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References
3GPP TS 36.401
3GPP TS 36.101
3GPP TS 36.211
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Contents
1. Overview
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Contents
1. Overview
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Mobile communications standards landscape
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3GPP Releases
3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE and the
HSPA Evolution
HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do not need
to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA
Release 9/10
LTE
Advanced
HSPA+
GSM EDGE HSDPA
28.8Mbit/s
9.6kbit/s 473.6kbit/s 14.4Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Phase 1 Release 99 Release 5 Release 7/8
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LTE will be the Single Global Standard
>1.2Gbps
GSM /80MHz
2x2
WiMAX 64QAM MIMO 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
64QAM
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SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution
Spectrum for LTE Smooth Transition to LTE
LTE GSM+UMTS
2600MHz
SDR SDR
UMTS LTE
2100MHz
LTE
GSM
GSM
1800MHz LTE mRRU MRFU
GSM
900MHz UMTS LTE
LTE SDR
800MHz SDR
2010 2011 2012
GSM+LTE
Technology 800M 900M 1800M 2100M 2.6G Spectrum refarming starts from
900M/1800M, which can be utilized for
GSM LTE deployment.
UMTS SDR technology supports flexible and
smooth transition from 2G/3G to LTE.
LTE
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LTE requirements and targets
Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then 100ms)
and transmission latency (less then 10ms)
Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100 Mbit/s and
50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when operating in 20MHz
spectrum allocation)
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LTE technical features
The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink OFDMA
and uplink SC-FDMA
LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the time-frequency
resource is dynamically shared between users. This is similar to the
approach taken in HSDPA
Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE
MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial multiplexing which
can increase data rate prominently
LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex
arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and bandwidth
allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Support SON
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LTE frequency bands
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
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LTE Release 8 Bands
Band Duplex FDL_low FDL_high NOffs-DL NDL FUL_low FUL_high NOffs-UL NUL
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
1 FDD 2110 2170 0 0-599 1920 1980 18000 18000-18599
2 FDD 1930 1990 600 600-1199 1850 1910 18600 18600-19199
3 FDD 1805 1880 1200 1200-1949 1710 1785 19200 19200-19949
4 FDD 2110 2155 1950 1950-2399 1710 1755 19950 19950-20399
5 FDD 869 894 2400 2400-2649 824 849 20400 20400-20649
6 FDD 875 885 2650 2650-2749 830 840 20650 20650-20749
7 FDD 2620 2690 2750 2750-3449 2500 2570 20750 20750-21449
8 FDD 925 960 3450 3450-3799 880 915 21450 21450-21799
9 FDD 1844.9 1879.9 3800 3800-4149 1749.9 1784.9 21800 21800-22149
10 FDD 2110 2170 4150 4150-4749 1710 1770 22150 22150-22749
11 FDD 1475.9 1500.9 4750 4750-4999 1427.9 1452.9 22750 22750-22999
12 FDD 728 746 5000 5000-5179 698 716 23000 23000-23179
13 FDD 746 756 5180 5180-5279 777 787 23180 23180-23279
14 FDD 758 768 5280 5280-5379 788 798 23280 23280-23379
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Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation
eNB
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Example
100kHz Raster
Uplink Downlink
Frequency
1937.4MHz 2127.4MHz
(FDL - FDL_low)
NDL = + NOffs-DL
0.1
(2127.4 - 2110)
NDL = + 0 = 174
0.1
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LTE standardization and specifications
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Contents
1. Overview
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LTE System architecture
UMTS LTE
S1
S1
S1
S1
X2 E-UTRAN
eNB eNB
X2
X2
eNB
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LTE-SAE System architecture
An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same time developed,
which generally is called System Architecture Evolution.
Rx
LTE Gxc
X2 S1-U Gx
-Uu S11
UE LTE SAE
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E-UTRAN functions
Handover Synchronization
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Contents
1. Overview
2. TE system architecture
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Basic principles of OFDM
Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multi-carrier
transmission.
Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually
orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the same
radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.
Frequency Frequency
Channel Channel
Bandwidth Bandwidth
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Why use OFDM?
Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers as close as
possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be used, In a multi-
path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a greater chance for Inter-
Symbol Interference (ISI).
It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus helping to
eliminate ISI.
