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A Course Material on

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

By

Mr. P. JAGATEESH

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

VIJAYAMANGALAM 638 056


QUALITY CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the e-course material

Subject Code : CE6506

Scubject : PRE STRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Class : IV Year CIVIL

being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university curriculum.

Signature of the Author

Name: P.JAGATEESH

Designation: Assistant Professor

This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr. P.JAGATEESH is of adequate
quality. He has referred more than five books amount them minimum one is from aborad
author.

Signature of HD

Name: N.Sathish Kumar

SEAL
Sl.No Contents Page No.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

UNIT I - THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR

1.1 Pre-stressed concrete 2

1.2 Types of pre-stressing 2

1.3 Losses 3

UNIT II - DESIGN CONCEPTS

2.1 Analysis of beam section - concept 18

2.2 Elastic Design for flexure 38

2.3 Permissible stresses for flexure member 41

2.4 End block 54

UNIT III CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING

3.1 Design Procedure for circular tanks Computations 61

3.2 Circular pre-stressing 66

3.3 Design of pipes 70

3.4 Design of circular water tanks 74

UNIT IV COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

4.1 Introduction 78

4.2 serviceability limit state 78

4.3 Ultimate strength 81

4.4 Horizontal shear 81

UNIT V PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES

5.1 Prestressed concrete bridges 85


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

CE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES LTPC3003

OBJECTIVE

A t the end of this course the student shall have knowledge of methods of prestressing advantages of
prestressing concrete, the losses involved and the design methods for prestressed concrete elements
under codal provisions.

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR

Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .

UNIT II DESIGN CONCEPTS

Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.

UNIT III CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING

Design of prestressed concrete tanks Pipes.

UNIT IV COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.

UNIT V PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES

General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS

1. Krishna Raju N., Prestressed concrete, Tata Mcgraw Hill Company, New Delhi, 1998
2. Mallic.S.K. and Gupta A.P., Prestressed concrete , Oxbord and IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd 1997.
3. Rajagopalan, N Prestressed Concrete, Alpha Science, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Ramaswamy G.S.Modern prestressed concrete design, Arnold Heinimen, Newdelhi, 1990
2. LinT.Y., Design of prestressed concrete structures, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1995
3. David A.Sheppard, William R and Philphs, Plant Cast precast and prestressed concrete A
design guide, McGraw Hill,Newdelhi 1992

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter -1
INTRODUCTION THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR

Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .

1.1 Pre-stressed concrete


Definition: Concrete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and
distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loadings are countered to a desired degree -
ACI

1.2 Types of pre-stressing

1.2.1 Pre-tensioning & Post-tensioning


In pre-tensioning the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. The tendons are temporarily
anchored to abutments or stressing beds. Then the concrete member is cast between and over the
wires. After the concrete has attained the required strength, the wires are cut from the bulkhead and
pre-stress is transferred to the concrete member.

In post-tensioning the concrete member is cast with ducts for the wires. After concrete has attained
sufficient strength, wires are threaded into the ducts, tensioned from both or one end by means of
jack/jacks and at the precise level of pre-stress the wires are anchored by means of wedges to the
anchorage plates at the ends.

1.2.2 Bonded & Un-bonded tendon


In post-tensioned members, the wires are either left free to slide in the ducts or the duct is filled with
grout. In the former, the tendon is un-bonded and in the latter it is bonded.

Stages of loading

Initial stage
The member is under pre-stress but is not subjected to any superimposed external loads. Further
subdivision of this stage is possible.

1. Before pre-stressing: Concrete is weak in carrying loads. Yielding of supports must be prevented.
2. During pre-stress:
a. Steel: This stage is critical for the strength of tendons. Often the maximum stress to
which the wires will be subjected throughout their life may occur at this stage.
b. Concrete: As concrete has not aged at this stage, crushing of concrete at anchorages is
possible, if its quality is inferior or the concrete is honeycombed. Order of pre-stressing
is important to avoid overstress in the concrete.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

3. At transfer of pre-stress: For pre-tensioned members, where transfer is within a short period,
and for post-tensioned members where transfer may be gradual, there are no external loads on
the member except its own weight.
4. De-shuttering: The removal of form-work must be done after due consideration
Thus the initial pre-stress with little loss imposes a serious condition n the concrete and often controls
the design of the member.

Final stage
This is the stage when actual working loads come on the structure. The designer must consider various
combinations of live loads on different parts of the structure with lateral loads such as wind and
earthquake forces and strain loads produced by settlement of supports and temperature. The major
loads in this stage are:

1. Sustained load: It is often desirable to limit the deflection under sustained loads sue to its own
weight and dead loads.
2. Working load: The member must be designed for the working load. Check for excessive stress
and deflection must be made. But this design may not guarantee sufficient strength to carry
overloads.
3. Cracking load: Cracking in a pre-stress member signifies a sudden change in bond and shearing
stresses. This stage is also important
4. Ultimate load: This strength denotes the maximum load the member can carry before collapse.

1.3 Losses

Elastic Shortening (ES) Cl 18.5.2.4


Shortening in steel that occurs as soon as Fi is transferred to the concrete member and the member as
a whole shortens.

Fi = Pre-stress just before transfer

F = Final stress after losses

Fo = Immediately after transfer very difficult to estimate

Note: The value of Fo may not be known, but it is not necessary, as the losses from Fi to Fo is only a
small percentage of Fi . Total accuracy is relative anyway, as Ec the youngs modulus of concrete
cannot be determined accurately.

Therefore

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

ES = E s

where is the shortening in steel that occurs as soon as Fi is transferred to the

concrete member and the member as a whole shortens. Thus is the shortening in the
member due to Fi at the level of steel.

fc

EC
FO

AC E C

FO
Since f c is the stress in concrete at level of steel and is
AC

FO
ES ES
AC E C

ES
Taking n
EC

FO
ES ES
AC E C
FO
n
AC

As Fo cannot be estimated, Fi can be used to calculate ES.

Fi
at level of steel
AC E C AS E S

ES E s

Fi
Es
AC EC AS E S
nFi

AC nAS

Taking At AC EC AS E S

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

nFi
ES
AT

whichever way the ES is calculated

ES = n (concrete stress at level of steel)

If external loads are acting on the member, then concrete, then concrete stress due to
all loads at level of steel must be determined.

FO FO e 2 M G e
f c
AG I I

Note: AG , the gross-area, instead of the transformed sectional area, leads to simpler calculations and
fairly accurate results.

Fo 0.9Fi for pre-tensioned member

FO
fc
AG

ES nf c

Creep (CR) Cl 18.5.2.1


Among the many factors affecting creep are volume to surface ratio, age of concrete at time of pre-
stress, relative humidity, type of concrete (lightweight / normal). Creep is assumed to occur in the
member after permanent loads are imposed after pre-stress. Creep occurs over a long period of time
under sustained load. Part of initial compressive strain induced in concrete immediately after transfer is
reduced by the tensile strain produced by superimposed permanent loads.

Therefore for bonded members, loss due to creep

CR n f cir f cds f c

ES
n
EC

= Creep coefficient Cl 4.5.3 & Cl 5.2.5.1

f cir = concrete stress at level of steel immediately after transfer.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f cds = stress in concrete at steel level due to superimposed dead loads applied to the
member after transfer of pre-stress

Shrinkage of concrete (SH) Cl 18.5.2.2


Factors like volume to surface ratio, relative humidity, time from end of moist curing to application of
pre-stress, affect shrinkage in concrete. Shrinkage is time-dependant and about 80% of the final loss due
to shrinkage occurs in the first year and 100% after several years.

Shrinkage strain

sh 0.0003 for pretensioned member


0.0002
for posttensioned member and
log 10 t 2 Cl 5.2.4.1
may be increased by 50% in dry condition
but not more than 0.0003

Relaxation of steel (RE) Cl 18.5.2.3


When elongation is sustained over pre-stressing cable for a long time, the pre-stress will decrease
gradually. The RE loss due to relaxation depends on type of steel, time, as well as the ratio of
fi
where f i is the initial pre-stress and f p is the characteristic strength of steel.
fp

RELAXATION LOSSES FOR PRESTRESSING STEEL AT 1 000 H AT 27C

INITIAL STRESS RELAXATION

INITIAL STRESS RELAXATION LOSS

N/mm2

0.5 fp 0

0.6 fp 35

0.7 fp 70

0.8 fp 90

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Anchorage slip (ANC) Cl 18.5.2.5


In post-tensioning, when the jack is released, the full pre-stress is transferred to the anchorage and they
tend to deform, allowing the tendon to slacken. Friction wedges will slip a little before they grip the wire
firmly. So, in post-tensioning the wedges are positively engaged before the jack is released. In pre-
tensioning also, the anchorage slip is compensated for during stressing operation.

The loss is caused by a fixed shortening of the anchorages, so the percentage loss is
higher in shorter wires than in long ones.

If a tendon is stressed to 1035 MPa, with E s 210 5 MPa and the anchorage slips by 2.5 mm,

1035
Total 0.005175
210 5

2.5
In a cable of 3m length, elongation l 0.005175 3000 15.53 mm , ie % l 100 16%
15.53

But in a cable of 30 m length, elongation l 0.005175 30000 155.30 mm , ie


2.5
%l 100 1.6% only
155.30

Frictional loss Cl 18.5.2.6


Frictional loss comprise of two parts: (1) The length effect and (2) The curvature effect.

The length effect or the wobble effect of the duct is the friction that will exist between straight tendon
and the surrounding material. This loss is dependant on the length and stress in the tendon, the
coefficient of friction between the contact materials, the workmanship and the method used in aligning
and obtaining the duct.

The curvature effect is the loss due to intended curvature of the tendon. This again depends on the
coefficient of friction between the materials and the pressure exerted by the tendon on the curvature.

For un-bonded tendon, lubrication, in the form of grease and plastic tube wrapping can be used to
advantage.

For bonded tendon lubricant in the form of water soluble oils are used during stressing operation and
flushed off with after before grouting.

Jacking from both ends of the beam will also reduce loss due to friction.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

For straight or moderately curved structures, with curved or straight cables, the value of pre-stressing
force Px at a distance x meters from tensioning end and acting in the direction of the tangent to the
curve of the cable, shall be calculated as below:

Px = Poe ( + kx ).

Where Po = pre-stressing force in the pre-stressed steel at the tensioning end acting in the direction of
the tangent to the curve of the cable, = cumulative angle in radians through which the tangent to the
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration, = coefficient of friction in curve;
unless otherwise proved by tests, may be taken as: 0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete, 0.30 for
steel moving on steel fixed to duct, and 0.25 for steel moving on lead, k = coefficient for wobble or wave
effect varying from 15 104 to 50 104 per meter. The expansion of the equation for Px for small
values of ( + kx) may be Px = Po (1 kx).

Examples

To calculate ES in Pre-tensioned beam - eccentric tendon


A pre-tensioned beam of 100 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed by straight wires with Fi = 150 kN at an e =
50 mm. E S = 2.1x105 MPa, E C = 0.35x105 MPa and AP = 188 mm2. Estimate ES.

AG = 100 x 300 = 30000 mm2

100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12

2.10
n = = 6.0
0.35

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Fi Fi e 2
fc
AG I

15010 3 15010 3 50 50
fc = = -6.67 MPa
30000 22510 6

ES nf c

ES = 6 6.67 = 40.02 MPa

40.02188
Loss = = 5.02%
15010 3

ES in Pre-tensioned beam - concentric tendon


A straight pre-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with 780
mm2 wires anchored to bulkheads with a f i = 1035 MPa. E S = 2x105 MPa, E C = 0.33x105 MPa.
Estimate ES at transfer.

