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By
Mr. P. JAGATEESH
Assistant Professor
being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university curriculum.
Name: P.JAGATEESH
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Sl.No Contents Page No.
1.3 Losses 3
4.1 Introduction 78
OBJECTIVE
A t the end of this course the student shall have knowledge of methods of prestressing advantages of
prestressing concrete, the losses involved and the design methods for prestressed concrete elements
under codal provisions.
Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .
Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.
Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Krishna Raju N., Prestressed concrete, Tata Mcgraw Hill Company, New Delhi, 1998
2. Mallic.S.K. and Gupta A.P., Prestressed concrete , Oxbord and IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd 1997.
3. Rajagopalan, N Prestressed Concrete, Alpha Science, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Ramaswamy G.S.Modern prestressed concrete design, Arnold Heinimen, Newdelhi, 1990
2. LinT.Y., Design of prestressed concrete structures, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1995
3. David A.Sheppard, William R and Philphs, Plant Cast precast and prestressed concrete A
design guide, McGraw Hill,Newdelhi 1992
Chapter -1
INTRODUCTION THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .
In post-tensioning the concrete member is cast with ducts for the wires. After concrete has attained
sufficient strength, wires are threaded into the ducts, tensioned from both or one end by means of
jack/jacks and at the precise level of pre-stress the wires are anchored by means of wedges to the
anchorage plates at the ends.
Stages of loading
Initial stage
The member is under pre-stress but is not subjected to any superimposed external loads. Further
subdivision of this stage is possible.
1. Before pre-stressing: Concrete is weak in carrying loads. Yielding of supports must be prevented.
2. During pre-stress:
a. Steel: This stage is critical for the strength of tendons. Often the maximum stress to
which the wires will be subjected throughout their life may occur at this stage.
b. Concrete: As concrete has not aged at this stage, crushing of concrete at anchorages is
possible, if its quality is inferior or the concrete is honeycombed. Order of pre-stressing
is important to avoid overstress in the concrete.
3. At transfer of pre-stress: For pre-tensioned members, where transfer is within a short period,
and for post-tensioned members where transfer may be gradual, there are no external loads on
the member except its own weight.
4. De-shuttering: The removal of form-work must be done after due consideration
Thus the initial pre-stress with little loss imposes a serious condition n the concrete and often controls
the design of the member.
Final stage
This is the stage when actual working loads come on the structure. The designer must consider various
combinations of live loads on different parts of the structure with lateral loads such as wind and
earthquake forces and strain loads produced by settlement of supports and temperature. The major
loads in this stage are:
1. Sustained load: It is often desirable to limit the deflection under sustained loads sue to its own
weight and dead loads.
2. Working load: The member must be designed for the working load. Check for excessive stress
and deflection must be made. But this design may not guarantee sufficient strength to carry
overloads.
3. Cracking load: Cracking in a pre-stress member signifies a sudden change in bond and shearing
stresses. This stage is also important
4. Ultimate load: This strength denotes the maximum load the member can carry before collapse.
1.3 Losses
Note: The value of Fo may not be known, but it is not necessary, as the losses from Fi to Fo is only a
small percentage of Fi . Total accuracy is relative anyway, as Ec the youngs modulus of concrete
cannot be determined accurately.
Therefore
ES = E s
concrete member and the member as a whole shortens. Thus is the shortening in the
member due to Fi at the level of steel.
fc
EC
FO
AC E C
FO
Since f c is the stress in concrete at level of steel and is
AC
FO
ES ES
AC E C
ES
Taking n
EC
FO
ES ES
AC E C
FO
n
AC
Fi
at level of steel
AC E C AS E S
ES E s
Fi
Es
AC EC AS E S
nFi
AC nAS
Taking At AC EC AS E S
nFi
ES
AT
If external loads are acting on the member, then concrete, then concrete stress due to
all loads at level of steel must be determined.
FO FO e 2 M G e
f c
AG I I
Note: AG , the gross-area, instead of the transformed sectional area, leads to simpler calculations and
fairly accurate results.
FO
fc
AG
ES nf c
CR n f cir f cds f c
ES
n
EC
f cds = stress in concrete at steel level due to superimposed dead loads applied to the
member after transfer of pre-stress
Shrinkage strain
N/mm2
0.5 fp 0
0.6 fp 35
0.7 fp 70
0.8 fp 90
The loss is caused by a fixed shortening of the anchorages, so the percentage loss is
higher in shorter wires than in long ones.
If a tendon is stressed to 1035 MPa, with E s 210 5 MPa and the anchorage slips by 2.5 mm,
1035
Total 0.005175
210 5
2.5
In a cable of 3m length, elongation l 0.005175 3000 15.53 mm , ie % l 100 16%
15.53
The length effect or the wobble effect of the duct is the friction that will exist between straight tendon
and the surrounding material. This loss is dependant on the length and stress in the tendon, the
coefficient of friction between the contact materials, the workmanship and the method used in aligning
and obtaining the duct.
The curvature effect is the loss due to intended curvature of the tendon. This again depends on the
coefficient of friction between the materials and the pressure exerted by the tendon on the curvature.
For un-bonded tendon, lubrication, in the form of grease and plastic tube wrapping can be used to
advantage.
For bonded tendon lubricant in the form of water soluble oils are used during stressing operation and
flushed off with after before grouting.
Jacking from both ends of the beam will also reduce loss due to friction.
For straight or moderately curved structures, with curved or straight cables, the value of pre-stressing
force Px at a distance x meters from tensioning end and acting in the direction of the tangent to the
curve of the cable, shall be calculated as below:
Px = Poe ( + kx ).
