41.

Twenty, seven identical drops of mercury are charged simultaneously to the

same potential of 10 volts, What will be the potential If all the charged drops are
made to combine to form one large drop. (LI. T. Entrance Exam. 1969)

42. Charges of + 25,25V2 and 50 units are placed at the corners A, B and C of
a square ABCD of side 5 cm. Find

the potential at the corner D. (All India H.S.)

43. Calculate the total capacity when three condensers of capacity 2, 4 and 6 pF are
connected (I) in series and (ii). in

parallel. (All india H.S.)

44. A small object carrying a charge of 5 x 10 coulomb experiences a downward

force of 20 x 108 newtons when placed at a certain point in an electric field. Find
the electric inten

sity at that point. (All India H.S.)

46. Two identical charges Q each are at a . distance r from each other. A third
charge i is placed on the line joining the above two charges such that all the three
charges are in equilibrium. Find the possible positins and the magnitudes of the

charge q. (J.I.T.-Entrance Exam. 1975)

45. Two capacitors picofarads are connected potential of 12Q volts. (ii) the total
charge and. combination.

of capacity 200 picofarads and 600 in parallel and then charged to a Determine (1)
the charge on capacitor (iii) the resultant capacity due to

(Bombay 1971)

1. Magnetic iield at the centre of a circular coil

2it hI

10_
where n is the number of turns, I is the current in amperes and r is the radius in cm.

Unit of magnetic field is oersted.

2. Tangent galvanometer : Always apply the formula:

10 rH

1= ..tan8

2itn

where I is inamperes, r as an cm, H is in oersted

403

Reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer / rH\

= I I e.m.u. \ 2tnj

3. 1 e.m.u. of current = 10 amperes

Example i. . A tangent galvanometer with a coil of 50 turns and mean radius. 10 cm

is used at a place where the horizontal components of the earths field is 03 gauss.
When a current is passed through the galvanometer, the deflection is 450 Calculate
the current in anipers.

Here, .. n = 50, r = 10 cm, H = 03 gauss, 8=45

1=? tan45= 1

I OrH

= 2tn an U amperes

I. 10x10x03x7x1

2x22x50

0095 ampere
Example 2. A tangent gal vanometer of radius 22 cm and 14 urns shows a
deflection of 450 when its coil is placedparallel to the earths field. An ammeter in
the same circuit, shows a reading of 06 ampere. Calculate the value of H.

Here r = 22 cm.

n=14,

o 45

tan 45 = 1

n = 060 ampercH =

lOrH

1= tan8

- 2irn

H 2inI

l0rtan8,

2x22x 14x 06

or H=

7xiQx22.xl

or H 024 oersted

Example 3. A tangent galvanometer with a coil of 50 turns and mean radius 10 cm

is placed with its coil in the magnetic meridian. If a current in coil produces a
deflection of 300, determine the strength of the current in amperes (H = 034
gauss).

n = 50, r = 10 cm,

8 30. ,H = 034 gauss

1=? tan30=-
I=10xtan8 2in

IOXIOXO34X7O%ZA

1222x50x,/3

Example 4. A current of 05 A produces a deflection af 450 in a tangent

galvanometer. What current will produce a deflection of 30 in the same
galvanomeler?

11=05A 61= 450,

tan45=1 12?

62 = 300, tan 30 = _!

1I taflO2

11tan01

12 :7:i

05 1

05 O5

12 = fl32 A

12=O288A

Example .5. A straight wire 20 cm lont and crring a current of 25 A is located in. a
isnjforrn magnetic field of strength 2x 10-2 webr/rn. calculate the force on the.
wire when it makec an angle of 30. with the field direction.

[Indian School ertflcate (12), 1978]

Here, I = 20 cm = 02 rn

I=25A

B = 2xl02weber/m2

0 = 300

sin 30 05

F = II B sin 0

F = 2-5 x 02 x 2 < 10-2 x 0-5

F= 5x1O3N

Example 6. A flat circular coil consists of 40 turns anti rhe radius of the turns is 0-!
m. Calculate tile Intensi1 of the inag. netic field at its centre on passing a current of
10 amperes in

he cil. (U.P. Inter .R79)

Here I=IOA

r = 0-1 m

ii 40

== x 10 N/A2

B LO 1

2r

B 4,txlO7x4OxIO

2x0-I

B = Z-514x 1O-weber/m2 EXERCISES XXX VIII

of 020 ampere flows through a circular coil average diameter of the coil being II
cm. of the magnetic field at the centre of the
2. A tangent galvanometer with a coil of 35 turns and mean radius Ii cm is used at
a place where H = 0-32 oersted. When, a current is passed through the
galvanometer, the deflectin is 350 Calculate .the current (tan 35 07).

3. A tangent galvanometer has a coil of mean radius 8-25 cm and number of turns
42. Wten a current of 01 ampere is passed through the coil, a deflection of 45
isobtained. Calculate the value of H

I. A current of,70 turns, the What is strength coil ?

4. The coil of a tangent ga1vanoreter is 16-50 cm in diameter, When a current of 90

milliamperes is passed through it a deflection of 42 is obtained. Calculate the
number of

turns of thecoil. (if 0-32, tan 4 09)

5. A current of 0-2 ampere produces a deflection of 30 in a tangent galvanometer.

What current will produce a deflection of 45 in the same galvanometer?