Fi = 1035 x 780 = 807.30 kN

AG = 380 x 380 = 144400 mm2

AC = AG - AS

= 144400 780 = 143620 mm2

AT = AC + nAS

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

= 143620 + 6x780 = 148300 mm2

2.00
n = = 6.0
0.33

Fi
fc
AT

807.3010 3
fc = = -5.44 MPa
148300

ES nf c

ES = 65.44 = 32.66 MPa

If Fo 0.9Fi

FO = 0.90x807.30 = 726.57 kN

FO
fc
AG

726.57 10 3
fc = = 5.03 MPa
144400

ES = 5.03x6 = 30.18 MPa

ES in Pre-tensioned beam - Eccentric tendons at top & bot


A pre-tensioned beam of 200 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed with 15#5mm wires located at 65 mm
from the bottom of the beam and 3#5mm wires located at 25 mm from the top of the beam. f i =
840 MPa. E S = 2.1x105 MPa, E C = 0.315x105 MPa. Estimate ES at transfer.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Aw = Area of one wire

52
= = 19.63 mm2
4

Fi = 18x19.63x840 = 296.81 kN

200 300 3
I = = 450x106 mm4
12

2.10
n = = 6.67
0.315

eeq =
1519.6384085 319.63840125 = 50 mm
1819.63840

Fi Fi e
f CTop y
AG I t

296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
f CTop = 125 = -0.824 MPa
60000 45010 6

Fi Fi e
f CBot y
AG I t

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
f CBot = 85 = -7.75 MPa
60000 450 10 6

ES nf c

ESTop = 6.67 0.824 = 5.50 MPa

ESBot = 6.67 7.75 = 51.69 MPa

To calculate ES in Post-tensioned beam


A straight post-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with 780
mm2 wires made up of 4 tendons with 195 mm2 and the tendons are pre-stressed sequentially with a f i
= 1035 MPa. E S = 2x105 MPa, E C = 0.33x105 MPa. Estimate ES at transfer.

The loss in the 1st tendon is due to the shortening of concrete by the pre-stressing of the previous 3
Fi
tendons. We can assume that Fi in each of these tendons are constant and f c n .
AG

for the 1st tendon

31951035
ES1 = 6 = 25.16 MPa
380 380

for the 2nd tendon

21951035
ES2 = 6 = 16.77 MPa
380 380

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

for the 3rd tendon

11951035
ES3 = 6 = 8.39 MPa
380 380

There is no loss in the 4th tendon

The average loss

25.16 16.77 8.39


ESav = = 12.58 MPa
4

1
When there are many cables, it is quite enough to assume that ESav of the loss in the 1st cable.
2

1
Thus ESav = 25.16 = 12.58 MPa
2

If it is desired that there should be no loss at all, then the cables can be overstressed before anchorage.
So,

f i in 1st cable = 1035+25.16 = 1060.16 MPa

f i in 2nd cable = 1035+16.77 = 1051.77 MPa

f i in 3rd cable = 1035+8.39 = 1043.39 MPa

f i in 4th cable = 1035.00 MPa

But this stressing pattern is highly theoretical.

To calculate CR, SH and RE in post-tensioned beam


A straight post-tensioned beam of size 100 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed with 5 wires of 7 mm . The
average pre-stress after short-term losses is f pe = 1200 MPa. The gae at loading is 28 days. E S = 2x10 5
MPa, E C = 0.35x105 MPa. Estimate CR, SH and RE assuming fp = 1715 MPa.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

= 1.6 T.2c.1, Cl 5.2.5.1

2.00
n = = 5.71
0.35

Aw = Area of one wire

72
= = 38.45 mm2
4

Fpe = 5x38.45x1200 = 230.7 kN

AG = 300 x 100 = 30000 mm2

100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12

F pe Fpe e
f cir y
AG I

230700 230700 50
= 50 = -10.25 MPa
30000 22510 6

CR = 1.6 5.7110.25 = 93.64 MPa

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

t = 28 days

0.0002
sh Cl 5.2.4.1
log 10 t 2

0.0002
= = 1.35x10-4
log 10 28 2

SH = sh E S

= 1.35x10-4 x (2x105) = 27 MPa

f pe = 1200 MPa

f pe 1200
= = 0.699
fp 1715

70 %

f pe = 0.70 f p

RE = 70 MPa T.4, Cl 18.5.2.3

To calculate frictional losses tensioned from one end


A post-tensioned beam 100 mm 300 mm of le = 10 m is stressed by successive tensioning and
anchoring of 3 cables A, B, and C respectively as shown in figure. Each cable has cross section area of
200 mm2 and has initial stress of 1200 MPa. If the cables are tensioned from one end, estimate the
percentage loss in each cable due to friction at the anchored end. Assume = 0.35, K = 0.0015 / m.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

8y
, the cable being considered a parabola of segment length = x and y = central sag.
x

L = 10000 mm for all cables

= 0.35

K = 0.0015 / m

Let F1 be the pre-stress at beginning of the 1st segment

Cable L KL y KL e KL Stress @
mm end of seg
mm rad

A 10000 0.015 100 0.08 0.028 0.043 0.958 0.958F1

B 10000 0.015 50 0.04 0.014 0.029 0.971 0.931F1

C 10000 0.015 0 0 0 0.015 0.985 0.917F1

Loss = 1 0.917 = 0.08

= 8%

To calculate frictional losses tensioned from both ends


A pre-stressed concrete beam is continuous over two spans and its curved tendon is to be tensioned
from both ends. Compute the percentage of loss of pre-stress due to friction from one end to the center
of the beam (A-E). The coefficient of friction between the cable and the duct is 0.40 and the average
wobble or length effect is represented by k = 0.0026/m. The cable is straight between A-B and C-D. The
change in angle between BC is 0.167 radians and that between DE is 0.100 radians.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Segment L KL KL e KL Stress @
end of seg
m rad

AB 5.334 0.014 0 0 0.014 0.986 0.986F1

BC 7.620 0.020 0.167 0.067 0.087 0.917 0.904F1

CD 5.334 0.014 0 0 0.014 0.986 0.892F1

DE 3.048 0.008 0.100 0.040 0.048 0.953 0.850F1

Loss = 1 0.850 = 0.15

= 15%

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter 2
DESIGN CONCEPTS

Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.

2.1 Analysis of beam section - concept

Sign convention
1. Tension is (+)
2. Compression is (-)

Different concepts
Different concepts can be applied to the analysis if PSC concrete beams, namely

1. Pre-stressing transforms concrete into an elastic material.


2. Pre-stressing is a combination of high-strength steel and concrete.
3. Pre-stress balances loads.

Elastic material
This concept treats concrete as an elastic material and is the most common among engineers. Here
concrete is visualized as being subjected to:

1. Internal pre-stress
2. External loads.
So long as there are no cracks in the section, the stresses, strains and deflections of the concrete due to
the two systems of forces can be considered separately and superimposed if needed.

Due to a tensile pre-stressing force F, thee resulting stress at a section is given below.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

F Fey My
f
A I I

The concrete stress at a section due to pre-stress f is dependant only on the magnitude and location of
pre-stress at that section, ie., F and e, regardless of how the tendon profile varies elsewhere along the
beam.

[Note: Stresses are calculated with force and eccentricity in steel.]

Ex 1
A pre-stress concrete rectangular beam of size 500 mm x 750 mm has a simple span of 7.3 m and is
loaded with a udl of 45 kN/m including its self-weight. An effective pre-stress of 1620 kN is produced.
Compute the fiber stresses in concrete at mid-span section.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

F = 1620 kN

A = 500 x 750 = 375000 mm2

e = 145 mm

500 750 3
I = = 1.758 x1010 mm4
12

750
y = = 375 mm
2

45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8

F Fey My
f
A I I

1620000 1620000145375 299.7610 6 375


f =
375000 1.7581010 1.7581010

= 4.32 5.01 6.39

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f top = 4.32 5.01 6.39 = -5.70 MPa

f bot = 4.32 5.01 6.39 = -2.94 MPa

High strength steel and concrete


This considers the pre-stressed concrete as combination of steel and concrete similar to RCC. Tension
exists in steel and compression in concrete. These two form a internal resisting couple against external
moment produced by loads.

C Cey
f
A I

[Note: Stresses are calculated with force and eccentricity in concrete. e is the eccentricity of C, the
compressive force in concrete.]

Ex 2
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8

C=T = 1620 kN

M
Lever arm a =
C

299.7610 6
= = 185 mm
162010 3

C acts at = 185 + 230 = 415 mm from top

750
e for C = 415 = 40 mm
2

C Cey
f
A I

1620000 1620000 40375


f =
375000 1.7581010

= 4.32 1.38

f top = 4.32 1.38 = -5.70 MPa

f bot = 4.32 1.38 = -2.94 MPa

Load balancing
The effect of pre-stressing is considered as the balancing of gravity loads so that the member under
bending will not be subjected to flexural stresses under a given loading condition.

8Pe
wup
L2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

4Pe
wup
L

Pe
wup
aL

8Fh
Due to a parabolic tendon of length l, sag h and stressed to F, wb
l2

F My
f where M is the moment due to net loads.
A I

Ex 3
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

8Fh
wb
l2

81620 0.145
wb = = -35.30 kN/m (up)
7.3 2

Net udl = 45.0 35.30 = 9.70 kN/m (down)

9.7 7.3 2
M = = 64.60 kN-m
8

F My
fc
A I

1620000 64.6010 6 375


fc =
375000 1.7581010

= 4.32 1.38

f top = 4.32 1.38 = -5.70 MPa

f bot = 4.32 1.38 = -2.94 MPa

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Analysis of beam section for flexure

Stress in concrete and steel due to pre-stress only

If

F = pre-stress (whether initial or final) and applied through the centroid.

F
fc = where A is the area of concrete
A

Using the transformed method, stress in concrete is uniform even at the level of steel

Fi
fc =
AC nAS

Fi F
= or i
AT AG

Stress in steel

fs = n fc

nFi
=
AC nAS

nFi
= Which represents the immediate reduction in pre-stress in steel at transfer.
AT
But is approximated to,

nFi
= where A G is the gross area, the error being about 2% to 3 %
AG

Example - Pre-tensioned member concentric tendon


A pre-tensioned beam of size 200 mm x 300 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with 520 mm2 wires
anchored to bulkheads with a f i = 1035 MPa. Assuming n = 6, compute the stresses in concrete and
steel immediately after transfer due to pre-stress only.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

AG = 200 x 300 = 60000 mm2

Fi = 520 x 1035 = 538.20 kN

538.20 10 3
fc = at level of steel = -8.97
60000

ES

= 6 8.97 = -53.82 MPa

f Pe (aft. loss) = 1035.00 53.82 = 981.00 MPa

f cTop,Bot (aft. loss)

Fe
=
AG

981 520
= = -8.50 MPa
60000

Example - Pre-tensioned member eccentric tendon


A pre-tensioned beam of size 200 mm x 300 mm is eccentrically pre-stressed with 520 mm2 wires
anchored to bulkheads with a f i = 1035 MPa. The cgs is 100 mm above the bottom of the beam.
Assuming n = 6, compute the stresses in concrete and steel immediately after transfer due to pre-stress
only.

Fi = 1035 x 520 = 538.20 kN

e = 150 50 = 50 mm

AG = 200 x 300 = 60000 mm2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12

Fi F e2
fc i at level of steel
AG I

538.2010 3 538.2010 3 50 50
fc = = -11.96 MPa
60000 45010 6

ES nf c

ES = 611.96 = 71.76 MPa

f Pe (aft. loss) = 1035.00 71.76 = 963.24 MPa

Fe = 983.24 x 520 = 500.88 kN

f cTop,Bot (aft. loss)

Fe Fe e
= y
AG I

500.8810 3 500.8810 3 50
= 150
60000 45010 6

= 8.348 8.348

f top = 8.348 8.348 = 0 MPa

f bot = 8.348 8.348 = -16.70 MPa

f c at level of steel could also be approximated to

Fi
fc
AG

In that case

500.8810 3
fc = = 8.348
60000

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

ES nf c

ES = 6 x 8.348 = 53.82 MPa

f Pe (aft. loss) = 1035.00 53.82 = 981.18 MPa

Fe = 981.18 x 520 = 510.21 kN

f cTop,Bot (aft. loss)

510.2110 3 510.2110 3 50
= 150
60000 45010 6

f top = 8.50 8.50 = 0 MPa

f bot = 8.50 8.50 = -17.0 MPa

Which show that the approximate method is fast and quite accurate.