Where Po = pre-stressing force in the pre-stressed steel at the tensioning end acting in the direction of
the tangent to the curve of the cable, = cumulative angle in radians through which the tangent to the
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration, = coefficient of friction in curve;
unless otherwise proved by tests, may be taken as: 0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete, 0.30 for
steel moving on steel fixed to duct, and 0.25 for steel moving on lead, k = coefficient for wobble or wave
effect varying from 15 104 to 50 104 per meter. The expansion of the equation for Px for small
values of ( + kx) may be Px = Po (1 kx).
Examples
100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12
2.10
n = = 6.0
0.35
Fi Fi e 2
fc
AG I
15010 3 15010 3 50 50
fc = = -6.67 MPa
30000 22510 6
ES nf c
40.02188
Loss = = 5.02%
15010 3
AC = AG - AS
AT = AC + nAS
2.00
n = = 6.0
0.33
Fi
fc
AT
807.3010 3
fc = = -5.44 MPa
148300
ES nf c
If Fo 0.9Fi
FO = 0.90x807.30 = 726.57 kN
FO
fc
AG
726.57 10 3
fc = = 5.03 MPa
144400
52
= = 19.63 mm2
4
Fi = 18x19.63x840 = 296.81 kN
200 300 3
I = = 450x106 mm4
12
2.10
n = = 6.67
0.315
eeq =
1519.6384085 319.63840125 = 50 mm
1819.63840
Fi Fi e
f CTop y
AG I t
296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
f CTop = 125 = -0.824 MPa
60000 45010 6
Fi Fi e
f CBot y
AG I t
296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
f CBot = 85 = -7.75 MPa
60000 450 10 6
ES nf c
The loss in the 1st tendon is due to the shortening of concrete by the pre-stressing of the previous 3
Fi
tendons. We can assume that Fi in each of these tendons are constant and f c n .
AG
31951035
ES1 = 6 = 25.16 MPa
380 380
21951035
ES2 = 6 = 16.77 MPa
380 380
11951035
ES3 = 6 = 8.39 MPa
380 380
1
When there are many cables, it is quite enough to assume that ESav of the loss in the 1st cable.
2
1
Thus ESav = 25.16 = 12.58 MPa
2
If it is desired that there should be no loss at all, then the cables can be overstressed before anchorage.
So,
2.00
n = = 5.71
0.35
72
= = 38.45 mm2
4
100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12
F pe Fpe e
f cir y
AG I
230700 230700 50
= 50 = -10.25 MPa
30000 22510 6
t = 28 days
0.0002
sh Cl 5.2.4.1
log 10 t 2
0.0002
= = 1.35x10-4
log 10 28 2
SH = sh E S
f pe = 1200 MPa
f pe 1200
= = 0.699
fp 1715
70 %
f pe = 0.70 f p
8y
, the cable being considered a parabola of segment length = x and y = central sag.
x
= 0.35
K = 0.0015 / m
Cable L KL y KL e KL Stress @
mm end of seg
mm rad
= 8%
Segment L KL KL e KL Stress @
end of seg
m rad
= 15%
Chapter 2
DESIGN CONCEPTS
Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.
Sign convention
1. Tension is (+)
2. Compression is (-)
Different concepts
Different concepts can be applied to the analysis if PSC concrete beams, namely
Elastic material
This concept treats concrete as an elastic material and is the most common among engineers. Here
concrete is visualized as being subjected to:
1. Internal pre-stress
2. External loads.
So long as there are no cracks in the section, the stresses, strains and deflections of the concrete due to
the two systems of forces can be considered separately and superimposed if needed.
Due to a tensile pre-stressing force F, thee resulting stress at a section is given below.
F Fey My
f
A I I
The concrete stress at a section due to pre-stress f is dependant only on the magnitude and location of
pre-stress at that section, ie., F and e, regardless of how the tendon profile varies elsewhere along the
beam.
Ex 1
A pre-stress concrete rectangular beam of size 500 mm x 750 mm has a simple span of 7.3 m and is
loaded with a udl of 45 kN/m including its self-weight. An effective pre-stress of 1620 kN is produced.
Compute the fiber stresses in concrete at mid-span section.
F = 1620 kN
e = 145 mm
500 750 3
I = = 1.758 x1010 mm4
12
750
y = = 375 mm
2
45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8
F Fey My
f
A I I
C Cey
f
A I
[Note: Stresses are calculated with force and eccentricity in concrete. e is the eccentricity of C, the
compressive force in concrete.]
Ex 2
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8
C=T = 1620 kN
M
Lever arm a =
C
299.7610 6
= = 185 mm
162010 3
750
e for C = 415 = 40 mm
2
C Cey
f
A I
= 4.32 1.38
Load balancing
The effect of pre-stressing is considered as the balancing of gravity loads so that the member under
bending will not be subjected to flexural stresses under a given loading condition.
8Pe
wup
L2
4Pe
wup
L
Pe
wup
aL
8Fh
Due to a parabolic tendon of length l, sag h and stressed to F, wb
l2
F My
f where M is the moment due to net loads.
A I
Ex 3
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
8Fh
wb
l2
81620 0.145
wb = = -35.30 kN/m (up)
7.3 2
9.7 7.3 2
M = = 64.60 kN-m
8
F My
fc
A I
= 4.32 1.38
If
F
fc = where A is the area of concrete
A
Using the transformed method, stress in concrete is uniform even at the level of steel
Fi
fc =
AC nAS
Fi F
= or i
AT AG
Stress in steel
fs = n fc
nFi
=
AC nAS
nFi
= Which represents the immediate reduction in pre-stress in steel at transfer.