6. A tangent galvanometer coil has a mean diameter of

22 cm and number of turns 140. H 0-30 oersted. Caculate the reduction factor of
galvanometer. - -

7. In a tangent galvanmeter, when a current of 100 milliamperes is passed the

deflec;ion is 31 . By what percentage is the current increased so as to produce a
deflection of 42

(tan 31 - 0-6 and tan 42 r= 09)

8. A small magnet is suspended at the entre of a vertical circular coil. When the coil
carries a current of I 25 amperes and makes an angle of 30 with - the magnetic
meridian, the suspended magnet points East-West. if the number of turns in the coil
is 10 and its radius is 20 cm, find the horizontal component of the earths magnetic
field,

(1.1. T. Entrance Exam. 197R

[Hint. (_!-!g )

APPLICATION OF OHMS LAW AND MODERN PHYSICS

41

ohms Law: 4- R

Units :, E in volts, R in ohms, I in amperes.

Specific resistance: It is the resistance of a conductor one cm in length and one sq

cm in area of cross-section.

R KL

where 1? is the resistance -

K = specific resistance

L length of conductor

A area of cross-section

where d is the diameter of The wire.

Units: R in ohms, L in cm, A in sq cm, K in ohm-cm. Resistance in series:

r1+r2+r5+......

Resistances in parallel

I l 1 1

-=++----+

r1._.-r2 r3

through the

= 12

through the

= I,

of the shunt
in parallel to a galvaflO main circuit does not

When ii resistances each of value r, are joined in. parallel

then the total resistance R =

Shunt. It is a low resistance joined mater so that a heavy current in the damage the
galvanoifleter.

Main current = I

RcsistanCe of the gal

vanometer = G

Current shunt

Current

galvanonleter

Resistance

(I)

(2)

(3)

(4)

5)

Fig. 391

I=1.+1i

1,S = I0xG

IxS
S+G

IxG

S+G

s 11,xG

conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter.

-A shMnt of proper val ue Is used in parallel to the I

galvanometer. A

s= ()

Conversion of a gahanoie into a voltmeter

A high resista.nce of

proper value is used in series

with the _____

Fig..39.3

Intenjal resistance of a cell

(EV)

= xR

where E is the E,M.F. of the cell, V is the P.D. across the external resistance R.

Example 1. Calculate file specific resis!an(( of the hater/al

of a wire 11 metre long, 04 mm in diameter and Iapin a total

resistance of 42 ohms

Here, 42 ohms, L l.i metre 110

d 0.4 mm 004 cm
td2 22X004X004

Areaofcross..sector4 -

4 7x4

*8

70000 sq cm

KL RxA

or K

42x88 -

K= fl =4Sx1O 6ohmcm

Example 2. A metal wire of .p. resistan 64 x lO ohm-

cm and length 198 cm has a resistance. of 7 ohms. Calculate

the radius,

Here K 64x 10-6 ohin-cni, L 198 cm

R 7 ohms, Rajus r ?

KL KL

R = or A = p---, But A r2

icr1

or

KL 64x106x198x?

- 22x7

64tO-6x9 aking the sq. root, r =. 8 x 3 x 10 0024 cm.

xample . A cell having an E.MF. of 2 volts and internal resistance of 05 ohms, is

sending current through a tngenr galvanOmneter of resistance 45 ohms. If the other
external resistance is 95 ohms, the deflection of the galvanometer is 45. Calculate
the reduction factor of the galvanomerer.

Here, E = 2 volts, r = 05 ohm, G = 45 ohms, R = 95 ohms, 0 = 45)

Total resistance of the circuit

= R+G+r = 95+45+05 =I00ohms

Total E.M.F. 2 -LA

Total resistance 50

Suppose the reduction factor of the tangent ga.lvanometer

I = 10K tan 6, tan 45 1

I lOKx1

K = OilOZe.m.u.

Example 4. Two conducto,s, in series have a resistance of 18 ohms and in parallel 4

ohms. Find the separwL resistances.

When joined in series

.R r1-f.r1

But R = 18 ohms

r1+r2 =18

When joined in parallel;

I I r1-4-r2

rr2

But R, 4 ohms

r1r2
=

r1+r3.

Subtracting (2) from (1), 2r2 12

1.mp1e 5. A shunt is to be - applied to a galvanoineter of

20 ohms resistance so that only one per cent of the total current passes through the
galvanometer. Find the resistance of the shunt.

Suppose the main crreit = I

Current through the galvanometer = = TOO Current through the shunt Is=IIg

Reiistance of the gaivanorneter = 20 ohms Resistance of the shunt = S =7 P.D.

across the galvanonieter = PD. across the shunt

I,xG I,xS

1 991

1-x20 xS

20

S= - ohm.