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OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT
OFDM modulation implementation in LTE
Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz, and IFFT bin
size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N f=30720000Hz
Subcarrier
Modulation Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform
Serial
Coded
to IFFT RF
Bits
Parallel
Complex
Waveform
Subcarrier
Demodulation
Fast Fourier
Transform
Parallel
Coded
Receiver FFT to
Bits
Serial
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LTE Channel and FFT Sizes
Channel FFT Size Subcarrier Sampling Rate
Bandwidth Bandwidth
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Cyclic-prefix insertion
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Cyclic-prefix insertion
The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is copied and
inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing the block length from
N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the corresponding samples are
discarded before OFDM demodulation
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Downlink CP Parameters
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Advantage of OFDM
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Peak to Average Power Ratio
PAPR (Peak to
Average Power Ratio)
Issue
Peak
OFDM
Amplitude Symbol Averag
e
Time
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SC-FDMA in uplink
SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multi-carrier
technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much higher power
amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink.
SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM system
with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes each user occupy
consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which looks like a single carrier.
0
0
0
Subcarrier 0 CP
DFT
Symbols Mapping Insertion
IDFT
0
0
0
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OFDM used in LTE
Radio
Channel
TDD
eNB
FDD Radio
Channel
UE
UE
OFDM
(OFDMA)
eNB
OFDM
UE (SC-FDMA)
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDMA
Time
Power Each user allocated a
different resource
which can vary in time
and frequency.
Frequency
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OFDMA used in LTE.
DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Normal CP Configuration
DL
Nsymb OFDM Symbols (= 7 for Normal CP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
14 14 14 14 14 14
160 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048
4 4 4 4 4 4
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OFDM Symbol Mapping
OFDMA
Each user allocated a
Time different resource
Modulated which can vary in time
and frequency.
OFDM
Symbol
Amplitude
Cyclic
Prefix
Frequency
OFDM
Symbol
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Channel-dependent scheduling
Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the
time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users
LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time domain,
as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain
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Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO
Receive diversity: Transmit diversity: Multi-antenna reception
SIMO MISO and transmission: MIMO
Fundamentals of MIMO:
The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.
And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial
signature of each data stream.
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MIMO Modes
Transmission Transmission scheme Reference
Mode
Mode 2 transmit diversity It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is
applicable within low SINR environment
Mode 3 open-loop space division It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high rate and
multiplexing SINR environment
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Advantages of MIMO
Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for beamforming.
Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after
spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.
Data MIMO
Streaming Channel
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UL Virtual MIMO
Benefits Features
Improve the overall uplink cell throughput. The uplink channels of paired users
Increase the UL spectrum efficiency. must be with good orthogonality to
each other to prevent interference.
Multi-users use the same time-
frequency resource.
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MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell Throughput
1x2 SIMO xx.xx%: Gain SIMO
MIMO
eNodeB UE 1 Macr 18.15%
Throughput (Mbps)
16.4 28.34% 15.12%
LLL
13.88
T TT 12.09 14.23
EEE
9.42 12.36
Throughput (Mbps)
26.87
Micro 24.03
17.15
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More Gains through Higher-order MIMO
DL 44 MIMO UL 24 MU-MIMO
eNodeB UE 1
eNodeB
UE 1
UE 2
4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO: 2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO:
~ 50% gain in average cell throughput 23%~90% increasing
~50% gain in edge
in average celluser
throughput
23%~90% increasing in edge user throughput
throughput
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AMC & 64QAM
AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the
channel coding rate
Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Turbo code
Features
Antenna
Codewords Layers Ports
Resource OFDM
Modulation
Scrambling Mapper Element Signal
Mapper Generation
Layer
Precoding
Mapper
Resource OFDM
Modulation
Scrambling Mapper Element Signal
Mapper Generation
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Inter-cell interference coordination
By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one cell,
the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of the spectrum
will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be used to provide
higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell
4 Cell 1,4,7 Power
2
2
Frequency
76 3
3
Power
1 Cell 2,5,8
1
6 4 Frequency
5 8
5
9 Power
Cell 3,6,9
7 Frequency
Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells
Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells
30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)
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LTE Key Technologies SON
Deployment Stage
Inventory Management
Self- configuration (Plug & Play) Sleeping Cell detection
Auto Software Management Antenna Fault Detection
Cell/interface/sub. trace
SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network architecture changes
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Typical SON Features at Initial Stage
ANR: Automatic Neighbor Self-Config.: Quick Deployment
Relation S/W
File Server
Config
Config
Config
EMS + DHCP
Config
New S/W
eNodeB
Value
unnecessary HO Rate
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Thank you
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