AT
But is approximated to,
nFi
= where A G is the gross area, the error being about 2% to 3 %
AG
538.20 10 3
fc = at level of steel = -8.97
60000
ES
Fe
=
AG
981 520
= = -8.50 MPa
60000
e = 150 50 = 50 mm
200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12
Fi F e2
fc i at level of steel
AG I
538.2010 3 538.2010 3 50 50
fc = = -11.96 MPa
60000 45010 6
ES nf c
Fe Fe e
= y
AG I
500.8810 3 500.8810 3 50
= 150
60000 45010 6
= 8.348 8.348
Fi
fc
AG
In that case
500.8810 3
fc = = 8.348
60000
ES nf c
510.2110 3 510.2110 3 50
= 150
60000 45010 6
Which show that the approximate method is fast and quite accurate.
Fe = 0.95 x Fi
e = 150 50 = 50 mm
200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12
Fe Fe e
= y
AG I
511.2910 3 511.2910 3 75
= 150
60000 45010 6
= 8.52 12.78
M
fc y
I
The resulting stress in concrete due to both the pre-stress and loads is:
F Fe M
fc y y
A I I
Fi = 1575 kN
Fe = 1350 kN
300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12
4.510 3 12 2
MG = = 81 kN-m
8
Initial condition
Fi Fi e M
fc y y
A I I
Final condition
Fe Fe e M
fc y y
A I I
Fe = 1350 kN
283.5010 6
a = = 210 mm
135010 3
e = 210 125 = 85 mm
C = Fe = 1350 kN
C Cey
fc
A I
135010 3 135010 3 85
= 300
180000 540010 6
= 7.5 6.37
In pre-stress concrete resistance to external bending moments is furnished by a lengthening of the lever
arm between the resisting forces C and T which remain relatively unchanged in magnitude.
After cracking, the stress in pre-stressing steel increases rapidly with moment.
The following sketch explains the variations of the stress in pre-stressing steel f p with increasing load.
The variations are shown for bonded and un bonded tendons.
After the pre-stress is transferred while the member is supported at the ends, the stress will tend to
increase from the value after losses f po due to the moment under self weight. Simultaneously the stress
will tend to drop due to the time dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage and relaxation. The
effective pre-stress after time dependent losses is denoted as f pe .
Due to the moment under service loads, the stress in the pre-stressing steel will slightly increase from
f pe . The increase is more at the section of maximum moment in a bonded tendon as compared to the
increase in average stress for an un bonded tendon.
The stress in a bonded tendon is not uniform along the length. Usually the increase in stress is neglected
in the calculations under service loads. If the loads are further increased, the stress increases slightly till
cracking.
After cracking, there is a jump of the stress in the pre-stressing steel. Beyond that, the stress increases
rapidly with moment till the ultimate load. At ultimate, the stress is f pu .
Similar to the observation for pre-cracking, the average stress in an un bonded tendon is less than the
stress at the section of maximum moment for a bonded tendon.
As discussed above, at the section of maximum moment, the stresses in the un bonded tendon
increases more slowly than that for bonded tendon. This is because any strain in an un bonded tendon
will be distributed throughout its entire length.
If MR is the resultant moment in at a cross-section of a bonded beam and the beam deflects downwards,
there is an increase in steel stress due to this bending given by
MR
f s nf c n y
I
Let M be the moment at any given point of an un bonded beam, f c the stress in concrete at a section,
M
fc y
I
f M
c y
Ec Ec I
M
dx ydx
Ec I
M
ydx is the average strain
L E c IL
E M
f s E s s ydx
L E c IL
n M
L I
ydx
Bonded tendon:
300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12
wt ws wG
wt l e 2
MT
8
15.510 3 12 2
= = 279 kN-m
8
Moment due to Fe
At level of steel
MR
fc y
I
11510 6
= 125 = 2.66 MPa
540010 6
f s = nf c
Un bonded beam
n M
f s
L I
ydx
2
x
M M o 1
L
2
2
x
y y o 1
L
2
2
2
n 2 x
M o y o 1 dx
LI L
f s
l
2
2
8n M o y o nM o y o
f s where is the stress at mid span of a bonded beam = 16 MPa.
15 I I
8
f s 16 = 8.53 MPa
15
Cracking moment
Moments producing first crack in a pre-stressed concrete beam, assuming cracks start when tensile
stress in the extreme fiber of concrete reaches its modulus of rupture, f cr ,
f cr 0.7 f ck cl 5.2.2
Fe Fe e M
f cr y y or
A I I
Fe I f cr I
M Fe e
Ay y
Example
For the problem in 6.3.1 compute the total dead and live load that can be carried by the beam for (a)
zero tensile stress at bottom fiber and (2) cracking in the bottom fiber assuming f cr 4.2MPa and Fe =
1350 kN.