Example 6. A galvanometer has a resistance of 5 ohms and a full-scale: deflection

is produced by 15 mA. Calculate what resistance must be used to enable it to recur
(a)- 15 A, (b) 15 volts

Adding (1)

r1r2 = 4(r.1 +r2) = 4 x 18 = 72

(r1r1)2 = (r1+r5)4r1r2 = (18)4X72 (r1r2) = 3242g8 36

=6

and ()

2r1 = 24 ohms
= 12 ohms

= 6 ohms.

Maximum current that can pass through the galvanometer

=15rnA= A

15

IA

Resistance of the galvanometer = 5 ohms

(a) Main current I = 15 A

Resistance of the shunt = $ =?

s_4xG 1515.

(11a) ioot1.5 15

1000

75 5

S=pj= 99ohm

A resistance of - ohm-shoi4d be joined in parallel to the galvanometer.

(b) Potential difference = E 15 volts

Resistance to be joined in series R = 7

R=4_G= 5

1000

1005 95 ohms

A resistance of 95 ohms should be joined in series witI the gali anometer. -

x.mpte 7. In a galvanometer there is a dcflection of 20 divisions per mA. The

resistance of the gal vanometer is 10 ohms. If a shunt ci 25 ohms is conneaed to the
galvanometer, and there are 50 divL ons in all on the scale of the galvanometer,
what maximum current can this galvanometer measure now?

-- (UP. Inter. 1979)

50 lOS

G = l0obms, S 25 ohms

:j 7

4 x G = I, x S = (14) S

. i(GS)

2-5x103(l0+25)

2-5

J- 125102A

Example 8. Determine the res$sance of a shunt which whet; joined to a

galvanometer of 3,663 3hms, will result pi 1/34 of the total cure ent passing
through the galvanometer. ILtermine also (a) the combined resistance of the shunt
and the galvanometer, and (b) the external resistance which must be tonnected
when the shunt is applied so that the total current may remain

unaltered. (P. U.)

Here, G 3663 3hzns, 1, = S =

x3663

I9xG 34 3663

S = , - = - , =_q. = lllohms

r 33

J 34
A resistance of 111 ohms should be joined in parallel to the galvanometer.

(a) Combined resistance of the galvanometer and the shunt is calculated from the
relation

= 4- +-(because both are in parallel)

1 1 1 .33+l 34

+3 =

3663

1? = 10773 ohms

(b) In order that the total current remains the same, the external resistance to be
used in series with the main circuit

GR, = 3663107-73 = 355527 ohms

Example 9. 4 a1vanometer having a resistance of 30 ohms is provided with a

pointer and a scale having 100 divisions. Th1 pointer is found to be deflected
through one division

when a current of 2 x 10 A flows through it. Find the shunt resistance which may
convert the galvanomewr into au ammeter reading up to 5A.

Number of divisions = 100

Maximum current that can pass through. the galvanometer.

4 = IOOx2xlO A

4= 1/SOA

Main current = I = 5 A

Resistince of the galvanometer = G 30 ohms

I9xG l/50x30 30

S= 5E1/50 24 0-l2ohm
A resistance of 012 ohm should be joined in parallel with the galvanomeler:

Example 10. A voltmeter connected to the terminals of a battery reads 6 volts.

When the lamps are lighted with the battery it reads 4 volts. Find the resistance of
the battery, if the resis tance of the lamps is 20 ohms.

E.M.F. of the battery F = 6 volts

P.D. across the lamps = 4 volts

Resistance of the lamps = P = 20 ohms

Internal resistance of the battei y = r

(EV) (64)

r = xR = 4----x20 10 ohms

Example 11 A worn out cell on being rested was found to have an E. U. F. of 1 2

volts and is capable of sending a current

of only 0-i A through a resistance of 5 ohms. What is its inter

nal resistance? (Delhi U.)

E.M.F. of the cell =E 1-2 volts

1=0-lA, R=Sohms

P.D. acrdss the resistance R

V = Ix R, V = 01 x 5 0-5 volt r=

EV 1205

XR 0-5 x5=7-Ohms

Grouping of cells

(1) Cells joined in series.

nE

R+nr
where n is the number of cells, E the e.m.f. of each cell, r the internal resistance of
-the cells and R the external resistance.

ii cells

Note. For maximum current, cells when R is very high as compared to r.

Fig. 394.

are joined in series

(2) Cells joined In parallel...

1= --.-.

nE

or 1=

nR 4- r

Fig. 39.5

Note. Cells are joined in parallel to Fet maximum current when R is negligibly
small as compared. to r. .

(3) Mixed Grouping of cells. NE

mR+nr

where N mxn

Total number

of cells

number of cells

in each row
 joined in series

m number of rows

in parallel

For maximum Current

Fig. 396

mR =nr

nr

or

Example 12. Ten cells, each of E.M.F. 2 volts and inter nal resistance 0-1 ohms are
arranged (a) in series and (b) in parallel. Calculate the maximum current. which is
possible from the two arrangen,ent..

- Here, E 2 volts, n 10

r==0-lohyn, R0

nE 10 x 2 V = 20

R+nr O+lOxOl.