Example - Post-tensioned member eccentric tendon


A post-tensioned beam of size 200 mm x 300 mm is eccentrically pre-stressed with 520 mm2 wires
stressed to a f i = 1035 MPa. The cgs is 75 mm above the bottom of the beam. Immediately after
transfer the stress reduces by 5% owing to anchorage and other losses. The size of the duct is 50 mm x
75 mm. Compute the stresses in concrete and steel immediately after transfer due to pre-stress only.

Fi = 1035 x 520 = 538.20 kN

Fe = 0.95 x Fi

= 0.95 x 538.20 = 511.29 kN

e = 150 50 = 50 mm

AG = 200 x 300 = 60000 mm2

200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f cTop,Bot (aft. loss)

Fe Fe e
= y
AG I

511.2910 3 511.2910 3 75
= 150
60000 45010 6

= 8.52 12.78

f top = 8.52 12.78 = 4.26 MPa

f bot = 8.52 12.78 = -21.30 MPa

Stress in concrete due to pre-stress & loads


Stresses in concrete produced by external bending moment, whether due to the beams self-weight or
applied load is:

M
fc y
I

The resulting stress in concrete due to both the pre-stress and loads is:

F Fe M
fc y y
A I I

Example - Post-tensioned member with loads


A post-tensioned beam of size 300 mm x 600 mm and le = 12 m is pre-stressed with1575 kN which
eventually reduces to 1350 kN due to losses. The cgs is 175 mm above the bottom of the beam. The
beam carries two live loads of 45 kN each in addition to its self-weight of 4.5 kN/m. Compute the
extreme fiber stresses at mid-span for (a) initial condition with full pre-stress and no live load and (b)
pre-stress after losses with full live load.

Fi = 1575 kN

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Fe = 1350 kN

e = 300 175 = 125 mm

AG = 300 x 600 = 180000 mm2

300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12

4.510 3 12 2
MG = = 81 kN-m
8

ML = 45 4.5 = 202.5 kN-m

MT = 81 + 202.5 = 283.50 kN-m

Initial condition

Fi Fi e M
fc y y
A I I

157510 3 157510 3 125 8110 6


= 300 300
180000 540010 6 540010 6

= 8.75 10.94 4.5

f cTop = 8.75 10.94 4.5 = -2.31 MPa

f cBot = 8.75 10.94 4.5 = -15.19 MPa

Final condition

Fe Fe e M
fc y y
A I I

135010 3 135010 3 125 283.510 6


= 300 300
180000 540010 6 540010 6

= 7.5 9.38 15.75

f cTop = -13.87 MPa

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f cBot = -1.13 MPa

Example - Post-tensioned member with loads


Solve Ex 6.2.1 by locating the center of pressure C for concrete section.

Fe = 1350 kN

MT = 81 + 202.5 = 283.50 kN-m

283.5010 6
a = = 210 mm
135010 3

e = 210 125 = 85 mm

C = Fe = 1350 kN

C Cey
fc
A I

135010 3 135010 3 85
= 300
180000 540010 6

= 7.5 6.37

f cTop = 7.5 6.37 = -13.87 MPa

f cBot = 7.5 6.37 = -1.13 MPa

Stress in steel due to loads


In RCC members, the lever arm between the resultant compression and tension remains almost
constant but the tension in steel increases almost proportionately with increasing moment till yielding.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

In pre-stress concrete resistance to external bending moments is furnished by a lengthening of the lever
arm between the resisting forces C and T which remain relatively unchanged in magnitude.

After cracking, the stress in pre-stressing steel increases rapidly with moment.

The following sketch explains the variations of the stress in pre-stressing steel f p with increasing load.
The variations are shown for bonded and un bonded tendons.

After the pre-stress is transferred while the member is supported at the ends, the stress will tend to
increase from the value after losses f po due to the moment under self weight. Simultaneously the stress
will tend to drop due to the time dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage and relaxation. The
effective pre-stress after time dependent losses is denoted as f pe .

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Due to the moment under service loads, the stress in the pre-stressing steel will slightly increase from
f pe . The increase is more at the section of maximum moment in a bonded tendon as compared to the
increase in average stress for an un bonded tendon.

The stress in a bonded tendon is not uniform along the length. Usually the increase in stress is neglected
in the calculations under service loads. If the loads are further increased, the stress increases slightly till
cracking.

After cracking, there is a jump of the stress in the pre-stressing steel. Beyond that, the stress increases
rapidly with moment till the ultimate load. At ultimate, the stress is f pu .

Similar to the observation for pre-cracking, the average stress in an un bonded tendon is less than the
stress at the section of maximum moment for a bonded tendon.

As discussed above, at the section of maximum moment, the stresses in the un bonded tendon
increases more slowly than that for bonded tendon. This is because any strain in an un bonded tendon
will be distributed throughout its entire length.

If MR is the resultant moment in at a cross-section of a bonded beam and the beam deflects downwards,
there is an increase in steel stress due to this bending given by

MR
f s nf c n y
I

Let M be the moment at any given point of an un bonded beam, f c the stress in concrete at a section,

M
fc y
I

If c is the strain in concrete in that section

f M
c y
Ec Ec I

Then , the total strain along the cable is,

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

M
dx ydx
Ec I

M
ydx is the average strain
L E c IL

The stress in steel f s

E M
f s E s s ydx
L E c IL
n M
L I
ydx

Example stress in steel


A post-tensioned beam of span le = 12 m and size 300 mm x 600 mm, carries a superimposed load of 11
kN/m in addition to its own weight of 4.5 kN/m. The initial pre-stress in steel is 950 MPa and reduces to
820 MPa after all losses and assuming no bending in beam. The cable of are 1600 mm2 is parabolic. N=6.
Compute the stress in steel at mid-span assuming (a) the steel is bonded by grouting and (b) the steel is
un bonded and entirely free to slip.

Bonded tendon:

Fi = 1600 x 950 = 1520 kN

Fe = 1600 x 820 = 1312 kN

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

e at mid span = 125 mm

A = 300 x 600 = 180000

300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12

wt ws wG

= 4.5 + 11.0 = 15.50 kN/m

wt l e 2
MT
8

15.510 3 12 2
= = 279 kN-m
8

Moment due to Fe

= 1312 x 125 = -164 kN-m

MR = 279 164 = 115 kN-m

At level of steel

MR
fc y
I

11510 6
= 125 = 2.66 MPa
540010 6

Increase in stress in steel

f s = nf c

= 6 x 2.66 = 15.97 MPa

Resultant f s = 820 + 16 = 836 MPa

Un bonded beam

n M
f s
L I
ydx

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

from the BMD and y diagram

2
x
M M o 1
L
2

2
x
y y o 1
L
2


2
2
n 2 x
M o y o 1 dx
LI L
f s
l
2

2

8n M o y o nM o y o
f s where is the stress at mid span of a bonded beam = 16 MPa.
15 I I

8
f s 16 = 8.53 MPa
15

Resultant f s = 820 + 8.53 = 828.53 MPa

Cracking moment
Moments producing first crack in a pre-stressed concrete beam, assuming cracks start when tensile
stress in the extreme fiber of concrete reaches its modulus of rupture, f cr ,

f cr 0.7 f ck cl 5.2.2

Therefore cracks appear when

Fe Fe e M
f cr y y or
A I I

Fe I f cr I
M Fe e
Ay y

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Example
For the problem in 6.3.1 compute the total dead and live load that can be carried by the beam for (a)
zero tensile stress at bottom fiber and (2) cracking in the bottom fiber assuming f cr 4.2MPa and Fe =
1350 kN.

To obtain zero stress in the bottom fiber, the center of pressure must be located at the top kern point

a = (e+kt)

= 125 + 100 = 225 mm

M = Fe x a

= 1350000 x 225 = 303.75 kN-m

8M
wT
l2

8 303.7510 6
= = 16.87 kN/m
12000 2

For cracking moment, additional moment

f cr I
=
y

4.2 540010 6
= = 75.6 kN-m
300

M = 303.75 + 75.60 = 379.35 kN-m

8 379.3510 6
wT = = 21.07 kN/m
12000 2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

2.2 Elastic Design for flexure

Derivations

At transfer: At working load

Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Top: f tt (1) Top: f cw (3)
A Zt Zt A Zt Zt Zt

Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Bot: f ct (2) Bot: f tw (4)
A Zb Zb A Zb Zb Zb

Fe
Taking
Fi

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Fi Fi e MG Fi Fi e MG
f tt (1) f ct (2)
A Zt Zt A Zb Zb

F F e M M F F e M M
i i G L f cw (3) i i G L f tw (4)
A Z t Z t Zt A Z b Z b Zb

M M M M M M
f tt G G L f cw (3) f ct G G L f tw (4)
Zt Zt Zt Zb Zb Zb

M G 1n M L M G 1n M L
f cw f tt f tr (3) f tw f ct f cr (4)
Zt Zb

M 1 n M L M 1 n M L
Zt G (5) Zb G (6)
f tr f cr

Max. pre-stressing force is limited by

1. Tension at top - f tt during transfer Eq.1


2. Min. Comp stress at bottom - f tw during working load Eq.4
Therefore from Eq.1 and Eq.2 and taking

Fi Fi e
ft
A Zt

Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb

MG
f t f tt (7) form Eq.1
Zt

M G M L
f b f tw (8) from Eq.4
Zb Zb

1 M ML
f b f tw G (8)

Zb

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Also, since:

Fi Fi e
ft (a)
A Zt

Fi Fi e
fb (b)
A Zb




Fi e f t Fi Z (a)
A
t

Fi F Z
fb f t i t (b)
A A Zb

Fi Z b Z t Z
fb f t t
A Zb Zb

Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt


1 e
f t Fi (a )
A Z t

1 e
f b Fi
(b )
A Z b

f t Z b Ae Z t

f b Z t Ae Z b

Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb

Remember, in these equations:

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
f b f tw G
Zb

When MG is large as will be the case for long span and/or heavy girders, the computed eccentricity e
from Eq.10, may fall below the bottom of the beam. In that case, the e available is worked out and Fi is
increased suitably.

Fi for know eccentricity e working load is:

Fi Fi e 1 M ML
fb f tw G from Eq.4
A Zb Zb

From the first part of the above equation

Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb
Z Ae
Fi b
AZ b

f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae

2.3 Permissible stresses for flexure member

Steel Cl 8.5.1
Steel stress for pre-tensioned tendons immediately after transfer or post-tensioned tendons after
anchorage is:

f pi 0.87 f pu

Where f pi = Maximum initial pre-stress, and f pu = Ultimate tensile stress in tendon.

Concrete in compression Cl 22.8.2.1, 22.8.1.1


Concrete stress after transfer and before losses in extreme fiber

Compression = 0.54 fck to 0.37 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension

= 0.51 fck to 0.44 fck (or M40 to M60) for pre-tension

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber

Compression = 0.41 fck to 0.35 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension

= 0.34 fck to 0.27 fck (or M40 to M60) for pre-tension

Concrete in tension Cl 22.7.1


Concrete stress after transfer and before losses in extreme fiber

1. For Type 1 members, Tension = 0.


2. For Type 2 members, Tension = 3.0 MPa to 4.5 MPa
3. For Type 3 members, Tension = 4.1 MPa to 4.8 MPa

Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber

Tension = same as at transfer before losses

Example

Depth not restricted - beam


Design a post-tensioned beam of le = 12 m to carry a live load of 12 kN/m throughout its length. The
width of beam b = 250 mm. f ct f cw 17MPa and f tt f tw 1.4MPa . = 0.85.