To obtain zero stress in the bottom fiber, the center of pressure must be located at the top kern point
a = (e+kt)
M = Fe x a
8M
wT
l2
8 303.7510 6
= = 16.87 kN/m
12000 2
f cr I
=
y
4.2 540010 6
= = 75.6 kN-m
300
8 379.3510 6
wT = = 21.07 kN/m
12000 2
Derivations
Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Top: f tt (1) Top: f cw (3)
A Zt Zt A Zt Zt Zt
Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Bot: f ct (2) Bot: f tw (4)
A Zb Zb A Zb Zb Zb
Fe
Taking
Fi
Fi Fi e MG Fi Fi e MG
f tt (1) f ct (2)
A Zt Zt A Zb Zb
F F e M M F F e M M
i i G L f cw (3) i i G L f tw (4)
A Z t Z t Zt A Z b Z b Zb
M M M M M M
f tt G G L f cw (3) f ct G G L f tw (4)
Zt Zt Zt Zb Zb Zb
M G 1n M L M G 1n M L
f cw f tt f tr (3) f tw f ct f cr (4)
Zt Zb
M 1 n M L M 1 n M L
Zt G (5) Zb G (6)
f tr f cr
Fi Fi e
ft
A Zt
Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb
MG
f t f tt (7) form Eq.1
Zt
M G M L
f b f tw (8) from Eq.4
Zb Zb
1 M ML
f b f tw G (8)
Zb
Also, since:
Fi Fi e
ft (a)
A Zt
Fi Fi e
fb (b)
A Zb
Fi e f t Fi Z (a)
A
t
Fi F Z
fb f t i t (b)
A A Zb
Fi Z b Z t Z
fb f t t
A Zb Zb
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
1 e
f t Fi (a )
A Z t
1 e
f b Fi
(b )
A Z b
f t Z b Ae Z t
f b Z t Ae Z b
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
f b f tw G
Zb
When MG is large as will be the case for long span and/or heavy girders, the computed eccentricity e
from Eq.10, may fall below the bottom of the beam. In that case, the e available is worked out and Fi is
increased suitably.
Fi Fi e 1 M ML
fb f tw G from Eq.4
A Zb Zb
Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb
Z Ae
Fi b
AZ b
f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
Steel Cl 8.5.1
Steel stress for pre-tensioned tendons immediately after transfer or post-tensioned tendons after
anchorage is:
f pi 0.87 f pu
Compression = 0.54 fck to 0.37 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension
Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber
Compression = 0.41 fck to 0.35 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension
Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber
Example
A = 250h mm2
h
0.25 2412
2
MG =
1000
= 0.108h kN-m
8
1212 2
ML = = 216 kN-m
8
MG 1 n ML
Zb (6)
f cr
250h 2
Z b also =
6
From which
h = 580 mm
250 580 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 14x106 mm3
6
MG = 62.64 kN-m
MG
f t f tt
Zt
62.6410 6
= 1.4 = 5.87 MPa
1410 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
1 62.64 21610 6
= 1.4 = -21.76 MPa
0.85 1410 6
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
=
21.76 5.87 1410 6
= 7.945
2 1410 6
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
e = 167.89 mm
= 0.80
1000 380 3
I = = 4572.66 x106 mm4
12
4572.6610 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 24.07 x106 mm3
380
2
9.1210 2
MG = = 114 kN-m
8
2510 2
ML = = 312.50 kN-m
8
MG 114 10 6
= = 4.74
Z 24.07 10 6
ML 312.510 6
= = 12.98
Z 24.07 10 6
At mid-span
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
=
21.275 5.44 24.07 10 6
= 7.9175
2 24.07 10 6
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
e mid-span = 106.86 mm
At support
MG = ML = 0
e at support = 68.944
At mid-span, the stress at top and bottom at transfer and working load are respectively.
Fi Fi e M G
f tt (1)
A Zt Zt
Fe Fe e M G M L
f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb
Fi Fe M M
ie. i G L f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb
1 G L f tw f tt
Fi M M
2
A Z Z
Fi
2 0.8 1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7 from which
A
Fi = 3009 kN
1 G L f tw f tt
Fi e M M
2
Z Z Z
Fi e
2 0.8 1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7
A
e at mid-span = 106.358 mm
At support
MG = ML = 0
Fi Fi e
0 f tt (1)
A Zt
300910 6 300910 6 e
0.7
380000 24.07 10 6
e at support = 68.944
Spacing of cables
Fi = 3009 kN
300910 3
No of cables = 9 Nos
36010 3
1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9
= 0.80
A = 1000h mm2
h
1 24 10
2
MG =
1000 = 0.3 kN-m
8
2510 2
ML = = 312.5 kN-m
8
MG 1 n ML
Zb (6)
f cr
100h 2
Z b also =
6
From which
h = 410 mm
1000 410 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 28.02x106 mm3
6
MG = 123 kN-m
MG
f t f tt
Zt
12310 6
= 0 = 4.39 MPa
28.0210 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
1 123 312.5010 6
= 0 = -91.43 MPa
0.8 28.0210 6
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
19.43 4.39
= = 7.52
2
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
3084 10 3
No of cables = 7 Nos
500 10 3
1000
Spacing = = 143 mm c/c
7
= 0.80
80 120 3
I = = 11.52 x106 mm4
12
11.5210 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 0.192 x106 mm3
120
2
0.23 3 2
MG = = 0.2592 kN-m
8
ML = 41 = 4.0 kN-m
MG 0.259210 6
= = 1.35
Z 0.19210 6
ML 4.0 10 6
= = 20.83
Z 0.192 10 6
At mid-span
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
f b f tw G
Zb
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
=
25.975 1.35 = 12.3125
2
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
32
= = 7.07 mm2
4
118.20 10 3
No of cables = 12 Nos
9.896 10 3
1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1012x10 6
= 0 = 10.65 MPa
9510 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
1 1012 45010 6
= 0 = -22.93 MPa
0.85 7510 6
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
22.93 75 10.65 95
= = 4.1647
75 95
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
eavil = yb cover
f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
Bursting force
A portion of a pre-stressed member surrounding the anchorage is the end block. Through the length of
the end block, pre-stress is transferred from concentrated areas to become linearly distributed fiber
stresses at the end of the block. The theoretical length of this block, called the lead length is not more
than the height of the beam.
The larger transverse dimension of the end zone is represented as yo. The corresponding dimension of
the bearing plate is represented as ypo. For analysis, the end zone is divided into a local zone and a
general zone.