(a) When joined in series

(b) When joined in parallel nE

nR+r

lOx 2

200 A

Example 13. 4 torch battery consisting of two cells of 145 volts and internal
resistance 015 ohm. each, iYsending current through the filament ofa lamp having
a resistance 15 ohms. Calculate the current in amperes.
Here, n 2, V E 1-45 volts

r O15.ohm, R =.l5hms

Cellsare joined in series ma torch battery

nE .2x1.45

R+nR 15+2xO15 =-=1611A

Example 14. 4n electric bell has a resistance of 5 ohms, and requires a current of
025 A to work it. Assuming that the resistance of the bell wire is 1 ohm per 15 m
and that the bell push is 90 m distance from the bell, how many cells, each of
e.m.f. 14 volts and internal resistance 2 ohms, will be required to work the circuit?
V

Total lengthV..of the wire 904-90 = 180 m

Resistance of the wire = 180/15 = 12 ohms

Resistance of the bell = 5 ohms

. Total external resistance = R = 12+5 17 ohms

E.M.F. of the cell = E 1-4 volts

Intrna1 resistance of the cell = r = 2 ohms

Suppose. the number of cells required = n

Current through the circuit = 025 .A

nE nxi4

= or O2 = 1V7+flX2

or

As fraction of a cell cannot be used,, total number of cells required = 5. V

Example 15. V How would yu arrange V 30 celli each of resistance 5 ohms, so as

to V send naximum current throu,gh an extefnal cireuiiof 6 ohms resistance 7
Here, V N = 30 K 6 ohms, r = 5 ohms.

As R and r canot be neglected as compared tO each other, therefore, mixed

grouping should be used.

Condition:

mR nr, 6m = 5 n

V5

or

- ,ncn=30

Also

m=30/6==5

220 V = 2200 ohms

The bulbs are joined in parallel, V

.. Total current in th leads = 200 x 01 20 A

Combined resistance is calculated from the relation

r .2200

R = = = 11 ohms

n 200

Sn

Substituting the value of m =

5VV

xn==30or5n2= I8Oorn2=36

or flVV=6

Hence, there, should be 6 cells in each row in series and 5 rows in parallel. V
Example 16. In afactoj 200 bulbs are connected in parallel, each of them takes a
current of 0.JV mpere at 220 volts. Calculate the combined resistance of all the
lamps and the current in the leads.

VHere, E =220 volts, 1 =01 A

Resistance of each bulb

Example 17. V A letter A is constructed of a unz:form wire of resistance 1 ohm per

cm. The sides of the letter V are 0 cm long and the cross piece in the middle is 10
cm long while the apex angle V is 60. Find the resistance V of the letter between
the

two ends of the legs. (Punjab)

Resistance of Eli =HF = FK = JfK = KG 10 ohms.

A resistance of 20 ohms is in parallel to the resistance of 10 ohms between the

points H and K. Their combined resistance,

1_LV.1+1 1+2 3

20 10 20 20

R = 4-,= 667 ohms

Charge on the electron.

= 16 x 10-19 coulomb

Number of electrons passing per second

025

= 16x10 19 = 15625x 1018

Example 23. A rate metre connected to a suitable detector

records a background count rate of 8 pulses per minute. When

a radioactive source is placed near the detector the count rate is

248 pulses per minute. If the half life of the source is one hour.
calculate the count rates (i) after one hour (ii) after two hours

and (iii) after three hours. (Indian School Ceriflcates 1970)

Backgroun4 count = 8 pulses per mm

Count rate with the radioactive source

= 248 pulses/mm

Net count ate due to the source only

= 2488

240 pulses/mm.

(I) Activity after one hour is reduced to half.

Count rate after one hour

A=

240

= 2 = 140 pulses/mm.

Pulses tounted = 120+8 128 pulses/mm

(ii) Activity after 2 hours is reduced to a quarter

.. Count rate after 2 hours

240

60

= _4__ =

Pulses counted = 60+8 = 68 pulses/mm

(iii) Activity after three hours is reduced to one-eighth

Count rate after three hours

240 = 30 pulse s/mm

=8

Pulses counted = 30+8 = 38 pulses/mm.

Example 24. A dry battery of E.M.F. 3.0 volts and inter

resistance2 ohms is first connected to a voltmeter of .reSis

Q,=

tance 48 ohms and then, afte? disconnecting the volflhJer tb a

lamp of restace , ohms. Calculate (I) the P.D. recorded by the voltmeter (ii) the
current in the lamp and (iii) the PD. cross

it. (Indian School Certtficate 1970)

(1) P.D. recorded by the voltmeter

E 1R1

\ R1-fr J

i-lere E = 3 volts, R1 = 48 ohms, r = 2 ohms

t V = (482)x48 = 288 volts

(ii) Current in lamp,

R+Y

R== 8ohms

1= 8-=03A

P.D. across the lamo = JR = O3 x 8

= 24 volts.

Example 25. The E.M.F. of a cell is 2 volts and its intern at resistance is 15 ohms.
If it i.s connected with a voltmeter of resistance 1000 ohms, what will be the
prcentage error in the reading of the E.M.F. as shown by the voltmeter.

