a wet-ulb temperature and p= PSYCHROMETRY AND WETTEDSURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 57 ‘phe baromettic prosture is 101 kPa, Using steam tables and Eqs. (3-2), 3-3), DERG), caleslae (a) the Bomiitysatio i hi ai i adbatically saturated, () the 08 tthe aris adiabatically saturated, (c) the humidity zatio ofthe sample cnthaloy (5), (d) the partial pressure of water vapor in the sample, and (e) the rela nt ity. Ans. (2) 0.0201 Keli, (8) 76.2 kis, (c) 0.0180 Keli, (2) 2840 Pa, (erm. ean numiitystios from the peychrometic chat, eae the error in com 33 Mahe wet-bull line to be the line of constant enthalpy atthe point of 35°C side temperature and $0 percent relative humidity ser Xe anrapor reixtre has a dry-bulb temperature of 30°C and a humidity ratio 3s 015. Caealste a two different barometric presues, 85 and 101 KPa, (e) the oe papy and (8) the dewpoint temperature. Ans (@) 66:3 and 66.3 IY, (B) 17.5 nd 203°C. Gs A cooling tower is 8 device that cool «spray, of water by. passing it through a dnom of sir IF 15 m/s of ay at 35°C dry bulb and 24°C wet bul temperature and suscmospheti pressure of 101 RPs enter the (ower and the ait laves saturated at Sire, @) to what temperature can this sitcom cool spray of water entering at Sa°C with flow rate of 20 Ygls and (8) how many kilograms per second of makeup ater must be added to compenste forthe water that i evaporated? Ans () 313°C (0) 0245 te. 36 In an alrcondtioning nit 3.5 m?fsof at at 27°C dy-bulb temperature, 50 pet ent relative humidity, and standard stmosphesc pressure enters the uit, The leaving Sondtion of the ai 13°C dry-bulb temperature and 90 perent relative humidity ‘aingproperis from the paychrometric chat, (2) calculate the refrigerating capacity Jn lowatts and (6) determine the rate of water Femoral from the az Ans. (a) 88 KW. @) 00113 kes 4:7 A steam of outdoor air mixed with steam of return airin an air-conditioning system that operater at 101 kPa pressure. The flo rate of outdoor airs 2 kas, and its fondtion i 35°C dy-bulb temperature and 25°C wetbulb temperature. The flow rte of return air is 3 kas, and Ue condition is 24°C and 50 percent relative humidity. Determine (e) the enthalpy ofthe mixture, (b) the humidity zatio ofthe mixture, (¢) the dry-bulb temperatre of the mixture from the properties determined in parts (e) and (6), and (a) the dry bulb temperature by weighted average of the dry-bulb emperatures ofthe entering stcams. ans (2) $9.) kifkg, (2) 0.01198 klk (©) 286°C, (6) 284°C. 38 The sr conditions at the intake of an als compressor are 28°C, 50 percent relative humidity, and 101 KP. The airs compressed to 400 KP, then sent to an intercooler It condensation of water vapor fiom the compresed ai fo be prevented, what isthe rminimum temperature 0 which the ar can be cooled in the intercooler? Ans. 40.3°C 29 A winter airconditioning system adds for humidification 0.0025 ks of saturated Steam at 101 kts pressure to an aifow of 0.36 kg/s, The aris inually et atemperar tore of 15°C witha relative humidity of 20 percent. What are the dry-and wetbulb tenperatres ofthe ai Ieatng the humidifier? Ana. 16.0 and 138°C 10 Determine for the thee cases listed below the magnitude ip watts and the Aieotion of transfer of sensible heat (using Ba. 0-8), latent eat (using Ea. (3-5) fang total heat [using Eq. (-18)], The areas 0.15 m4 and h, = 30 Wim?°K. Ar OTC and SO percent relative humidity si conlact with water that i at temper ture of fe) 13°C, (8) 20°C, and (€) 28°C. Ans (@) 76.8, 42.3, -1204 W; (6) -45.0, 181-296 W;(e) 90, 1165, 113.8 W. of 25°C.