The local zone is the region behind the bearing plate and is subjected to high bearing stress and internal
stresses. The behavior of the local zone is influenced by the anchorage device and the additional
confining spiral reinforcement.
The general zone is the end zone region which is subjected to spalling of concrete. The zone is
strengthened by end zone reinforcement.
The transverse stress (t) at the CGC varies along the length of the end zone. It is compressive for a
distance 0.1yo from the end and tensile thereafter, which drops down to zero at a distance yo from the
end.
The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile stress. The resultant of the tensile stress in a
transverse direction is known as the bursting force (Fbst).
Besides the bursting force there is spalling forces in the general zone.
Fbst for an individual square end zone loaded by a symmetrically placed square bearing plate according
to Cl 18.6.2.2 is,
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o
It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the bursting force
Fbst reduces.
reinforcement or bursting link - is provided in each principle direction based on the value of Fbst. The
reinforcement is distributed within a length from 0.1yo to yo from an end of the member.
Fbst
Ast
fs
The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the
bearing plate.
When the cover is less than 50 mm, f s = a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001.
The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are proprietary of the
construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with loops.
post-tensioned beam. The strength of concrete at transfer is 50 MPa. A pre-stressing force of 1055 kN is
applied by a single tendon. There is no eccentricity of the tendon at the ends.
Bearing Plate
PK
f br
A pun
PK = 1055 kN
105510 3
f br = = 17.58 MPa
60000
Abr
f br,all 0.48 f ci
A pun
240000
= 0.48 50 = 48 MPa
60000
0.8 f ci = 40 MPa
f br f br,all 40MPa
End Block
In vertical direction
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o
300
= 1055 0.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
600
In horizontal direction
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o
200
= 1055 0.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
400
Fbst
Ast =
0.87 f y
179.3510 3
= = 824.60 mm2
0.87 250
10 2
Aw = = 78.54 mm2
4
824.60
No of stirrups = = 6 Nos
2 78.54
2 rd 1
Provide Ast from 0.1 yo = 60 mm to 0.5 yo = 300 mm and rd Ast from 0.5 yo = 300 mm to yo = 600
3 3
mm, both vertically and horizontal.
Chapter III
CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING
2. Circumferential Prestress
3. Vertical Prestress.
Estimate
2) Bending Moment Mw
4) Circumferential Prestress
fc = Nd + fmin.w N/mm2
t
5) Spacing of wires
= wt . D
2
Equating wt. D = fs As
2 S1
Wt = 2 fs As
sD
Then Nt = Nd wt
Ww
Also Nt = t fc
S = 2 Nd . fs. As mm
Ww fc. Dt
Mt = Mw wt
Ww
Fc = fmin. W + Mw
z
fc = fmin. W + Mt
Z
P = fc. Ac
1. A cylindrical prestressed concrete water tank of internal diameter 30m is required to store
water over a depth of 7.5m. The permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer is 13
N/mm2 and the minimum compressive stress under working presuure is 1 N/mm2. The loss ratio
is 0.75. Wires of 5mm diameter with an initial stress of 1000N/mm2 are available for
circumferential winding and freyssinet cables made up of 12 wires of 8mm diameter stressed to
1200N/mm2 are to be used for vertical prestressing. Design the tank walls assuming the base as
fixed. The cube strength of concrete is 40N/mm2.
Solution:
H2 = 7.52 = 12.5
Dt 30 x 0.15
= 0.64 x 10 x 7.5 x 15
= 720kN/m = 720N/mm.
Moment in tank wall for the fixed base condition = (coefficient) Wh3 kNm/m
= 0.01 x 10 x 7.53
= 42.5 kNm/m
= 42500Nmm/mm
= 720 = 82.3mm
0.75 x 13 1
Net thickness available (allowing for vertical cables of diameter 30mm) is (150 30) = 120mm
fc = Nd + fmin.w
t
= 720 + 1 = 9.42N/mm2
0.75 x 120 0.75
S = 2 Nd fs. As
Ww fc. Dt
= 11.4mm
fs = 2 x 109 x 1000 x 20
3
0.075 x 2.5 x 30 x 10 x 120
= 64mm
Vertical moment = Mw wt
Ww
fc = fmin. w + Mt
Z
Since this stress exceeds the permissible value of fct = 13N/mm2, the thickness of the tank wall of base is
increased to 200mm.
fc = 1 + 67 x 106 = 12N/mm2
4
0.75 666 x 10
= 2400kN
= 564kN
= 1.7N/mm2
= 1760Kn
Circumferential pre-stress
Circumferential pre-stressing is done to resist hoop tension in circular structures, like water-tanks and
pipes. Essentially each horizontal slice of the wall forma a ring subjected to uniform internal pressure.
This ring may be considered as a pre-stresses concrete member under tension.
Considering one half of a thin cylindrical slice of a tank as a free-body: under the action of pre-stress Fi in
steel, the total compression C in the concrete equals Fi. The C-line coincides with the cgs line, which is a
concordant cable linearly transformed.
Fi
fc , AC = Area of concrete
Ac
Fe
fc
Ac
When internal liquid pressure is acting at working load stage, the internal pressure intensity,
pR
fc where
AT
AT = transformed area = Ac nA p
AP = area of steel
The resultant stress in concrete at working load due to internal pressure p and pre-stress Fe is
F e pR
fc (1)
Ac AT
In Eq.1, if it is assumed that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR .
And since At Ac , f c is always negative, implying that there is always a residual compressive stress in
concrete.