Here, E 2 volts; R 1000 ohms,

r 15 ohms

v= (w00.) 1000

v [2000

kioois

1997 volts

Thfference 21997 0003.

Here

% age error

0003 x 100

=015%

Example 26. A circuit consists of an accumulator of E.M.F. 2 volts and negligible

internal resistance, a resistor of 2 ohms, two resistors of values 4 ohms and 8 ohms
connnected in parallel and an ammeter to record a current through th accumulator.
The resistance of the ammeter is 1/3 ohm. Calculate the reading of the ammeter
and the power expended in the 4

ohms resistor. (Indian School CertfiCate 1976)

Let the equivalent resistance of R2 and R3 be x

1113

-; T= T

x_!
Total resistance of the circuit,

= R1+x+R4

= 5 ohms

Fig. 3914.

Or

a = 04x8 0267 A

2x32

- 3l

= 02844 watt

Example 27. Two similar cells, each oj e. m.f E and internal re,,cistance r are first
connected in ries and then in pura!lel.

In both. the cases thEy pioduce the same current through an externil resistance of
11 cm long constanta, wire. If the thickness of the wire is 02 mm. and rhe internal
isistance of the cells. [Th specific resistance of cDns/antan is 56 micro-ohm

cm.] (All India H.. 1974)

Here, K1 = 50x 106 ohm-cm

/ = Il cm

d= 02mm = 002cm

(1), When thecells are connected in series,

Total e.m.f. 2E

I=

04 ampere

Potential

difference
across CD

= 04x =

1067 volts

Currrent through R2 = 2 =

Power expended in 1?2

r = 001 cm

A = r2 = x(001)2 cm2

Resistance of the wire,

R K! 50x196x11x7

22 x (O1)2 R = l75 ohms.

12= Er

R+-

2E ...(ii)

2R+r

IL = 1 (given)

2E 2E

R-fr2r 2R+r

R=r

r = 1? = 175 ohms

Therefore the internal resistance of each cell is F75 ohms. Example 28. Five 2-ohm
resistances are connected as shown
in the figure. What is the effective resistance between the points A and C? If the
cell E has an EMF of 2 volts and negligible intErnal resistance, calculate the power
developed in the circuit.

(D.H.S. 1975)

(1) Resistance of,the branch ABC, R1 =2+2.= 4 ohms

(2) Resistance of the branch AC

= 2 ohms

(3) Resistance of the branc ADC R3 = 2-h2 = 4 ohms

Total Resistance

R2r

2E

. Current,

(2) When the cells Total e.m.f.

are

connected in parallel

Total internal resistance =

Total resistance Current,

But

or

or

1 1+1 1+21
R46 3 6 2

R4=Zohms

AF8 = 3+3 = 6 ohms Effective resistance between AB,

Effective resistance of

Example 30. A 48 ampcreIiour battery of EMF 24 volts coh:aining half its

maxnum energy is to: be recharged from a generatorofEMF 42 volts and
negligible resistance by a curreU of 3 am pres. Find

(1) the value of resistor which must be used in the circuit and,

2) the tim taken.

Acsume that the EMF of the battery remains constant and

that its internal resistance is negligible.

(Indian School Certflcate Exam. 975)

(1) Potential Difference across the resistor to be used = 4224 = 18 volts

Current = 3 amperes

;. Resistance = &lirns

(2) As halt the total capacity is to be recharged, time

required.

48

= 2x3 Shouts

Example 31. If a copper wire is stretched io make it 01% longer, what is the
percentage in itsresistance?

(I.I.T. E.E. 1978)

Initial length

Area of cross sectiOn a1

Volume

Final length

12 = l) = (1001 )I

Final area of cross section = a2

percentage increase

v a1!1

a2=7- ioor

a1

a2 =

a1

P12

R2= R,(l .( a

R1 i )\ a,

(j001.(1OOl)

R1 (1.001)2 R1

R2 = (1002) R

.100 [(1002 R1)R1i R1

Bere,

Example 32. The armature of a DC motor has 20 ohms resistance. It draws a

current of 15 A when run by 220 volts DC supply. Calculate the back EMF.

[Indian School Certificate (12), 1978]

Ee
i=15A

E=220V

R = 20 ohms 220e

15

e=190V

Example 33. An AC supply of 200 V is connected across a resistor of 400 ohms.

Calculaa (1) the eur,re,,t and (ii) the power drawn from the source.

[Indian School Certtflcate (12), 1977J

(I) E,= 200 V

R= 400ohms

E 200

==

Iv = 05 A

(ii) Power P = ExI

= 200x05 = 100 watts

Example 34. Three resistances are connected to form the sides of a triangle ABC.
The resistance of the side A B is 40 ohms, of the side BC 60 ohms and of the side
CA 100 ohms. Calculate the effective resistance between the points A and B.

