CyberEd Study Guide

Bonding I

CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

The following National Science Education Life Science Content Standards specifically relate to this
study guide:

BONDING I

The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an element as atoms
interact with one another by transferring or sharing the outermost electrons.
Atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids, and compounds are formed
from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds of atoms.
The physical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure and the
interactions among these molecules.
The number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is electrically neutral or an ion.

Table of Contents

Electron Review ............................................................................................................................................ 2

Ionic Bonds and Their Properties .................................................................................................................. 6
Metallic Bonds and the Properties of Metals............................................................................................... 14
Covalent Bonds and Their Properties ......................................................................................................... 16

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I

Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources section of
the CyberEd Oasis website.

Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources section of the
CyberEd Oasis website.

Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources section of the
CyberEd Oasis website.

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Electron Review

Electron Review
Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
View scenes 1 10 and complete the exercise below.
Examine energy levels, electron orbitals and configurations, and
Multimedia
valence shells.
Presentation

Scenes 1- 2
1. How many electron energy levels does an atom have?

2. What are the letters used to represent the

orbitals found in the energy levels? (Shown are
diagrammatic examples of two different orbital
configurations.)

Scene 3
3. What is the ground state of any electron?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scenes 3 - 5
Use the Orbital Diagram to answer the following questions (4 6).

4. Specify the order that electrons will be grouped

as they fill up orbitals and energy levels of an atom.
Start with the lowest energy level until youve
reached the highest energy level in the Orbital
Diagram.

5. What does the number in front of the orbital

letter signify, as in 1s?

6. Answer the questions pertaining to the Orbital Diagram and some of its rules.

a. What do the arrows represent and what do the dashed lines represent? Why do the arrows point in
opposite directions?

b. Where do you begin filling in the diagram with the electrons for an atom? When do you jump to the
next energy level?

c. How do electrons fill the orbitals when there are multiple orbitals on the same energy level (for
instance, the three orbitals of 2p)?

d. Which orbitals are important in bond formation?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 6
7. Define electron configuration. How does the electron configuration differ for atoms of different
elements?

8. Comparing two atoms with different atomic numbers, how do their electron configurations differ?

Scenes 7 8
9. Identify the orbital blocks of the periodic table.

A.
B.
C.
D.

10. What are the electron configurations for the following elements?

Element Number of electrons Electron Configuration

Lithium (Li)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)

11. What is unique about the electron configuration of the noble gases and how is this useful in
describing electron configurations of other elements?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 9
12. Which electrons are important for bond formation? Why do only these electrons and not all electrons
of the atom determine the nature of bonding?

Scene 10
13. What is the octet rule? What elements are exceptions to the octet rule?

Orbital Diagrams and Electron Configurations

Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lessons #1 3.
Complete the orbital diagrams and electron configurations for several
Interactive
different elements.
Lesson

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Ionic Bonds and Their Properties

Ionic Bonds and Their Properties

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
View scenes 11 - 29 and complete the exercise below.
Examine Lewis dot diagrams, types of ions, and ionic bonding.
Multimedia
Presentation

Scene 11
1. How do atoms form ionic bonds?

2. What is a Lewis Dot Diagram? What do the dots in the graphic

represent?

Scene 12
3. How many valence electrons would be displayed in the Lewis Dot Diagrams for the following atoms:
boron (B), silicon (Si), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C)?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scenes 13 15
4. Describe the sequence of events that occur in ionic bond formation, using sodium and chlorine in this
Lewis Dot diagram. Also identify where the ions occur and what their charges are.

A.

B.

C.

Scene 16
5. Define the following frequently used terms that are associated with ionic bonds. Give an example for
each.

Ion:

Cations:

Anions:

Monatomic ions:

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scenes 17 - 20
Use the Periodic Table to answer the following
questions (6 8).

6. In which region of the Periodic Table are monatomic cations found? Name two monatomic cations
and give their electron configuration.

7. What region of the Periodic Table has elements that can form more than one type of cation? How are
these elements named when they are cations?

8. In which region of the Periodic Table are monatomic anions usually formed? Name two monatomic
cations and give their electron configuration.

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 21
9. What is a polyatomic ion?

2- +
10. Identify the polyatomic ions in this list: CO3 N03-, OH-, PO43-, C6H12O6, NH4

Scene 22
11. The molecules in the graphic are binary ionic compounds. What
makes them binary ionic compounds? Name these three compounds.

12. Using the Periodic Table, determine which two different types of elements comprise a binary ionic
compound.

Scene 23
13. What is a neutral compound?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scenes 24 27
14. What is the crisscross method? Describe how it works.

15. Construct the chemical formulas for two neutral compounds, using any of the following metal and
nonmetal elements: metals - Na, K, Ca; nonmetals - O, F, P. Use the steps in the table provided to help
construct and name the compounds.

Included in the table is an example of the neutral compound formed between the elements Be and Cl.

Example Compound A Compound B

Steps
Cation Anion Cation Anion Cation Anion
1. Write the symbol
Be Cl
for each element.
2. Write the electron
configuration for each 2 2 5
[He]2s [Ne]3s ,3p
element in noble gas
form.
3. Write the charge
2+ 1-
for each ion above its Be Cl
symbol.
4. Use the crisscross
Be1-Cl2+
method.
5. Edit subscripts BeCl2
6. Name compound Beryllium chloride

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scenes 28 29
16. In the table construct the chemical formula for two neutral compounds from any of the following
2+ 1- 3+ 1- 2-
cations and anions: Ca , OH , Al , NO3 , and CO2 .

Compound A Compound B
Steps
Cation Anion Cation Anion
1. Write the charge
for each ion above its
symbol.
2. Combine the ion
using the crisscross
method.
3. Edit subscripts.