Design method 1
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
m = factor of safety
Es
n
Ec
Fi A p f i
Fe A p f e
At transfer
Fi
Ac (2)
f ct
At working load
Fe pR
f cw (3) where At Ac nA p
Ac AT
pR
Ap
fe
Fi A p f i
Fi
Ac from Eq.2
f ct
F e pR
f cw from Eq.3
Ac AT
Design method 2
If both f ct and f cw are to be kept in concrete, which may be the case when a tensile stress f cw =
cracking stress, may be allowed, and if a factor of safety m is required, then Eq.2 and Eq.3 can be
combined together into the following from.
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
m = factor of safety
Es
n
Ec
Fi A p f i
Fe A p f e
At transfer
Fi f i Ap
Ac
f ct f ct
fi
At Ac nA p A p (n )
f ct
At working load
F e mpR
f cw
Ac AT
f e Ap mpR
f cw
f f
Ap i A p n i
f ct
f ct
f mpR
A p f ct e f cw f ct
fi nf ct f i
f f f f mpR
A p e ct i cw f ct
fi nf ct f i
mpR
Ap f f
nf ct f i f e f ct f i f cw ct i
mpR
f ct f i
f f
f i n ct 1 fct f e f i cw
fi f ct
mpR
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
1. Cylinder type which has a steel cylinder core, over which the concrete is cast and pre-stressed.
2. Non-cylinder type which is made of pre-stressed concrete only.
IS:784-2001 Pre-stressed Concrete Pipes (Including Specials), provides guidelines for the design of pre-
stressed concrete pipes with the internal diameter ranging from 200 mm to 2500 mm. The pipes are
designed to withstand the combined effect of internal pressure and external loads. The minimum grade
of concrete in the core should be M40 for non-cylinder type pipes.
1. Centrifugal method: In the centrifugal method the mould is subjected to spinning till the
concrete is compacted to a uniform thickness throughout the length of the pipe.
2. Vertical casting method: In the vertical casting method, concrete is poured in layers up to a
specified height.
After adequate curing of concrete, first the longitudinal wires are pre-stressed. Subsequently, the
circumferential pre-stressing is done by the wire wound around the core in a helical form. The wire is
wound using a counter weight or a die. Finally a coat of concrete or rich cement mortar is applied over
the wire to prevent from corrosion. For cylinder type pipes, first the steel cylinder is fabricated and
tested. Then the concrete is cast around it.
Example 1 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 300 mm, p = 1.05 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -14 MPa, f cw =-0.7 MPa, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 2.5
mm wires are used. And what would be the internal pressure p required to balance the pre-stress at
transfer before losses to maintain a stress of -0.7 in concrete?
Method 1:
pR
Ap
fe
1.05 10 3 300
Ap = = 394 mm2
800
Fi A p f i
Fi = 3941000 = 394 kN
Fi
Ac
f ct
39410 3
Ac = = 28143 mm2
14
28142
t = = 29 mm
1000
30 mm
At Ac nA p
F e pR
f cw
Ac AT
Since f cw is slightly more than specified -0.7 MPa, another trail could be made in the design.
2.5 2
Aw = = 4.91 mm2
4
Ap
No of wires =
Aw
394
= 81 wires
4.91
1000
Spacing = = 12 mm
81
Method 2:
mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
1.0510 3 300
Ap = = 388 mm2
0.7 14
800 1000 1 6
14 1000
Fi = 3881000 = 388 kN
38810 3
Ac = = 27715 mm2
14
27715
t = = 28 mm
1000
3881000 p 10 3 300
f cw = = -0.7 MPa
28000 30328
p = 1.33 MPa
Example 2 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 800 mm, p = 1 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -12 MPa, f cw = 0, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 5 mm wires
are used. If cracking stress is +2 MPa, what is the F.S against cracking?
mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
110 3 800
Ap = = 933 mm2
0 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000
Fi = 9331000 = 933 kN
933 10 3
Ac = = 77750 mm2
12
77750
t = = 78 mm
1000
mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
m110 3 800
933 =
2 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000
m = 1.2
Pre-stressed concrete liquid retaining structures require low maintenance and resist seismic forces
satisfactory.
Circular pre-stressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment, water distribution, storm water
management, large industrial tanks, bulk storage tanks and for storing liquefied natural gas (LNG).
The construction of the circular tanks is in the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and
cured. The surface is prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the
IS:3370-1967 (1-4) Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids provides
guidelines for the analysis and design of liquid storage tanks. The four sections of the code are titled as
follows:
In IS:3370-1967 (3), the design requirements for pre-stressed tanks are mentioned. A few of them are:
1. The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and construction, and
under working loads, should be within the permissible values as specified in IS:1343-1980.
2. The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor of 1.2.
3. The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4. When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points of at least 0.7
N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress greater than 1.0 N/mm2.
Thus, the tank should be analyzed both for the full and empty conditions.
5. There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during pre-stressing.
Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the pre-stressing force should be considered.
6. The cover requirement is as follows. The minimum cover to the pre-stressing wires should be 35
mm on the liquid face. For faces away from the liquid, the cover requirements are as per
IS:1343-1980.
The general equations from Eq 1 to Eq 3, would serve well for the design of circular pre-stressed
liquid retaining structure.
Example 1
Determine the area of steel required per meter height of a circular pre-stressed water tank with an
inside diameter of 18 m and a height of 6 m water pressure. Compute the thickness of concrete
required.