(lIT Entrance Exam. 1975)

r4 = r2+r3 = 60+100

= 160 ohms

As r1 and r4 are in parallel, the effective resistance (R) across A and B is given by

1 1+1

r
R32 ohms

Example 35. Twelve cells each having the same E.M.\F. are connected in series
and are kept in a closed box. Some,of the cells are wrongly connected. This battery.
is connected in series with an ammeter and two cells which are identical with the
cells in the box. When the cells and the battery aid each other the current is 3 A and
when the cells and the battery oppise each

Resistance of AB, r1 = 40 ohms

Resistance of BC, r2 60 ohms

Resistance of CA, r3 = 100 ohms

As r2 and r3 are in series, their combined resistance,

other the current is 2 A. How many cells in the battery are (1.1. T. Entrance Exam.
1976)

wrongly connected

Total number of cells = 12

Supppose, the number of cells that are wrongly connected

=n

E.M.F. of the battery (12n) EnE

(122n) E

External resistance = R

In the first case,

Dividing (I) by (ii)

(12-.-2n) E+2E R

= (142n) E R

(122n) E2E

2 (102n) E

(142n) 3

(102n) 2

or n=1

Example 36. A battery of EMF 6 volts and 01 ohm internal resistance is joined in
parallel with another of 10 volts EMF and 1 ohm internal resistance. The
combination is used to send current through an external resistance of 12 ohms.
Calculate the current through each battery.

Suppose, the currents through the batteries E1 and E2 are 1 and I respectively.

Applying Kirchhoffs law, to the mesh ARBE1A (11+12) 12+11x01 = 6

For the mesh

(l+1) 12I2x1= 10

Subspacting (I) from (ii)

In the second case,

.. .(ii)

12O1xIl=4 or, 2 =4+01x11

Fig. 3917

Substituting the value of), in (1)

[11+4+01x111 12+0i x11 6 133I= 42i

42

Il = 13T =

60

j- _amptres

12 4*(01)(-)

= 60

Il =

70

amperes

= 3158 amperes

(ye sign shows that the direction of current through the cell E1 is opposite to the
assumed direction).

70

Ia 3684 amperes

Example 37. Two batteries of 7 volts and 13. volts and internal resistance 1 ohm
and 2 ohms respectively are connected in parilk1 with a resistance of 12 hms.
Find the current throug.h each branch of thee circuit and the potential,Jdjfference
across 12 ohms ,esistance.

Example 38 The self inductance of a coil is 3 niH and an electrical current 5 A

flows through it. If on switching off, the current is reduced to zero from 5 A in 01
s, calculate the average EMF produced by self induction in the coil.

[U. P. Inter 1979]

L=3x10-3H,dI==5A,dt=01s

Induced EMF,
E LdI

=7-

E 3x103x5

01 E=015V

Example 39. An electrical lamp marked 100 volts DC consu mes a current of 10
amperes. It is connected to a 200 volts 50 cycles per second AC mains. Calculate
the inductance of the required choke.

I = 10 amperes

V 100

R i- = = ohms

E = 200 volts

f = 50 Hz, w 2if = 100

L=?

1 ____

VR4- (Lw)2

200

(100*L) = 300

- L = a1300 = 0055 henry

100i:

Example 40. An electric lamp which runs at 40 volts and consumes 10 amperes
current is connected to AC njains at 100 volts, 50 cycles per second. Calculate the
inductance of the choke.

Then

Here I = 10 amperes; V = 40 volts

V 40

R=-7 - =4ohms E= ioovolts;f5OHz w=21Tf lOOit

V R2+(Lw)

10 100

VT6+(lOOlrL)

L== 002916 henry

Example 41. A circuit draws a power of 5O watts from a source of 220 volts, 50
Hz. Thepower factor of the circuit is 08 and the current is lagging behind the
potential dfference. Cala culate the capacity of the condenser which when
connected in the

circuit brings the power factor to 1. (U. P. Inter 1979)

E0 = 220 volts,f = 50Hz

P = 550 watts, cos U = 08

P = E I, cos 0

550=220xIXOS I = 3125 A

E 220

Z ._ 3.125 704 ohms

cos U =

08 = R = 5&32 ohms

(R)2+(Lw)2

(Lw)

\/(704)2_(5632)2

4224
1

(2tf) (Lw)

2ivx 50x4224 C = 754x 1O-F

V = 50x108 volts

e= i6x109C

m = 9x lO kg

12eV

v=

= [2X1.61O19X50X 10

9x 1u

v= 133x108n/s

V ..128O volts,

e=16x109C in = 91 x 10-81 kg, v

f2xl.6x10-19x1280

V_V m 91x10-81

For the power factor to be equal to 1

Lw=

Cco

Example 42. In a cathode zay tube, the distance between the cathode and anode is
05 m and, the potential dtffence is 50 kV. If an electron starts from rest from the
pathode and there is no resistance in its path, with what velocity will the elctrons
strike the electrode. [U. P. Int1er 1979]

Here

Here

Example 43. What is the final . velocity of tan elect ron acelerated through a
potentkzl of 1280 vlts if it. initial velocity is zero.

