Tessa McCann

5-9-11

Biology G

Week 30

A. Name the functions of the skeletal system and of the muscular system.
The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move. The muscular
system in vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as
the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous.

B. Define the following terms: ossification: is when the cartilage is replaced by hard deposits of calcium
phosphate and stretchy collagen, the two main components of bone. It takes about 20 years for this process
to be completed.
growth plate: plates consist of columns of multiplying cartilage cells that grow in length, and then change
into hard, mineralized bone.
osteocyte: which carry nutrients and waste products to and from blood vessels in the bone.
osteoblast: which make new bone and help repair damage.
osteoclast: which break down bone and help to sculpt and shape it.
bone marrow: inside many of our bones is where most of the blood cells flowing through our bodies are
made.
periosteum: the bone's membrane covering, to its inner parts.
cartilage: a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub
against each other.

C. Name and describe the 2 types of muscle be sure to include their functions.
Skeletal muscle is attached to bone, mostly in the legs, arms, abdomen, chest, neck, and face.
Skeletal muscles are called striated because they are made up of fibers that have horizontal stripes
when viewed under a microscope. These muscles hold the skeleton together, give the body shape,
and help it with everyday movements.

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. The walls of the heart's chambers are composed almost
entirely of muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is also an involuntary type of muscle. Its rhythmic,
powerful contractions force blood out of the heart as it beats.

D. Compare and contrast tendons and ligaments.

Tough, cord-like tissues called tendons, which allow the muscles to pull on bones. Bones are
fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments.
E. What is a joint? Name and describe the 3 types.

Joints allow our bodies to move in many ways. Some joints open and close like a hinge (such as
knees and elbows), whereas others allow for more complicated movement a shoulder or hip
joint, for example, allows for backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movement.

Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in the knees and elbows.
Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to side. Ball-
and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type
of joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.

F. Name and describe the 3 types of freely movable joints.

Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in the knees and elbows.
Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to side. Ball-
and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type
of joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.

G. Make a chart listing the symptoms, treatment, and causes of: fracture, osteoporosis, and scoliosis.

Fracture Osteoporosis Scoliosis

Symptoms Bones break easily, and which causes the spine
the spine sometimes to curve too much.
begins to crumble and
collapse
Treatment After a bone fracture, Exercising regularly and three to five people out
new bone cells fill the getting plenty of calcium of 1,000 have the
gap and repair the when you're a kid and condition.. The condition
break. Applying a strong teen can prevent or can be hereditary, so a
plaster cast, which delay you from getting person who has scoliosis
keeps the bone in the osteoporosis later in life. often has family
correct position until it members who have it.
heals, is the usual
treatment.
Causes when a bone breaks; it bone tissue becomes a certain amount of
may crack, snap, or brittle, thin, and spongy curvature is necessary
shatter. for people to move and
walk properly.

H. Distinguish between a sprain and a strain be sure to discuss treatment of each injury.
Strains occur when a muscle or tendon is overstretched. Sprains are an overstretching or a partial
tear of the ligaments. Strains usually happen when a person takes part in a strenuous activity
when the muscles haven't properly warmed up or the muscle is not used to the activity (such as a
new sport or playing a familiar sport after a long break). Sprains, on the other hand, are usually the
result of an injury, such as twisting an ankle or knee. Both strains and sprains are common in teens
because they're active and still growing.