Case 1:
p =
6101000 (on an area of 1m x 1m) = 0.06 MPa
10 6
pR
Ap
fe
0.0610 3 9000
Ap = = 653 mm2
827
Fi A p f i
Fi = 6531034 = 675 kN
Fi
Ac
f ct
67510 3
Ac = = 130600 mm2
5.17
130600
t = = 130.60 mm
1000
140 mm
At Ac nA p
F e pR
f cw
Ac AT
Case 2:
mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
Fi = 7781034 = 805 kN
805 10 3
Ac = = 156 x103 mm2
5.17
15610 3
t = = 156 mm
1000
165 mm
Chapter IV
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Many applications of prestressed concrete involve the combination of precast prestressed concrete
beams and in situ reinforced concrete slabs. Some examples of such composite construction are shown
in Fig. 10.1. An in situ infill between precast beams is shown in Fig. 10.1(a) while an in situ topping is
shown in Fig. 10.1(b). The former type of construction is often used in bridges, while the latter is
common in building construction. The beams are designed to act alone under their own weight plus the
weight of the wet concrete of the slab. Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and provided that
there is adequate horizontal shear connection between them, the slab and beam behave as a composite
section under design load. The beams act as permanent formwork for the slab, which provides the
compression flange of the composite section. The section size of the beam can thus be kept to a
minimum, since a compression flange is only required at the soffit at transfer. This leads to the use of
inverted T-, or top-hat, sections.
Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and the imposed load acts on the composite section, the
additional stress distribution is shown in Fig. 10.2(c). This is determined by ordinary bending theory, but
using the composite section properties.
The final stress distribution is shown Figure
The floor slab shown in Fig. 10.3 comprises precast pretensioned beams and an in situ concrete slab. If
the span of the beams is 5 m and the imposed load is 5 kN/m2 (including finishes), determine the stress
distributions at the various load stages. Assume all long-term losses have occurred before the beams are
erected and that the net force in each wire is 19.4 kN. Section properties of the beams:
Ac=1.13105 mm2
Ic=7.5108 mm4
Zt=Zb=6106 mm3.
Eccentricity of the wires=12540=85 mm.
(i) Self weight of the beams=0.11324
=2.7 kN/m.
Mo=(2.752)/8
=8.4 kNm.
Total prestress force after all losses have occurred is given by
Po=619.4
=116.4 kN.
The stress distribution in the beams is thus given by
(ii) The weight of the slab is supported by the beams acting alone, so that Md=8.4+0.0750.62452/8
=11.8 kNm.
The stress distribution within the beams is now given by
(iii) The imposed load of 5 kN/m2 is supported by the composite section and the
section properties of this are now required. To find the neutral axis of the composite section, taking
moments about the soffit of the beams gives
(1.13105+75600)y=(1.13105125+75600288)
y=171 mm.
Icomp=7.5108+1.13105 (171125)2
+(753600)/12+(75600)/(288171)2
=1.63109 mm4.
The imposed load bending moment, (MdesMd)=0.6552/8
=9.4 kNm.
The stress distribution within the composite section under this extra bending moment
is given by
The maximum compressive stress occurs at the upper fibres of the beams, but is significantly lower than
the level of stress had the beam carried the total imposed load alone. This explains the advantage of
inverted T-sections in composite construction, where only a small compression flange is required for
bending moments Mo and Md, the
Stress distribution for composite section in Example 10.1 (N/mm2): (a) beam; (b)beam and slab; (c)
beam and slab and imposed load.
compression flange for bending moment Mdes being provided by the slab. The maximum compressive
stress in the slab is much lower than in the beam and, for this reason, in many composite structures a
lower grade of concrete is used for the in situ portion. The modulus of elasticity for this concrete is
lower than that for the beam and this effect can be taken into account in finding the composite section
properties by using an approximate modular ratio of 0.8.
The in situ slab in Example 10.1 lies above the composite section neutral axis and, therefore, the slab is
in compression over its full depth under the total design load. However, for composite sections as
shown in Fig. 10.1(a) the in situ portion of the section extends well below the neutral axis, so that the
lower region is in tension. If the tensile strength of this concrete is exceeded then the composite section
properties must be determined on the basis of the in situ section having cracked below the neutral axis.
but the different strengths of the concrete in the slab and beam regions of the compression zone should
be taken into account.
The following expression is given in Part 13 of EC2 for the horizontal shear stress, where is the ratio
of the longitudinal force in the slab to the total longitudinal force, given by Msd/z, both calculated for a
given section; Vsd is the transverse ultimate shear force; z is the lever arm; and bj is the width of the
interface.
The design shear resistance for horizontal joints with vertical shear reinforcement is given by
Rdj=kTRd+N+0.87 fyk 0.33 vfck,
where kT is a coefficient with kT=0 if the joint is subjected to tension;
Rd is the basic design shear strength from Table
Horizontal shear: (a) composite section; (b) free-body diagram for in situ slab.
DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS
The fact that the slab of a composite member is usually cast at a much later stage than the beam means
that most of the time-dependent effects of shrinkage of the slab take place with the section acting
compositely. Most of the shrinkage of the beam will already have occurred by the time the slab is in
place, and the movement due to the shrinkage of the slab will induce stresses throughout the whole of
the composite section. The water content of the slab concrete is often higher than that of the beam,
since a lower strength is required, and this aggravates the problem of differential shrinkage. These extra
stresses, which occur even under zero applied load, are not insignificant and should be considered in
design. Both the slab and beam undergo creep deformations under load and, although some of the
creep deformations in the beam may have taken place before casting of the slab, the level of
compressive stress is higher in the beam, and so the creep deformations are larger.
Differential movements.
composite section which tend to reduce those set up by differential shrinkage. A problem which is
encountered, particularly in connection with bridge decks, is that of varying temperature across a
composite section, although this may still be a problem in composite members used as roof structures.
The hotter upper surface tends to expand more than the cooler lower surface and stresses are induced
throughout the composite section.