= eV

v = 212 x 1O rn/s

E*Ample 44. Using Braggs X-ray spectrometer, the glanqin angle for the first
order spectrum was observed to be equl i 6. Find ihe wavelength of X-rays if d =
282 x 10-8 cm

nA = 2d sin 8,

A 2dsin 8 n

A = 2X2.82X108XSifl,6 = 0590x108cm

Example 45. The photo-electric threshold of tungsten is 2300 A. Determine the

entry of the electrons ejected from the surfacrby ultra-violet light of wavelength
1800 A.

c .3x10 10s

V = = i8 x 1 O

c 3x101 3x1(P6

A, 2300 x.W1 =

Kinetic energy, fl-r hvhv0

I 10 3x1O9 E = Mvv01 = j 23 J

= 66x iO1_ _-] =66x 1011 x1-

= 24x1O12 erg
2 4x10

F5 eV

E l:61oI2

Example 46. Light of wavelength 6000 A is indident on a surface having a work

function of 120 cV. Calculate (I) the energy of the incident photon (ii) the
maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron in eV and Joules and (iii) the
stopping given I, = 6624x 20 joule-second

Taking

But, 16x 10 ergs I eV

potential,

Here

ii 6624x joule-second.

= 3x108 rn/s

A = 6000 A = 6000x l0- m

(ii) The maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron

= 207120 = 087 eV 087x 16x 10- joule

= 1392x 10.19 joule

. maximum KE

(ii.) Stopping potential

electronic charge 087 eV

= 087 volt

Example 47. A photoelectric surface has a work function of 4 cV. What is the
maximum velocity of the photoelectrons emitted by light of frequency 1O Hz
incident on the surface? [Take h .= 6.6x 11 J-s, e 1 6x coulomb and
rn 9 x 121 kg.] [Delhi 1974]

hv-6 = I nit2

Here h = 66x 10 joulesecond,

v = 1015 hertz

= 4eV= 4x16x109 joule = 64x l0: joule

/m = 9xlci31kg

66x10xl0564x109 x9x 10-31 v2

or v=2108x105m/s

Example 48. The first member of Balmer series of hydrogen has a wavelength of
6563 A. calculate the wavelength of its second member.

(i) Energy of the incident photon = hv

hc 6624 x 10x 3 x 10

A 6000x 10-10

= 3.312x 10 3

3312x 10-19

16x e

= 207 eV

Example 53. Photoelectrons are emitted by sodium when

ultraviolet light of wavelength 3 x 1O rn falls on the surface.

Calculate the velocity of the photoclectrons,. asswning the work

function of sodium to be neglegibly small.

Mass of electron = 91x1Okg

Plancks constant 6-6x10 3-s

 [Indian SchoOl certificate (12), 1978]

Here, A=3x108rn

c = 3x108 rn/s

m = 91x 10-21 kg

h 66x 10- 3-s

my5 4.

V 3809x 108 rn/S.

Example s: The mass of a proton is !67 10-27 kg Wh

UfllO ximumfrequencOfte photons produced by the

Her (U.P 2979)

e, h 66 < 1o- j

Total mass of proton and antiproton

2 x 167x 10-27

334x l07 kg

But

and E .

mc2

me2

v 4x

66 X 1O

v 4q55 10-18 Hz
Example 55. What is the wavele h

flitted on afrequency of 100 M Hz. g j apes traits-

(All India Institute of Medical Sciences E E 1979)

v lOOx 101 H

= 10 Hz

A 3X101 . 3 m

v 10

Example 56.: The energy of h dro . .

136 eV. Determine the nerje geti atom lit its ground state

buantwn numbers are 2 and g S Oj Inose energy level whose

(UI inter 2979)

EXERCISES XXXIX

1 the specific resistance of the material of a wire

of length 10 metres and area. of cross-section 001 sq cm having

a resistance of 5 ohms.

2. A wire of length 88 cm and diameter 04 mm has a

resistance of 6 ohms. Calculte the specific resistance of the

materiai of the wire.

3 Calcula.te the resistance of a wire of length 77 cm and

diameter 03 mm. Specific resistance = 48 x 10.6 ohm-cm.

4. Tvo resistance wires of 5 and 10 ohms are connected

in para1Il. Eight such sets are connected in series. Calculate

the total resistance.

5. Two rcsjstances of 10 and 20 ohms are connected in

series and twelves such sets are connected in parallel. Calculate

the total resistance.

6. A metal wire of sp. resistance 49 x106 ohm-cm and 176

cm length has a resistance of 35 ohms. Calculate the radius

of the wire

7 Three resistances of 5, 10 and 1 ohms are connected in

series and1a potential difference of 15 volts is applied across

the extreme ends. Calculate the current passing through the

circuit

8. A cell of E.M.F-2 volts and internal resistance 03 ohm

is sending a current through a tangent galvanometer of resis

is

tance 87 ohms. If the other external resistance is 41 ohms, the

deflection in the galvanometer is 45 Calculate the reduction

factor of the galvanometer

13. A galvanometer has a resistance of 100 ohms. A maximum current of 60

milliamperes can pass through it. How will you convert it into a voltmeter
measuring up to 50 volts.