Assume depth of beam = h mm

A = 250h mm2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

h
0.25 2412
2

MG =
1000
= 0.108h kN-m
8

1212 2
ML = = 216 kN-m
8

Min Z is governed by Zb. From Eq.4



f cr f tw f ct

f cr = 1.4 0.8517 = 15.85 MPa

MG 1 n ML
Zb (6)
f cr

0.108h 1 0.8510 6 21610 6 10 6 216 0.0162h


= =
15.85 15.85

250h 2
Z b also =
6

From which

h = 580 mm

A = 250 x 580 = 145x103 mm2

250 580 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 14x106 mm3
6

MG = 62.64 kN-m

MG
f t f tt
Zt

62.6410 6
= 1.4 = 5.87 MPa
1410 6

1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

1 62.64 21610 6
= 1.4 = -21.76 MPa
0.85 1410 6

Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt

=
21.76 5.87 1410 6
= 7.945
2 1410 6

Fi = 7.945 x 145 x103 = 1152 kN

Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb

14141012 21.76 5.87 6


= = 24.3436x10
1410 6 5.87 21.76

e = 167.89 mm

Depth restricted - slab


A post-tensioned concrete bridge slab of le = 10 m is 380 mm thick. It is stressed with parallel cables
stressed to 360 kN each. wL = 25 kN/m2. Losses are 20%. f tt f tw 0.7MPa . Calculate the emax and
spacing of cable at mid-span.

= 0.80

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

A = 1000 X 380 = 380000 mm2

1000 380 3
I = = 4572.66 x106 mm4
12

4572.6610 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 24.07 x106 mm3
380

2

ws = 1 x 0.38 x 24 = 9.12 kN/m

9.1210 2
MG = = 114 kN-m
8

2510 2
ML = = 312.50 kN-m
8

MG 114 10 6
= = 4.74
Z 24.07 10 6

ML 312.510 6
= = 12.98
Z 24.07 10 6

At mid-span

MG
f t f tt
Zt

= 0.7 4.74 = 5.44 MPa

1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb

0.7 4.74 12.98


1
= = -21.275 MPa
0.8

Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt

=
21.275 5.44 24.07 10 6
= 7.9175
2 24.07 10 6

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Fi = 7.9175 x 380 x103 = 3008.65 kN

Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb

24.07 24.07 1012 21.275 5.44


= = 40.6081 x10 6
24.07 10 6 5.44 21.275

e mid-span = 106.86 mm

At support

MG = ML = 0

e at support = 68.944

A more complicated solution is:

At mid-span, the stress at top and bottom at transfer and working load are respectively.

Fi Fi e M G
f tt (1)
A Zt Zt

Fe Fe e M G M L
f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb

Fi Fe M M
ie. i G L f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb

Multiplying Eq.1 by and adding it to Eq.4 above, and remembering Zt = Zb = Z,

1 G L f tw f tt
Fi M M
2
A Z Z

Fi
2 0.8 1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7 from which
A

Fi = 3009 kN

Likewise, multiplying Eq.1 by and subtracting it from Eq.4 above,

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

1 G L f tw f tt
Fi e M M
2
Z Z Z

Fi e
2 0.8 1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7
A

e at mid-span = 106.358 mm

At support

MG = ML = 0

Fi Fi e
0 f tt (1)
A Zt

300910 6 300910 6 e
0.7
380000 24.07 10 6

e at support = 68.944

Spacing of cables

Fi = 3009 kN

Force per cable = 360 kN

300910 3
No of cables = 9 Nos
36010 3

1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9

Depth not restricted - slab


A post-tensioned concrete one-way bridge slab of le = 10 m is stressed with parallel cables stressed to
500 kN each. wL = 25 kN/m2. Losses are 20%. f ct f cw 15MPa and f tt f tw 0 .

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

= 0.80

Assume depth of slab = h mm

Width of slab = 1000 mm

A = 1000h mm2

h
1 24 10
2

MG =
1000 = 0.3 kN-m
8

2510 2
ML = = 312.5 kN-m
8

Min Z is governed by Zb. From Eq.4



f cr f tw f ct

f cr = 0 0.815 = 12 MPa

MG 1 n ML
Zb (6)
f cr

0.3h 1 0.810 6 312.510 6 10 6 312.5 0.06h


= =
12 12

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

100h 2
Z b also =
6

From which

h = 410 mm

A = 1000 x 410 = 410000 mm2

1000 410 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 28.02x106 mm3
6

MG = 123 kN-m

MG
f t f tt
Zt

12310 6
= 0 = 4.39 MPa
28.0210 6

1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb

1 123 312.5010 6
= 0 = -91.43 MPa
0.8 28.0210 6

Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt

19.43 4.39
= = 7.52
2

Fi = 7.52 x 410000 = 3083.20 kN

Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb

28.0210 6 19.43 4.39


= = 443.774 x106
4.39 19.43
e mid-span = 108.24 mm

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

3084 10 3
No of cables = 7 Nos
500 10 3

1000
Spacing = = 143 mm c/c
7

Depth restricted - beam


A pre-tensioned simply supported beam of size 80 mm x 120 mm and le = 3 m caries two 4 kN loads at
third points along the span. Losses are 20%. f tt 0, f tw 1.4MPa . Design the beam with 3mm wires
for f i 1400 MPa each.

= 0.80

A = 80 X 120 = 9600 mm2

80 120 3
I = = 11.52 x106 mm4
12

11.5210 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 0.192 x106 mm3
120

2

ws = 0.08 x 0.12 x 24 = 0.23 kN/m

0.23 3 2
MG = = 0.2592 kN-m
8

ML = 41 = 4.0 kN-m

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

MG 0.259210 6
= = 1.35
Z 0.19210 6

ML 4.0 10 6
= = 20.83
Z 0.192 10 6

At mid-span

MG
f t f tt
Zt

= 0 1.35 = 1.35 MPa

1 M ML
f b f tw G
Zb

1.4 1.35 20.83


1
= = -25.975 MPa
0.8

Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt

=
25.975 1.35 = 12.3125
2

Fi = 12.3125 x 9600 = 118.20 kN

Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb

0.19210 6 25.975 1.35 6


= = 0.213x10
1.35 25.975
e = 22.193 mm

Aw = Area of one wire

32
= = 7.07 mm2
4

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f i in one wire = 7.07 x 1400 = 9.896 kN

118.20 10 3
No of cables = 12 Nos
9.896 10 3

1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9

below bottom in heavy girder - beam


An unsymmetrical I section has the following sectional property: h = 1000 mm, A = 345 000 mm 2, Zt = 95
x106 mm3, Zb = 75 x 106 mm3, cgc = 440 mm from top, MG = 1012 kN-m, ML = 450 kN-m. Design the
section if f ct f cw 15MPa and f tt f tw 0 . = 0.85


MG
f t f tt
Zt

1012x10 6
= 0 = 10.65 MPa
9510 6

1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb

1 1012 45010 6
= 0 = -22.93 MPa
0.85 7510 6

Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt

22.93 75 10.65 95
= = 4.1647
75 95

Fi = 4.1647 x 345000 = 1436.82 kN

Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb

75 951012 22.93 10.65 6


= = 361.339 x10
10.65 95 22.93 7510 6
e = 1047.36 mm

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

eavil = yb cover

= (1000-440) 100 = 460 mm

For this eavil, the Fi required is:

f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae

22.93 345000 7510 6


Fi = = 2538.78 kN
7510 6 345000 460

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

2.4 End block

Bursting force
A portion of a pre-stressed member surrounding the anchorage is the end block. Through the length of
the end block, pre-stress is transferred from concentrated areas to become linearly distributed fiber
stresses at the end of the block. The theoretical length of this block, called the lead length is not more
than the height of the beam.

But the stress distribution within this block is rather complicate.

The larger transverse dimension of the end zone is represented as yo. The corresponding dimension of
the bearing plate is represented as ypo. For analysis, the end zone is divided into a local zone and a
general zone.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

The local zone is the region behind the bearing plate and is subjected to high bearing stress and internal
stresses. The behavior of the local zone is influenced by the anchorage device and the additional
confining spiral reinforcement.

The general zone is the end zone region which is subjected to spalling of concrete. The zone is
strengthened by end zone reinforcement.

The transverse stress (t) at the CGC varies along the length of the end zone. It is compressive for a
distance 0.1yo from the end and tensile thereafter, which drops down to zero at a distance yo from the
end.

The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile stress. The resultant of the tensile stress in a
transverse direction is known as the bursting force (Fbst).

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Besides the bursting force there is spalling forces in the general zone.

Fbst for an individual square end zone loaded by a symmetrically placed square bearing plate according
to Cl 18.6.2.2 is,

y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Where, PK = pre-stress in the tendon; y po = length of a side of bearing plate; yo = transverse


dimension of the end zone.

It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the bursting force

Fbst reduces.

End Zone reinforcement


Transverse reinforcement - end zone reinforcement or anchorage zone

reinforcement or bursting link - is provided in each principle direction based on the value of Fbst. The
reinforcement is distributed within a length from 0.1yo to yo from an end of the member.

The amount of end zone reinforcement in each direction Ast is:

Fbst
Ast
fs

The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the

bearing plate.

The stress in the transverse reinforcement, f s = 0.87fy.

When the cover is less than 50 mm, f s = a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001.

The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are proprietary of the
construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with loops.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Bearing plate & End block


Design the bearing plate and the end zone reinforcement for the following bonded

post-tensioned beam. The strength of concrete at transfer is 50 MPa. A pre-stressing force of 1055 kN is
applied by a single tendon. There is no eccentricity of the tendon at the ends.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Bearing Plate

Assume area of bearing plate to be 200 mm x 300 mm

PK
f br
A pun

PK = 1055 kN

A pun = 200 x 300 = 60000 mm2

105510 3
f br = = 17.58 MPa
60000

Abr = 400 x 600 = 240000 mm2

Abr
f br,all 0.48 f ci
A pun

240000
= 0.48 50 = 48 MPa
60000

0.8 f ci = 40 MPa

f br f br,all 40MPa

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

End Block

In vertical direction

y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o

300
= 1055 0.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
600

In horizontal direction

y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o

200
= 1055 0.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
400

Fbst
Ast =
0.87 f y

179.3510 3
= = 824.60 mm2
0.87 250

Provide 10 mm 2L stirrups in both directions as Fbst is same in those

10 2
Aw = = 78.54 mm2
4

824.60
No of stirrups = = 6 Nos
2 78.54

2 rd 1
Provide Ast from 0.1 yo = 60 mm to 0.5 yo = 300 mm and rd Ast from 0.5 yo = 300 mm to yo = 600
3 3
mm, both vertically and horizontal.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter III

CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING

Design of prestressed concrete tanks Pipes.

3.1 Design Procedure for circular tanks Computations

1. Minimum wall thickness

2. Circumferential Prestress

3. Vertical Prestress.

Estimate

1) Maximum, ring tension Nd

2) Bending Moment Mw

3) Minimum wall thickness = Nd


fct fmin.w

Minimum cover 35mm

4) Circumferential Prestress

fc = Nd + fmin.w N/mm2
t

5) Spacing of wires

As = Cross sectional area of wire coinding, mm2

Wt = average radial Pressure of wires at transfer at a given section N/mm2

D = Diameter of the tank, mm

S = Spacing of wires at the given section mm

fs Stress in wires at transfer, N/mm2

t Thickness of the tank wall, mm

fc compressive stress in concrete, N/mm2

Hoop compression due toprestressing

= wt . D
2

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Equating wt. D = fs As
2 S1

Wt = 2 fs As
sD

Nd hoop tension due to hydrostatic working pressure, Ww

Nt hoop compression due to radial pressure of wires, wt

Then Nt = Nd wt
Ww

Also Nt = t fc

Spacing of the wire winding

S = 2 Nd . fs. As mm
Ww fc. Dt

Mt = Mw wt
Ww

Where Mt = Vertical moment due to the prestress at transfer.