A method for determining the stresses due to differential shrinkage will now be outlined, and this can be
adapted to find the stresses due to differential creep and temperature movements. Consider a
composite member as shown in Fig. 10.13, where the slab is shown to have a free shrinkage movement
of sh relative to the beam. In reality this movement is restrained by the shear forces which are set up
between the slab and beam, putting the slab into tension and the beam into compression. The
magnitude of the tensile force in the slab is given by
T=shAc,slabEc,slab,
where Ac,slab and Ec,slab are the cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity of the slab, respectively,
and sh is the free shrinkage strain of the slab concrete.
The compressive force in the beam must be numerically equal to this tensile force. In addition to the
direct stresses described above, bending stresses are also introduced by restraint of the free differential
shrinkage. In order to determine these stresses, the free bodies of the slab and beam are considered, as
shown in Fig. 10.14. Initially, the slab can be regarded as having a force T applied through its centroid, so
that its length is equal to that of the beam. There must be no net external force on the composite
member due to differential shrinkage alone, so a pair of equal and opposite compressive forces must be
applied to maintain equilibrium. However, these compressive forces act on the composite section and
induce a bending moment at the ends of the member of
Chapter V
5.1 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.
UNIT-I
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PRE STRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
PART-B
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The deflections of prestressed concrete members are influenced byy the following
salient factors:
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b) Describe the various types of losses in prestress. What steps may be taken to reduce
these losses
LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE:
modular ratio and the average stress in concrete at the level of steel.
If fc= prestress in concrete at the level of steel.
Es= modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec= modulus of elasticity of concrete.
e= Es/ Ec = modular ratio.
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If = creep coefficient
c = creep strain
e = elastic strain
e = modular ratio
fc = stress in concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Creep coefficient( ) = (c/ e)
Loss of stress in steel = fc e
LOSS DUE TO RELAXATION OF STRESS INN STEEL:
Most of the code provides for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as
a percentage of the initial stress in steel. The Indian standard code
recommends a value varying from 0 to 90 N/mm2 for stress in wire
varying from 0.5 fup to 0.8 fup .
(a) Loss of stress due to the curvature effects, which depends upon
the tendon from or alignment which generally follows a curved profile along the
length of the beam.
(b) Loss of stress effect, which depends upon the local deviation
in the alignment of the cable. The wobble or wave effect is the result of accidental
or unavoidable misalignment, since ducts or sheaths cannot be perfectly located to
follow predetermined profile throughout the length of the beam.
Px = Poe-(+ kx)
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP:
In most post-tensioned system, when the cable is tensioned and the jack is
released to transfer prestress to concrete, the friction wedges, employed to
grip the wires, slip over a small distance before the wires are firmly
housed between the wedges. The magnitude of slip depends upon the type
of wedge and the stress in the wire.
= (PL/AEs)
Where = slip of anchorage, mm
L = length of the cable,mm
A = cross sectional area of the cable, mm2
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
P = Prestressed force in the cable.
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P/A(180X10^3/36X10^3) = +5 N/mm2
=13.5kNm
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UNIT-II
DESIGN CONCEPTS
PART-A
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PART-B
1. a) What is meant by partial prestressing? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when
partial prestressing is done
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a
limited degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case,
in addition to tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned
reinforcement is generally used to limit the width of cracks developed
under service load.
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
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(b) Explain about the types of flexure failure occurs in prestressed concrete section
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Partial safety factors, are therefore used for each limit state being reached.
The values of partial safety loads recommended in the British, Indian
and American codes.
IS code:
Load combination Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability
DL LL WL DL LL WL
DL+LL 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 -
DL+WL 1.5 - 1.5 1.0 - 1.0
DL+LL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8
Partial safety factor for materials has a values which depends on the
important of limit states being materials to which is applies difference between
strength of materials when tested and when incorporated in construction during the
service life.
(b) Discuss difference in load deflection of under prestressed, partially prestressed and
fully prestressed.
The load deflection characteristics of a typical prestressed concrete members
and discussed below:
If the beam is sufficient loaded, tensile stresses is develop in the soffit and
when this exceed the tensile strength of concrete, cracks are likely to develop in the
member.
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The load deflection curve is approximately linear upto the stage of visible
cracking, but beyond this stage the deflection increase at a faster rate due to the
reduced stiffness of the beam.
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3. The end block of a post-tensioned PSC beam, 300 x 300 mm is subjected to a
concentric anchorage force of 832.8 kN by a Freyssinet anchorage of area
11720 mm2. Design and detail the anchorage reinforcement for the end
block.(NOV-DEC 2009)
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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT III
Circular prestressing
Part A
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Part B
1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
tensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
the equation below:
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.
4
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
6
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is applied to provide a coat of
concrete over the prestressing strands.
Analysis
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
covered. Since circular prestressing is applicable to cylindrical tanks, only this
type of tank is covered in this module.
The following types of boundary conditions are considered in the analysis of the
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.
For base
9
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-
stops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension
10
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.
12
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT III
Circular prestressing
Part A
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Part B
1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
tensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
the equation below:
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.
3
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.
4
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
5
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
6
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
7
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
8
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
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Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is applied to provide a coat of
concrete over the prestressing strands.
Analysis
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
covered. Since circular prestressing is applicable to cylindrical tanks, only this
type of tank is covered in this module.
The following types of boundary conditions are considered in the analysis of the
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.
9
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
For base
Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-
stops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension
10
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
11
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
4) When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points
of at least 0.7 N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress
greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.
12
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT V
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
Part A
a. Voided slab
b. Single tee
c. Box beams
d. Double tee
e. Aasho-type girders with slab(U.S.A)
f. Y-tube standard beams with slab
',;,,,:,(; ,_;,..:Ji.,.'
. ~:.~.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
4
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
5
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16