Lewis Dot Diagrams

Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lesson # 2.
Review how to construct Lewis dot diagrams.
Interactive
Lesson

Naming Ionic Compounds

Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lesson # 4.
Review the naming of ionic compounds.
Interactive
Lesson

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
View scenes 30 - 34 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about the three dimensional arrangement and properties of ionic
Multimedia compounds.
Presentation

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 30
1. What is a crystal lattice? How do ions maintain the structure of the
lattice?

Scene 31
2. What is the melting point for ionic compounds?

3. Use the diagram to answer the following questions on melting point.

a. What happens to the ions of an ionic compound when the

temperature is at point A, room temperature?

b. What happens to the ions of ionic compound when the

temperature reaches point B?

Scene 32
4. Why do the crystal lattice formations of ionic compounds shatter when struck in a particular way? Why
dont these formations crush or bend easily?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 33
5. Under certain conditions an ionic compound will conduct electricity. What are those conditions? Why
dont ionic compounds usually conduct electricity?

Scenes 12 34
6. Fill in the table with review information about ionic bonds and compounds.

How are electrons used to form ionic bonds?

What is a positive ion called?

Why type of element forms a positive ion?

What is a negative ion called?

What type of element forms a negative ion?

What are the two components of an ionic bond?

What structure of ionic compounds determines

melting point, brittleness, and electrical conductivity?

How strong are ionic bonds?

7. How is the octet rule satisfied for ionic bonding?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Metallic Bonds and the Properties of Metals

Metallic Bonds and the Properties of Metals

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
View scenes 35 - 38 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about metallic bonding and the properties of those bonds.
Multimedia
Presentation

Scenes 35 36
1. Metallic bonds form between what types of atoms?

2. In the Periodic Table, identify the areas of elements that can form metallic bonds.

3. In ionic bonds, electrons are donated from one atom to another but
in metallic bonds where are the electrons found?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 37
4. What is ductility?

5. What is malleability?

Scenes 35 38
6. Fill in the summary table for metallic bonding.

Metallic bonds form between what elements?

List three properties of metallically bonded compounds.

What is the model structure for metallically bonded

compounds that accounts for their properties?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Covalent Bonds and Their Properties

Covalent Bonds and Their Properties

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
View scenes 39 - 47 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about covalent bonds, multiple bonds, and resonance.
Multimedia
Presentation

Scene 39
1. How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond?

2. Define molecule. How is a molecule different from an ionic compound?

3. Give the molecular formula for the following molecule.

4. Give the molecular formula for the following molecule.

Scenes 40 - 41
5. What is the difference between a Lewis dot diagram and a Lewis structure? What type of bond does a
Lewis structure represent and how does it represent this bond?

Scene 42
6. Explain the terms, unshared electrons, nonbonding pair, lone pair.
How do atoms with lone pairs satisfy the octet rule?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 43 - 44
7. Fill in the table on multiple bonds. For each arrow, identify the number of bonds and electrons of the
covalent bonds.
Number of electrons
Bond Number of bonds
shared in bond

Scenes 45 46
8. How might some atoms in a molecule defy the octet rule?

9. Name two elements that frequently violate the octet rule by having excess valence electrons. Will the
octet rule be satisfied for the atoms bonded to these exceptions?

10. In atoms with more than eight valence electrons where are the extra electrons distributed?

Scene 47
11. What are resonance structures? How are the bond lengths different between a resonance structure
and a molecule with no resonance?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Lewis Structures
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lesson # 5.
Review Lewis structures and how to represent covalent bonds.
Interactive
Lesson

Resonance Structures
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lesson # 6.
Review resonance structures of molecules.
Interactive
Lesson

Covalent Bonds Properties

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
View scenes 48 - 57 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about the properties of covalent bonds.
Multimedia
Presentation

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Scene 48
1. Name at least three properties of molecules that are determined by its covalent bonds.

Scene 49
2. Define electronegativity.

3. Use the electronegativity chart to answer the following questions.

a. Which atom is more electron greedy: carbon or

chlorine?

b. Which atom has a less strong pull: sulfur or

oxygen?

c. What happens to the electrons if two nitrogen

atoms were bonded to each other?

Scenes 50 51
4. What is a polar bond? How are the charges denoted?

5. What is a nonpolar bond?

Scenes 52 53
6. Consider that a covalent bond shares electrons and an ionic bond transfers electrons, how does
electronegativity of the atoms determine whether the bond is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic?

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

7. Comparing CO2 and H2O in these graphics what is different about the molecular bond
orientation? How is this orientation important to the polarity of the molecule?

Scene 54
8. Do the melting and boiling points for covalent molecules tend to be higher or lower than ionic
compounds? Why?

Scene 55
9. Ice is a solid made up of millions of water molecules held in a tight formation by affinities between the
water molecules. To melt ice requires only breaking the affinities between the water molecules, not
breaking the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. In contrast, why do network solids have such
high melting points?

Scene 56
10. Fill in the summary table for covalent bonds.

How are electrons used to form covalent bonds?

What distinctive value of each atom determines many of

the properties of the covalent bond and thus the
molecule?

What is a molecule with partial charges?

What is a molecule with no charge?

Identify properties of covalent molecules.

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CyberEd Student Study Guide: Bonding I

Electronegativity
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lesson # 7.
Review electronegativity in covalent bonds.
Interactive
Lesson

Summary of Ionic, Metallic & Covalent Bonds

Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Bonding I
Complete Interactive Lesson # 8.
Review ionic, metallic and covalent bonds
Interactive
Lesson

Comprehensive Exam: Bonding I

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.

Test

Page 21 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.