Mw = Vertical moment due to hydrostatic pressure.

The compressive prestress required

Fc = fmin. W + Mw
z

When the tank is empty

fc = fmin. W + Mt
Z

Vertical prestressing force is required

P = fc. Ac

(Note: Vertical Prestressing force = 30% of hoop compression.]

1. A cylindrical prestressed concrete water tank of internal diameter 30m is required to store
water over a depth of 7.5m. The permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer is 13
N/mm2 and the minimum compressive stress under working presuure is 1 N/mm2. The loss ratio
is 0.75. Wires of 5mm diameter with an initial stress of 1000N/mm2 are available for

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

circumferential winding and freyssinet cables made up of 12 wires of 8mm diameter stressed to
1200N/mm2 are to be used for vertical prestressing. Design the tank walls assuming the base as
fixed. The cube strength of concrete is 40N/mm2.
Solution:

From table 16.1


Assume t = 150mm

H2 = 7.52 = 12.5
Dt 30 x 0.15

Ww = wH = 10 x 7.5 = 75kN/m2 = 0.075N/mm2

From table 16.2 & 16.3

Maximum ring tension Nd = (coefficient) wHR kN/m

= 0.64 x 10 x 7.5 x 15

= 720kN/m = 720N/mm.

Moment in tank wall for the fixed base condition = (coefficient) Wh3 kNm/m

= 0.01 x 10 x 7.53

= 42.5 kNm/m

= 42500Nmm/mm

Minimum wall thickness = t = Nd


fct fmin.w

= 720 = 82.3mm
0.75 x 13 1

Net thickness available (allowing for vertical cables of diameter 30mm) is (150 30) = 120mm

fc = Nd + fmin.w
t

= 720 + 1 = 9.42N/mm2
0.75 x 120 0.75

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Spacing of circumferential wire winding at base.

S = 2 Nd fs. As
Ww fc. Dt

= 2 x 720 x 1000 x /4)(5)2


0.075 x 9.4 x 30 x 103 x 120

= 11.4mm

Number of wires / metre = 87

Ring tension Nd at 0.1 H (0.75m) from top

Nd = (coeff) wHR kN/m

= 0.097 X 10 X 7.5 X 15 = 109 kN/m = 109N/mm

fs = 2 x 109 x 1000 x 20
3
0.075 x 2.5 x 30 x 10 x 120

= 64mm

Number of wires / metre t the top of tank = 16

Vertical moment = Mw wt
Ww

Wt = 2 fs As = 2 X 1000 X 20 = 0.117 N/mm2


Sd 11.4 x 30 x 103

Mt = 42500 0.117 = 67,000 Nmm / mm = 67 x 106 Nmm / m.


0.075

Considering one metre length of tank

Along the circumferential

Z = 100 x 1502 = 375 x 104mm3


6

fc = fmin. w + Mt
Z

= 1 + 67X 106 = 19.20N/mm2


4
0.75 375 X 10

Since this stress exceeds the permissible value of fct = 13N/mm2, the thickness of the tank wall of base is
increased to 200mm.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Z = 1000 x1002 = 666 x104 mm3


6

fc = 1 + 67 x 106 = 12N/mm2
4
0.75 666 x 10

Vertical Prestressing force = fc = A = 12 x 1000 x 200


1000

= 2400kN

Using 8mm diameter (12Nos.) Freyssinet cables

Force / cable = /4 x 82 x 12 x 1200 = 720kN


1000

Spacing = 1000 x 720 = 800mm


2400

App. Vertical Prestress = 0.3 fc

= 0.3 x 9.4 = 2.82 N/mm2

Vertical prestressing force = 2.82 x 1000 x 200


1000

= 564kN

Ultimate tensile force = 87 x 20 x 1500 = 2610kN


1000

Load factor = 2610 / 720 = 3.6

Direct tensile strength of concrete = 0.267 40

= 1.7N/mm2

Cracking load = 1000 x 200 0.75 x 9.4 + 1.7


1000

= 1760Kn

F.S against cracking = 1760 / 720 = 2.45

Nominal reinft. 0.2 percent circumferential & longitudinal directions

8mm @ 300mm spacing on both faces at a cover of 20mm.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

3.2 Circular pre-stressing

Circumferential pre-stress
Circumferential pre-stressing is done to resist hoop tension in circular structures, like water-tanks and
pipes. Essentially each horizontal slice of the wall forma a ring subjected to uniform internal pressure.
This ring may be considered as a pre-stresses concrete member under tension.

Considering one half of a thin cylindrical slice of a tank as a free-body: under the action of pre-stress Fi in
steel, the total compression C in the concrete equals Fi. The C-line coincides with the cgs line, which is a
concordant cable linearly transformed.

Due to pre-stress, initially after transfer of pre-stress,

Fi
fc , AC = Area of concrete
Ac

which after losses in pre-stress reduces to

Fe
fc
Ac

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

When internal liquid pressure is acting at working load stage, the internal pressure intensity,

pR
fc where
AT

p = internal pressure intensity

R = internal radius of the vessel

AT = transformed area = Ac nA p

AP = area of steel

The resultant stress in concrete at working load due to internal pressure p and pre-stress Fe is

F e pR
fc (1)
Ac AT

In Eq.1, if it is assumed that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR .

And since At Ac , f c is always negative, implying that there is always a residual compressive stress in
concrete.

Design method 1
A p = area of steel

Ac = area of concrete

f ct = permissible stress at transfer in concrete

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f cw = permissible stress at working load in concrete

Fi = initial pre-stress

Fe = effective pre-stress after losses

m = factor of safety

Es
n
Ec

Fi A p f i

Fe A p f e

At transfer

Fi
Ac (2)
f ct

At working load

Fe pR
f cw (3) where At Ac nA p
Ac AT

Assuming that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR ,

pR
Ap
fe

Fi A p f i

Fi
Ac from Eq.2
f ct

F e pR
f cw from Eq.3
Ac AT

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Design method 2
If both f ct and f cw are to be kept in concrete, which may be the case when a tensile stress f cw =
cracking stress, may be allowed, and if a factor of safety m is required, then Eq.2 and Eq.3 can be
combined together into the following from.

A p = area of steel

Ac = area of concrete

f ct = permissible stress at transfer in concrete

f cw = permissible stress at working load in concrete

Fi = initial pre-stress

Fe = effective pre-stress after losses

m = factor of safety

Es
n
Ec

Fi A p f i

Fe A p f e

At transfer

Fi f i Ap
Ac
f ct f ct

fi
At Ac nA p A p (n )
f ct

At working load

F e mpR
f cw
Ac AT

f e Ap mpR
f cw
f f
Ap i A p n i
f ct
f ct

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f mpR
A p f ct e f cw f ct
fi nf ct f i

f f f f mpR
A p e ct i cw f ct
fi nf ct f i

mpR
Ap f f
nf ct f i f e f ct f i f cw ct i
mpR
f ct f i
f f
f i n ct 1 fct f e f i cw
fi f ct
mpR

f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i

3.3 Design of pipes


Pre-stressed concrete pipes are suitable when the internal pressure is within 0.5 to 2.0

Mpa. There are two types of pre-stressed concrete pipes:

1. Cylinder type which has a steel cylinder core, over which the concrete is cast and pre-stressed.
2. Non-cylinder type which is made of pre-stressed concrete only.

IS:784-2001 Pre-stressed Concrete Pipes (Including Specials), provides guidelines for the design of pre-
stressed concrete pipes with the internal diameter ranging from 200 mm to 2500 mm. The pipes are
designed to withstand the combined effect of internal pressure and external loads. The minimum grade
of concrete in the core should be M40 for non-cylinder type pipes.

The pipes are manufactured either by,

1. Centrifugal method: In the centrifugal method the mould is subjected to spinning till the
concrete is compacted to a uniform thickness throughout the length of the pipe.
2. Vertical casting method: In the vertical casting method, concrete is poured in layers up to a
specified height.

After adequate curing of concrete, first the longitudinal wires are pre-stressed. Subsequently, the
circumferential pre-stressing is done by the wire wound around the core in a helical form. The wire is
wound using a counter weight or a die. Finally a coat of concrete or rich cement mortar is applied over
the wire to prevent from corrosion. For cylinder type pipes, first the steel cylinder is fabricated and
tested. Then the concrete is cast around it.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Example 1 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 300 mm, p = 1.05 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -14 MPa, f cw =-0.7 MPa, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 2.5
mm wires are used. And what would be the internal pressure p required to balance the pre-stress at
transfer before losses to maintain a stress of -0.7 in concrete?

Method 1:

Assuming that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR ,

pR
Ap
fe

1.05 10 3 300
Ap = = 394 mm2
800

Fi A p f i

Fi = 3941000 = 394 kN

Fi
Ac
f ct

39410 3
Ac = = 28143 mm2
14

Taking a 1000 mm height of the pipe

28142
t = = 29 mm
1000

30 mm

Ac = 301000 = 30000 mm2

Checking for final stress

At Ac nA p

At = 30000 6394 = 32364 mm2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

F e pR
f cw
Ac AT

394800 1.0510 3 300


f cw = = -0.77 MPa
30000 32364

Since f cw is slightly more than specified -0.7 MPa, another trail could be made in the design.

2.5 2
Aw = = 4.91 mm2
4

Ap
No of wires =
Aw

394
= 81 wires
4.91

1000
Spacing = = 12 mm
81

Method 2:

mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i


1.0510 3 300
Ap = = 388 mm2
0.7 14
800 1000 1 6
14 1000

Fi = 3881000 = 388 kN

38810 3
Ac = = 27715 mm2
14

27715
t = = 28 mm
1000

Ac = 281000 = 30000 mm2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Checking for final stress

At = 28000 6388 = 30328 mm2

388800 1.0510 3 300


f cw = = -0.70 MPa
28000 30328

At transfer before losses,

3881000 p 10 3 300
f cw = = -0.7 MPa
28000 30328

p = 1.33 MPa

Example 2 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 800 mm, p = 1 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -12 MPa, f cw = 0, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 5 mm wires
are used. If cracking stress is +2 MPa, what is the F.S against cracking?

mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i


110 3 800
Ap = = 933 mm2
0 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000

Fi = 9331000 = 933 kN

933 10 3
Ac = = 77750 mm2
12

77750
t = = 78 mm
1000

Checking for stresses

Ac = 781000 = 78000 mm2

At = 78000 6933 = 83598 mm2

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

933800 110 3 800


f cw = =0
78000 83598

If cracking stress is allowed, f cw = 2 MPa

mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i

m110 3 800
933 =
2 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000

m = 1.2

3.4 Design of circular water tanks


Concrete liquid retaining structures must be impervious. Hence, their design is based on no in cracking
in concrete. Circular pre-stressed liquid retaining structures, are stressed to avoid tension in concrete.

Pre-stressed concrete liquid retaining structures require low maintenance and resist seismic forces
satisfactory.

Circular pre-stressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment, water distribution, storm water
management, large industrial tanks, bulk storage tanks and for storing liquefied natural gas (LNG).

The construction of the circular tanks is in the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and
cured. The surface is prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the

circumferential pre-stressing is applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is

applied to provide a coat of concrete over the pre-stressing strands.

IS:3370-1967 (1-4) Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids provides
guidelines for the analysis and design of liquid storage tanks. The four sections of the code are titled as
follows:

Part 1: General Requirement.

Part 2: Reinforced Concrete Structures.

Part 3: Pre-stressed Concrete Structures.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Part 4: Design Tables.

In IS:3370-1967 (3), the design requirements for pre-stressed tanks are mentioned. A few of them are:

1. The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and construction, and
under working loads, should be within the permissible values as specified in IS:1343-1980.
2. The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor of 1.2.
3. The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4. When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points of at least 0.7
N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress greater than 1.0 N/mm2.
Thus, the tank should be analyzed both for the full and empty conditions.
5. There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during pre-stressing.
Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the pre-stressing force should be considered.
6. The cover requirement is as follows. The minimum cover to the pre-stressing wires should be 35
mm on the liquid face. For faces away from the liquid, the cover requirements are as per
IS:1343-1980.

The general equations from Eq 1 to Eq 3, would serve well for the design of circular pre-stressed
liquid retaining structure.

Example 1
Determine the area of steel required per meter height of a circular pre-stressed water tank with an
inside diameter of 18 m and a height of 6 m water pressure. Compute the thickness of concrete
required.

f i = 1034 MPa, f e = 827 MPa, f ct = -5.17, MPa and n = 10.

Design for the following two cases:

1. Assume that the entire hoop-tension is carried by the effective pre-stress.


2. For a load factor of 1.25, producing zero stress in concrete. f ct = -5.17, f cw =0.

Case 1:

p =
6101000 (on an area of 1m x 1m) = 0.06 MPa
10 6

Assuming that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR ,

pR
Ap
fe

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

0.0610 3 9000
Ap = = 653 mm2
827

Fi A p f i

Fi = 6531034 = 675 kN

Fi
Ac
f ct

67510 3
Ac = = 130600 mm2
5.17

Taking a 1000 mm height of the pipe

130600
t = = 130.60 mm
1000

140 mm

Ac = 1401000 = 140000 mm2

Checking for final stress

At Ac nA p

At = 140000 10 653 = 146530 mm2

F e pR
f cw
Ac AT

653827 0.0610 3 9000


f cw = = -0.172 MPa
140000 146530

Case 2:

mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

1.25 0.06 10 3 9000


Ap = = 778 mm2
0 5.17
827 1034 110
5.17 1034

Fi = 7781034 = 805 kN

805 10 3
Ac = = 156 x103 mm2
5.17

15610 3
t = = 156 mm
1000

165 mm

Ac = 1651000 = 165000 mm2

Checking for final stress

At = 165000 10 778 = 172780 mm2

778827 0.0610 3 9000


f cw = = -0.77 MPa
165000 172780

If we had provided the actual

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter IV
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Many applications of prestressed concrete involve the combination of precast prestressed concrete
beams and in situ reinforced concrete slabs. Some examples of such composite construction are shown
in Fig. 10.1. An in situ infill between precast beams is shown in Fig. 10.1(a) while an in situ topping is
shown in Fig. 10.1(b). The former type of construction is often used in bridges, while the latter is
common in building construction. The beams are designed to act alone under their own weight plus the
weight of the wet concrete of the slab. Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and provided that
there is adequate horizontal shear connection between them, the slab and beam behave as a composite
section under design load. The beams act as permanent formwork for the slab, which provides the
compression flange of the composite section. The section size of the beam can thus be kept to a
minimum, since a compression flange is only required at the soffit at transfer. This leads to the use of
inverted T-, or top-hat, sections.

4.2 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE


The stress distributions in the various regions of the composite member are shown in Fig. 10.2(a)(d).
The stress distribution in Fig. 10.2(a) is due to the self weight of the beam, with the maximum
compressive stress at the lower extreme fibre. Once the slab is in place, the stress distribution in the
beam is modified to that shown in Fig. 10.2(b), where the bending moment at the section, Md is that
due to the combined self weight of the beam and slab.

Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and the imposed load acts on the composite section, the
additional stress distribution is shown in Fig. 10.2(c). This is determined by ordinary bending theory, but
using the composite section properties.
The final stress distribution is shown Figure

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Stress distribution within a composite section.

The floor slab shown in Fig. 10.3 comprises precast pretensioned beams and an in situ concrete slab. If
the span of the beams is 5 m and the imposed load is 5 kN/m2 (including finishes), determine the stress

distributions at the various load stages. Assume all long-term losses have occurred before the beams are
erected and that the net force in each wire is 19.4 kN. Section properties of the beams:
Ac=1.13105 mm2
Ic=7.5108 mm4
Zt=Zb=6106 mm3.
Eccentricity of the wires=12540=85 mm.
(i) Self weight of the beams=0.11324
=2.7 kN/m.
Mo=(2.752)/8
=8.4 kNm.
Total prestress force after all losses have occurred is given by
Po=619.4
=116.4 kN.
The stress distribution in the beams is thus given by

(ii) The weight of the slab is supported by the beams acting alone, so that Md=8.4+0.0750.62452/8
=11.8 kNm.
The stress distribution within the beams is now given by
(iii) The imposed load of 5 kN/m2 is supported by the composite section and the

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

section properties of this are now required. To find the neutral axis of the composite section, taking
moments about the soffit of the beams gives
(1.13105+75600)y=(1.13105125+75600288)
y=171 mm.
Icomp=7.5108+1.13105 (171125)2
+(753600)/12+(75600)/(288171)2
=1.63109 mm4.
The imposed load bending moment, (MdesMd)=0.6552/8
=9.4 kNm.
The stress distribution within the composite section under this extra bending moment
is given by

The maximum compressive stress occurs at the upper fibres of the beams, but is significantly lower than
the level of stress had the beam carried the total imposed load alone. This explains the advantage of
inverted T-sections in composite construction, where only a small compression flange is required for
bending moments Mo and Md, the

Stress distribution for composite section in Example 10.1 (N/mm2): (a) beam; (b)beam and slab; (c)
beam and slab and imposed load.

compression flange for bending moment Mdes being provided by the slab. The maximum compressive
stress in the slab is much lower than in the beam and, for this reason, in many composite structures a
lower grade of concrete is used for the in situ portion. The modulus of elasticity for this concrete is
lower than that for the beam and this effect can be taken into account in finding the composite section
properties by using an approximate modular ratio of 0.8.
The in situ slab in Example 10.1 lies above the composite section neutral axis and, therefore, the slab is
in compression over its full depth under the total design load. However, for composite sections as
shown in Fig. 10.1(a) the in situ portion of the section extends well below the neutral axis, so that the
lower region is in tension. If the tensile strength of this concrete is exceeded then the composite section
properties must be determined on the basis of the in situ section having cracked below the neutral axis.

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CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

4.3 ULTIMATE STRENGTH


The basic principles for the analysis of prestressed concrete sections at the ultimate limit state of
flexural strength described in Chapter 5 are also applicable to composite sections. For the section shown
in Fig. 10.5(a), it may be assumed initially that, at the ultimate limit state, the neutral axis lies within the
slab and the section may then be treated effectively as a rectangular beam. The position of the neutral
axis should later be checked to see whether it does, indeed, fall within the slab. For the section shown in
Fig. 10.5(b), the position of the neutral axis may be determined on the assumption that the section is
rectangular,

but the different strengths of the concrete in the slab and beam regions of the compression zone should
be taken into account.

4.4 HORIZONTAL SHEAR


The composite behaviour of the precast beam and in situ slab is only effective if the horizontal shear
stresses at the interface between the two regions can be resisted. For shallow members, such as that
shown in Fig. 10.3, there is usually no mechanical key between the two types of concrete, and reliance is
made on the friction developed between the contact surfaces. For deeper sections, mechanical shear
connectors in the form of links projecting from the beam are used, which provide a much better shear
connection. The determination of the horizontal shear resistance is based on the ultimate limit state,
and if this condition is satisfied it may be assumed that satisfactory horizontal shear resistance is
provided at the serviceability limit state. A simply supported composite section carrying a uniformly
distributed load is shown in Fig. 10.8(a) and the free-body diagram for half the length of the in situ slab
is shown in Fig. 10.8(b). At the simply supported end there must be zero force in the slab, while the
maximum force occurs at the midspan. The distribution of shear forces on the underside of the slab is
also shown in Fig. 10.8(b), being zero at midspan and reaching a maximum at the support. This
behaviour is similar to that in an elastic beam, where the vertical and horizontal shear stresses increase
towards the support for a uniformly distributed load.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

The following expression is given in Part 13 of EC2 for the horizontal shear stress, where is the ratio
of the longitudinal force in the slab to the total longitudinal force, given by Msd/z, both calculated for a
given section; Vsd is the transverse ultimate shear force; z is the lever arm; and bj is the width of the
interface.

The design shear resistance for horizontal joints with vertical shear reinforcement is given by
Rdj=kTRd+N+0.87 fyk 0.33 vfck,
where kT is a coefficient with kT=0 if the joint is subjected to tension;
Rd is the basic design shear strength from Table

Horizontal shear: (a) composite section; (b) free-body diagram for in situ slab.

DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS
The fact that the slab of a composite member is usually cast at a much later stage than the beam means
that most of the time-dependent effects of shrinkage of the slab take place with the section acting
compositely. Most of the shrinkage of the beam will already have occurred by the time the slab is in
place, and the movement due to the shrinkage of the slab will induce stresses throughout the whole of
the composite section. The water content of the slab concrete is often higher than that of the beam,
since a lower strength is required, and this aggravates the problem of differential shrinkage. These extra
stresses, which occur even under zero applied load, are not insignificant and should be considered in
design. Both the slab and beam undergo creep deformations under load and, although some of the
creep deformations in the beam may have taken place before casting of the slab, the level of
compressive stress is higher in the beam, and so the creep deformations are larger.

Load-deflection curve for composite section in Example 10.4.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Differential movements.

composite section which tend to reduce those set up by differential shrinkage. A problem which is
encountered, particularly in connection with bridge decks, is that of varying temperature across a
composite section, although this may still be a problem in composite members used as roof structures.
The hotter upper surface tends to expand more than the cooler lower surface and stresses are induced
throughout the composite section.

A method for determining the stresses due to differential shrinkage will now be outlined, and this can be
adapted to find the stresses due to differential creep and temperature movements. Consider a
composite member as shown in Fig. 10.13, where the slab is shown to have a free shrinkage movement
of sh relative to the beam. In reality this movement is restrained by the shear forces which are set up
between the slab and beam, putting the slab into tension and the beam into compression. The
magnitude of the tensile force in the slab is given by
T=shAc,slabEc,slab,
where Ac,slab and Ec,slab are the cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity of the slab, respectively,
and sh is the free shrinkage strain of the slab concrete.
The compressive force in the beam must be numerically equal to this tensile force. In addition to the
direct stresses described above, bending stresses are also introduced by restraint of the free differential
shrinkage. In order to determine these stresses, the free bodies of the slab and beam are considered, as
shown in Fig. 10.14. Initially, the slab can be regarded as having a force T applied through its centroid, so
that its length is equal to that of the beam. There must be no net external force on the composite
member due to differential shrinkage alone, so a pair of equal and opposite compressive forces must be
applied to maintain equilibrium. However, these compressive forces act on the composite section and
induce a bending moment at the ends of the member of

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Internal stress resultants due to differential movements.

Stresses due to differential movements.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter V
5.1 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES

General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

SCE Dept of Civil


CE2404 Prestressed Concrete Structures

SCE Dept of Civil


PRE STRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION-THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR


PART A
1. What are the advantages of PSC construction
In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses
under working loads, the cross section is more efficiently utilized when
compared with a reinforced concrete section which is cracked under working
loads.
The flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a reinforced
concrete member of the same length.
2. Define Pre tensioning and Post tensioning
Pre tensioning: A method of Pre stressing concrete in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the prestress is
imparted to concrete by bond between steel and concrete.
Post tensioning: A method of pre stressing concrete by tensioning the
tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted
to concrete by bearing.
3. What is the need for the use of high strength concrete and tensile steel in Pre
stressed concrete?
High strength concrete is necessary for prestress concrete as the material
offers highly resistance in tension, shear bond and bearing. In the zone of
anchorage the bearing stresses being hired, high strength concrete is
invariably preferred to minimizing the cost. High strength concrete is less
liable to shrinkage cracks and has lighter modulus of elasticity and smaller
ultimate creep strain resulting in a smaller loss of prestress in steel. The use
of high strength concrete results in a reduction in a cross sectional
dimensions of prestress concrete structural element with a reduced dead
weight of the material longer span become technically and economically
practicable.
Tensile strength of high tensile steel is in the range of 1400 to 2000 N/mm2
and if initially stress upto 1400 N/mm2 their will be still large stress in the high
tensile reinforcement after making deduction for loss of prestress. Therefore high
tensile steel is made for prestress concrete.
4. Define Kern Distance.
Kern is the core area of the section in which if the load applied tension
will not be induced in the section
Kt = Zb/A, Kb = Zt/A,
If the load applied K Compresser will be the maximum at the top most fiber
and zero stress will be at the bottom most fiber. If the load applied at Kb
compressive stress will be the maximum at the bottom most fiber and zero
stress will be at the top most fiber.
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5. What is Relaxation of steel?


When a high tensile steel wire is stretch and maintained at a constant strain
the initially force in the wire does not remain constant but decrease with
time. The decrease of stress in steel at constant strain is termed relaxation of
steel.

6. What is concordant prestressing?


Pre stressing of members in which the cable follow a concordant profile. In
case of statically indeterminate structures. It does not cause any changes in
support reaction.

7. Define bonded and non bonded prestressing concrete.


Bonded prestressing: Concrete in which prestress is imparted to
concrete through bond between the tendons and surrounding concrete.
Pre tensioned members belong to this group.
Non-bonded prestressing: A method of construction in which the tendons
are not bonded to the surrounding concrete. The tendons may be placed in
ducts formed in the concrete members or they may be placed outside the
concrete section.
8. Define Axial prestressing
Members in which the entire cross-section of concrete has a uniform
compressive prestress. In this type of prestressing, the centroid, of the
tendons coincides with that of the concrete section.
9. Define Prestressed concrete.
It is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude
and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external
loads (or) counteracted to a desire degree in reinforced concrete member
the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement
10. Define anchorage.
A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart and maintain
prestress to the concrete is called anchorage. e.g. Fressinet, BBRV
systems,etc.,

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PART-B

1. a) What are the advantages of Prestressed Concrete


In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses
under working loads.
The cross section is more effectively utilized when compared with a
reinforced concrete section which is cracked under working loads.
Within certain limits, a permanent will be counteracted by increasing the
eccentricity of the prestressing force in a prestressed structural elements, thus
effecting saving in the use of materials.
Prestressed concrete members possess improved resistance to shearing forces,
due to the effect of compressive prestress, which reduces the principal tensile
stress.
The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members
results in lighter and slender members than is possible with reinforced
concrete.
It is free from cracks, contributes to the improved durability of the structure
under aggressive environmental conditions.
The economy of prestressed concrete is well established for long span
structures.
A prestressed concrete flexural member is stiffer under working loads
than a reinforced concrete member of the same depth.

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b) Describe briefly Fressinet system of post tensioning


PRINCIPLES OF POST-TENSIONING:
In post-tensioning, the concrete units are first cast by incorporating ducts
or grooves to house the tendons. When the concrete attains sufficient strength, the high-
tensile wires are tensioned by means of jack bearing on the end face of the member and
anchorags by wedges or nuts.
FREYSSINET SYSTEM OF POST TENSIONING:
The Freyssinet system of post-tensioning anchorages which was
developed in 1939.
The Freyssinet anchorage system, which is widely used in Europe and
India, consists of a cylinder with a conical interior through which the high-tensile wires
pass and against the walls of which the wires are wedged by a conical plug lined
longitudinally with grooves to house the wires. The main advantages of the Freyssinet
system is that a large number of wires or strands can be simultaneously tensioned using
the double-acting hydraulic jack.

2. a) Discuss about the importance of control of deflections and the factors


influencing the deflection of PSC beams
Importance of control of deflection:
The structural concrete members shall designed to have adequate stiffness to limit
deflections, which may adversely affect the strength or serviceability of the
structure at working loads.
Suitable control on deflection is very essential for the following reasons:
Excessive, sagging of principal structural members is not only unsightly,
but at times, also renders the floor unsuitable for the intended use.
Large deflections under dynamic effects and under the influence of
variable loads may cause discomfort to the users.
Excessive deflections are likely to cause damage to finishes, partitions
and associated structures.

FACTORS INFLUENCING DEFLECTIONS:

The deflections of prestressed concrete members are influenced byy the following
salient factors:

Imposed load and self weight


Magnitude of the prestressing force
Cable profile
Second moment of area of cross section
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Shrinkage, creep and relaxation of steel stress
Span of the member
Fixity conditions

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b) Describe the various types of losses in prestress. What steps may be taken to reduce
these losses
LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE:

The loss of prestress due to elastic deformation of concrete depends on the

modular ratio and the average stress in concrete at the level of steel.
If fc= prestress in concrete at the level of steel.
Es= modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec= modulus of elasticity of concrete.
e= Es/ Ec = modular ratio.

Strain in concrete at the level of steel = (fc/ Ec)


Stress in steel corresponding to this strain = (fc/ Ec) Es
Loss of stress in steel = e fc
If the initial stress in steel is known, the percentage loss of stress due to the
elastic deformation of concrete can be computed.

LOSS DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE:


The shrinkage of concrete in prestressed members results in a shortening
of tensioned wires and hence contributes to the loss of stress. The
shrinkage of concrete is influenced by the type of cement and aggregates
and the methow d of curing used of high-strength concrete with low water
cement ratios result in a reduction in shrinkage and consequent loss of
prestress.
According IS1343 for the loss of prestress due to the shrinkage of
concrete
cs = total residual shrinkage strain having values of 300x106 for pre
tensioning and [200x106/log10(t+2)]
Where, t = age of concrete at transfer in days.
The loss of stress in steel due to the shrinkage of concrete is estimated as,
Loss of stress = cs x Es
LOSS DUE TO CREEP OF CONCRETE:
The sustained prestress in the concrete of a prestressed member results in
creep of concrete which effectively reduces the stress in high-tensile steel.
The loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete can be estimated if the
magnitude of ultimate creep strain or creep coefficient is known.
ULTIMATE CREEP STRAIN METHOD:
If cc = ultimate creep strain for a sustained unit stress
fc = Compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel.
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
Loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete = cc fc Es
CREEP COEFFICIENT METHOD:

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If = creep coefficient
c = creep strain
e = elastic strain
e = modular ratio
fc = stress in concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Creep coefficient( ) = (c/ e)
Loss of stress in steel = fc e
LOSS DUE TO RELAXATION OF STRESS INN STEEL:
Most of the code provides for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as
a percentage of the initial stress in steel. The Indian standard code
recommends a value varying from 0 to 90 N/mm2 for stress in wire
varying from 0.5 fup to 0.8 fup .

LOSS OF STRESS DUE TO FRICTION:


On tensioning the curved tendons, loss of stress occurs in the post-
tensioned members due to friction between the tendons and the
surrounding concrete ducts. The magnitude of this loss is of the following
types:

(a) Loss of stress due to the curvature effects, which depends upon
the tendon from or alignment which generally follows a curved profile along the
length of the beam.
(b) Loss of stress effect, which depends upon the local deviation
in the alignment of the cable. The wobble or wave effect is the result of accidental
or unavoidable misalignment, since ducts or sheaths cannot be perfectly located to
follow predetermined profile throughout the length of the beam.
Px = Poe-(+ kx)
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP:
In most post-tensioned system, when the cable is tensioned and the jack is
released to transfer prestress to concrete, the friction wedges, employed to
grip the wires, slip over a small distance before the wires are firmly
housed between the wedges. The magnitude of slip depends upon the type
of wedge and the stress in the wire.
= (PL/AEs)
Where = slip of anchorage, mm
L = length of the cable,mm
A = cross sectional area of the cable, mm2
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
P = Prestressed force in the cable.

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3.A prestressed concrete beam of section 120 mm wide by 300 mm deep is


used over an effective span of 6 m to support a uniformly distributed load
of 4 kN/m, which includes the self-weigbt of the beam. The beam is
prestressed by a straight cable carrying a force of 180 kN and located at an
eccenlricity of 50mm. Determine the location of the thrust-line in the
beam and plot its position at quarter and central span sections.
P=180kN
E=50mm
A=36000mm2
z=1800000mm3
Stresses due to prestressing force:

P/A(180X10^3/36X10^3) = +5 N/mm2

Pe/Z = (180 x 103 x 50) /(18x10^5) = +5 N/mm^2


Bending moment at the centre of the span= (0.125 x 4 x 62) =
18 kN m
Bending stresses at top and bottom=(18x10^6/18x10^5) =+ 10 N/mm^2

Resultant stresses at the central section :

At top =(5-5+10)=10 N/mm^2

At bottom =(5+5-10)=0 N/mm^2

Shift of pressure lne from cable line(M/P)=( (180 x 106) /(18x10^4)=100mm

Bending moment at quarter span section=(3/32)qL2= (3/32)x4x62

=13.5kNm

Bending stresses at top and bottom =(13.5x10^6/18x10^5)=7.5 N/mm^2

Resultant stresss at quarter span section:

At top =(5-5+7.5)=7.5 N/mm^2

At bottom =(5+5-7.5)=2.5 N/mm^2

Shift of pressure lne from cable line(M/P)=( (13.5x 106) /(18x10^4)=75mm

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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

UNIT-II
DESIGN CONCEPTS

PART-A

1. What is meant by end block in a post tensioned member?


The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal
stress exists is generally referred to as the anchorage zone or end block.
2. List any two applications of partial prestressing.
Used in large diameter concrete pipes
Used in railway sleepers
Water tanks
Precast concrete piles to counter tensile stress during transport and erection.
used in bridges construction
3. What is meant by partial prestressing?
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a limited
degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case, in addition to
tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned reinforcement is
generally used to limit the width of cracks developed under service load.
4. Define degree of prestressing
A measure of the magnitude of the prestressing force related to the resultant
stress occurring in the structural member at working load.
5. Define Bursting tension.
The effect of transverse tensile stress is to develop a zone of bursting tension in a
direction perpendicular to the anchorage force resulting in horizontal cracking.
6. Define Proof stress
The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain of 0.2 percent of the
original gauge length on unloading.
7. Define cracking load.
The load on the structural element corresponding to the first visible crack.
8. Define Debonding.
Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete.
9. Write formula for Moment of resistance in BIS code.
Mu = Apb Aps (d-dn)
10. What are the types of flexural failure?
Fracture of steel in tension
Failure of under-reinforced section
Failure of over-reinforced section
Other modes of failure

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PART-B
1. a) What is meant by partial prestressing? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when
partial prestressing is done

PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a
limited degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case,
in addition to tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned
reinforcement is generally used to limit the width of cracks developed
under service load.

ADVANTAGES:

Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under service


loads with controls on the maximum width of cracks and
depending upon the type of prestressing and environmental
condition.
Untensioned reinforcement is required in the cross-section of a
prestresseed member for various reasons, such as to resist the
differential shrinkage, temperature effects and handling stresses.
Hence this reinforcement can cater for the serviceability
requirements, such as control of cracking, and partially for the
ultimate limit state of collapse which can result in considerable
reduction in the costlier high tensile steel.
Saving in the cost of overall structure.

DISADVANTAGES:

The excessive upward deflections, especially in bridge structure


where dead loads from a major portion of the total service loads,
and these deflections may increase with time of creep.

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(b) Explain about the types of flexure failure occurs in prestressed concrete section

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2. (a) Explain concept of limit states, partial safety factor.

Partial safety factors, are therefore used for each limit state being reached.
The values of partial safety loads recommended in the British, Indian
and American codes.
IS code:
Load combination Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability

DL LL WL DL LL WL
DL+LL 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 -
DL+WL 1.5 - 1.5 1.0 - 1.0
DL+LL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8
Partial safety factor for materials has a values which depends on the
important of limit states being materials to which is applies difference between
strength of materials when tested and when incorporated in construction during the
service life.

(b) Discuss difference in load deflection of under prestressed, partially prestressed and
fully prestressed.
The load deflection characteristics of a typical prestressed concrete members
and discussed below:
If the beam is sufficient loaded, tensile stresses is develop in the soffit and
when this exceed the tensile strength of concrete, cracks are likely to develop in the
member.

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The load deflection curve is approximately linear upto the stage of visible
cracking, but beyond this stage the deflection increase at a faster rate due to the
reduced stiffness of the beam.

In the port- cracking of the beam of beam is parallel to that of reinforced


concrete member.
The deflection of cracked structural member, may be estimated by the unilinear or
bilinear method recommended by the ECC.
In the unilinear method, the deflection will be,
a= L2M/ Ec Ir
where a = Max deflection
L = Effective span
M = Max moment
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ir = IInd commend of area.
In the bilinear method, the moment curvature is approximately by second straight
line.
The instantaneous deflection in the post cracking stage is obtained as the sum
of deflection upto cracking load based on gross section and beyond the cracking
load considering the cracked section.
Hence deflection are estimated by
a= L2 {(Mcr/ EcIc)+((M-Mc)/0.85Ecfck)}

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3. The end block of a post-tensioned PSC beam, 300 x 300 mm is subjected to a
concentric anchorage force of 832.8 kN by a Freyssinet anchorage of area
11720 mm2. Design and detail the anchorage reinforcement for the end
block.(NOV-DEC 2009)

Prestressing Concrete,P= 832800 N

Average compressive stress, fc= (832800/300x300)


=9.3 N/mm2
2ypo = (/4xd2) (1/2) = (11720x4/ = 123mm
2yo = 300/2 = 150mm
Ypo/yo = (123/300)=0.41
Fc = P/A = 832.8/(300x300) = 9.25N/mm2
Tensile stress Fv(max) =fc(0.98 0.825 ypo/yo) = 9.3(0.98 0.825x0.41) = 6 N/mm2
Bursting tension Fbst = p(0.48 0.4 ypo/yo)
= 832800(0.48-0.4x0.41)
= 264000N
Using 10mm diameter mild steel links with yield stress of 260
N/mm2
Ast = Fbst/0.87fy = (260x103)/(0.87x260) = 706.85mm2
Number of reqd =(264000/(0.87x260x79))= 15

The reinforcement is to be arranged in the zone 0.2 yo=(0.2x150)


=30mm

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UNIT III

Circular prestressing
Part A

1. Sketch the loop reinforcement, hair-pin bars in end blocks.(NOV-DEC 2009)

2. Sketch the correct arrangement of sheet cage in anchorage zone.(NOV-DEC 2009)

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3. Define two stage constructions.(NOV-DEC 2012)


One-stage construction: Construct and initialize the object in one stage, all
with the constructor.
Two-stage construction: Construct and initialize the object in two separate
stages.
The constructor creates the object and an initialization function initializes it.

4. Write any two general failures of prestressed concrete tanks.(NOV-DEC 2012)


deformation of the pre-cast concrete units during construction
Manufacturing inaccuracies led to out of tolerance units being delivered to the
site under investigation and may have affected the ability to achieve a good
seal.

5. Mention the importance of shrinkage in composite construction?


(NOV-DEC 2010)
The time dependent behavior of composite prestressed concrete
beams depends upon the presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the
concretes of web and deck, in addition to other parameters, such as relaxation
of steel, presence
of untensioned steel, and compression steel etc.

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Part B

1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
tensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
the equation below:

b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.

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Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.

2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.

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The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined


by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
A gap temporarily left between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure which
after a suitable interval and before the structure is put into use, is filled with mortar
or concrete either completely ( Fig. 5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion
of suitable jointing materials ( Fig. 5B and SC). In the former case the width of the
gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.

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3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.

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b) Construction Joint-A joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in


construction at which special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity
without provision for further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A
typical application is between successive lifts in a reservoir.

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The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined


by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
c) Temporary Open Joints - A gap temporarily left between the concrete of
adjoining parts of a structure which after a suitable interval and before the
structure is put into use, is filled with mortar or concrete either completely ( Fig.
5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion of suitable jointing materials ( Fig.
5B and SC). In the former case the width of the gap should be sufficient to allow
the sides to be prepared before filling.
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

(b) Design the circular tank (only procedure).(NOV-DEC 2010) .(NOV-DEC


2010)
in the construction of concrete structures for the storage of liquids, the
imperviousness of concrete is an important basic requirement. Hence, the design
of such construction is based on avoidance of cracking in the concrete. The
structures are prestressed to avoid tension in the concrete. In addition, prestressed
concrete tanks require low maintenance. The resistance to seismic forces is also
satisfactory.

Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is applied to provide a coat of
concrete over the prestressing strands.
Analysis
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
covered. Since circular prestressing is applicable to cylindrical tanks, only this
type of tank is covered in this module.
The following types of boundary conditions are considered in the analysis of the
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.
For base

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-
stops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

CM = coefficient for bending moment


CV = coefficient for shear
w = unit weight of liquid
H = height of the liquid
Ri = inner radius of the wall.
The values of the coefficients are tabulated in IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, for various
values of H2/Dt, at different depths of the liquid. D and t represent the inner
diameter and the thickness of the wall, respectively. The typical variations of CT
and CM with depth, for two sets of boundary conditions are illustrated.
The roof can be made of a dome supported at the edges on the cylindrical wall.
Else, the roof can be a flat slab supported on columns along with the edges.
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, provides coefficients for the analysis of the floor and roof
slabs.
Design
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 3, provides design requirements for prestressed tanks. A few
of them are mentioned.
1) The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and
construction, and under working loads, should be within the permissible values as
specified in IS:1343 - 1980.
2) The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor
of 1.2. CL/WL 1.2 (9-6.18)
Here,
CL = stress under cracking load
WL = stress under working load.
Values of limiting tensile strength of concrete for estimating the cracking load are
Specified in the Code.
3) The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4) When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points
of at least 0.7 N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.

4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.

(b) What are the advantages of partially prestressed concrete poles?


Resistance to corrosion in humid and temperature climate and to erosion in
desert areas.
Freeze thaw resistance in cold region.
Easy handling due to less weight than other poles
Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.
Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced
concrete poles.
Clean and neat in appearance and requiring negligible maintenance for a
number of years, thus ideal suited for urban installation.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT III

Circular prestressing
Part A

1. Sketch the loop reinforcement, hair-pin bars in end blocks.(NOV-DEC 2009)

2. Sketch the correct arrangement of sheet cage in anchorage zone.(NOV-DEC 2009)

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
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3. Define two stage constructions.(NOV-DEC 2012)


One-stage construction: Construct and initialize the object in one stage, all
with the constructor.
Two-stage construction: Construct and initialize the object in two separate
stages.
The constructor creates the object and an initialization function initializes it.

4. Write any two general failures of prestressed concrete tanks.(NOV-DEC 2012)


deformation of the pre-cast concrete units during construction
Manufacturing inaccuracies led to out of tolerance units being delivered to the
site under investigation and may have affected the ability to achieve a good
seal.

5. Mention the importance of shrinkage in composite construction?


(NOV-DEC 2010)
The time dependent behavior of composite prestressed concrete
beams depends upon the presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the
concretes of web and deck, in addition to other parameters, such as relaxation
of steel, presence
of untensioned steel, and compression steel etc.

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Part B

1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
tensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
the equation below:

b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.

2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined


by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
A gap temporarily left between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure which
after a suitable interval and before the structure is put into use, is filled with mortar
or concrete either completely ( Fig. 5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion
of suitable jointing materials ( Fig. 5B and SC). In the former case the width of the
gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

b) Construction Joint-A joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in


construction at which special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity
without provision for further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A
typical application is between successive lifts in a reservoir.

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined


by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
c) Temporary Open Joints - A gap temporarily left between the concrete of
adjoining parts of a structure which after a suitable interval and before the
structure is put into use, is filled with mortar or concrete either completely ( Fig.
5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion of suitable jointing materials ( Fig.
5B and SC). In the former case the width of the gap should be sufficient to allow
the sides to be prepared before filling.
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.

8
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

(b) Design the circular tank (only procedure).(NOV-DEC 2010) .(NOV-DEC


2010)
in the construction of concrete structures for the storage of liquids, the
imperviousness of concrete is an important basic requirement. Hence, the design
of such construction is based on avoidance of cracking in the concrete. The
structures are prestressed to avoid tension in the concrete. In addition, prestressed
concrete tanks require low maintenance. The resistance to seismic forces is also
satisfactory.

Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is applied to provide a coat of
concrete over the prestressing strands.
Analysis
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
covered. Since circular prestressing is applicable to cylindrical tanks, only this
type of tank is covered in this module.
The following types of boundary conditions are considered in the analysis of the
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.

9
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
For base
Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-
stops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

CM = coefficient for bending moment


CV = coefficient for shear
w = unit weight of liquid
H = height of the liquid
Ri = inner radius of the wall.
The values of the coefficients are tabulated in IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, for various
values of H2/Dt, at different depths of the liquid. D and t represent the inner
diameter and the thickness of the wall, respectively. The typical variations of CT
and CM with depth, for two sets of boundary conditions are illustrated.
The roof can be made of a dome supported at the edges on the cylindrical wall.
Else, the roof can be a flat slab supported on columns along with the edges.
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, provides coefficients for the analysis of the floor and roof
slabs.
Design
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 3, provides design requirements for prestressed tanks. A few
of them are mentioned.
1) The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and
construction, and under working loads, should be within the permissible values as
specified in IS:1343 - 1980.
2) The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor
of 1.2. CL/WL 1.2 (9-6.18)
Here,
CL = stress under cracking load
WL = stress under working load.
Values of limiting tensile strength of concrete for estimating the cracking load are
Specified in the Code.
3) The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.

11
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

4) When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points
of at least 0.7 N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress
greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.

4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.

(b) What are the advantages of partially prestressed concrete poles?


Resistance to corrosion in humid and temperature climate and to erosion in
desert areas.
Freeze thaw resistance in cold region.
Easy handling due to less weight than other poles
Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.
Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced
concrete poles.
Clean and neat in appearance and requiring negligible maintenance for a
number of years, thus ideal suited for urban installation.

12
P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT V
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
Part A

1. what is main advantage of prestressed concrete bridge deck.

High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,


make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class I type structures without any tensile
stresses under service loads, thus resulting in a crack-free structure.
In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require very
littlemaintenance.
Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in which precast
prestressed girders support the cast in situ slab deck. This type of con struction is very
popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.

2.Typical types Of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges .

a. Voided slab
b. Single tee
c. Box beams
d. Double tee
e. Aasho-type girders with slab(U.S.A)
f. Y-tube standard beams with slab

3.what is main advantage of prestressed concrete bridge deck.

High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,


make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
Segmental construction is ideally suited for post tensioning work.
Post-tensioning facilities the use of curved slabs hich improve the shear resistance of
girders.

4.Typical types Of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges .

a. Solid slab (10-15m)


b. Hollow slab(15-25m)
c. Tee beams(20-40m)
d. Box girders, two cell(30-70m)
e. Box girders ,trapezoidal (30-80m)
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
Part-B

1. what is main advantage of prestressed concrete bridge deck.

High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,


make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class I type structures without any tensile
stresses under service loads, thus resulting in a crack-free structure.
In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require very
littlemaintenance.
Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in which precast
prestressed girders support the cast in situ slab deck. This type of con struction is very
popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.

Post-tensioned prestressed concrete finds extensive applications in long-span


continuous girder bridges of variable cross-section. Not only does it make for
sleek. structures, but it also effects considerable saving in the overall cost of
construction.
In recent years, partially prestressed concrete (type-3 structure) bas been pre
ferred for bridge construction, because it offers considerable economy in the use
of costly high-tensile steel in the girder.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
2.Typical types Of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges

(a) Voided slab (b) Single tee

(c) Box beams (d) Double tee

',;,,,:,(; ,_;,..:Ji.,.'
. ~:.~.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING

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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16

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