14. A galvanoineter scale has 50 divisions. A current of

2 x 10 ampere produces a deflection of one division. How will yot convert it into
an ammeter reading up to 01 ampere? Rsistauce of the galvanometer = 198 ohms

15. Determine the resistance of a shunt which when joined to a galvanometer of

resistance 200 ohms will result in 1/51 of the total current passing through the
gahanometer. Calculate als (1) the combined resistance of the galvanoineter and
the shunt and (ii) the external reSistance wbjch, iust be connected when the shunt
is applied so that the main circuit current remains unaltered.

16. A voitmeterconnected to the terminals of a battery reads 12 vo1ts When an

external resistance of 16 ohms is connected across the battery- it reads 10 volts.
Find the internal resistance of the battery.

.17. A cell of E.M.F. 2 volts can send . current of 02 dmpere through an external
resistance of 8 ohms. Calculate the internal.resistance ofthe cell.

9 Two cpnductors have a resistance of 9 ohms when con-

nected in series and 2 ohms when connected in parallel. Find

the resistances.

10. A galvanometer has a resistance of 96 ohms. Calculate

the shunt resistance required so that 1/49 of the main current

flows through the galvanometer.

11. A galva.nometer has a iresistance of 59 ohms and a

current of 50 milliamperes produces a full-scale deflection. CaJ-

the resistance required to enable it to read (a) 3 amperes

(b) 3 volts.

12. A galvanometer has a resistance of 495 ohms. A

current of 50 milliamperes can pass through it How

will you convert it into an ammeter measuring up to 5 amperes?

22.. A torch battery consists of three cells, each of E.M.F.

15 volts and internal resistance of 0 1 ohm. It sends current through a filament of

the bulb of resistance of 42 ohms. Calculate the current passing through the
filament.
23. An electric bell has a resistance of two ohms and requires a current of 0 5
ampere to work it. Assuming that the resistance of the connecting wirC is 0-25
ohm per metre and that the bell push is 20 metres from the bell, how many cells
each of e.m.f. 2 volts and internal resistance of 05 ohm will be required to work the
circuit.

24. How would you arrange 36 cells each of internal resis tance 4 oims so as to
send a maximum current through an external circuit of 9 ohms resistance.

25. You are provided with 48 cells, each of E.M.F. 2 volts and internal resistance 4
ohms. What maximum current can flow in the circuit having an external resistance
of 12 ohms? How will you group these cells?

26. ma factory 100 bulbs are connected in parallel and each bulb takes a current of
012 ampere at 220 volts. Calculate the combined resistance of all the bulbs and the
current in the lead wires.

18 The E M F of a battery is 6 volts and the P D across

an external resistanceis 55 volts. If the internal resistance of

the battery is 2 ohms, calculate the external resistance.

19 A battery .is connected across a resistaice of 20 ohms.

The potentiaL difference across the resistance is 7 volts. a1-

culate the E.M.F. f the battery if the internal resistance = 2

ohms.

20 Twelve cells each of E.M.F. 2 volts and internal resisculate

tance 0 2 ohm are arranged in series Calculate the current in

the circuit when the external resistance is 1176 ohms.

21 Eight ells, each of E.M.F.2 volts and internal resismaximum

tance 4 ohms are arranged in parallel Calculate the current

in the circuit when the external resistance is 025 ohm:

27. A potentiometer wire 1000 cm long has a resistance of

20 ohms. An accumulator of E.M.F. 2 volts and negligibic resistance is connected

to its own ends. What is the potential drop per cm of the wire and what is th E.M.F.
of the cell which balances against a length of 525 cm.

Delhi Fre-Medical)

28. With a wire of 02 mm diameter and, specific resistance

2 x l0- ohm-cm, a coil of 50 turns and diameter 10 cm is made, The coil is

connected across a voltage source o 10 volts. Find the cirrent through the coil.
What must be the applied voltage so as to nullify the earths magnetic field (H =
0314 gauss) at the centre of the coil. What should be the orienta. tion of the coil to
achieve the above result 7

(I.t.T. Entrance Exam.)

29. A galvanometer of 100 ohms resistance is connected in series with a battery of

6 volts and internal resistance 4 ohms and another, resistance of 6 ohms. What is
the current passing through it ? What will be the current through it if it is shunted
with a resistance of 20 ohms and another resistance 2 ohms is connected in parallel
with the first 6 ohms?

(Punjab H.S.)

31.. Two resistances of 100 and 1000 ohms are joined in series with a battery of 6
volts. What will be the reading on a high resistance voltmeter when it is joined
across, (1) 100 ohms and (ii) 1000 ohms? What is the current. flowing in the

circuit? (Delhi Pre-Medica!)

32. Calculate the total resistance when the resistances of

200 ohms, 100 ohms and SO ohms are connected together (I) in .

series and (ii) in narallel. (Delhi Pre-Medical)

30. An electric heater of resistance 140 ohms and. of

current carrying capacity 12 amperes is to be worked with 210

volts D.C. mains. Find the minimum value of the additional

resistance to be introduced in the circuit?

(Mahakoshal Board)

33. . The specific resistance of the material of a wire is

44 x 10 ohmcm. If the resistance of the wire is 14 ohms and its diameter is one
mm, calculate the length of the wire.

(Punjab. Pre- Univ.)

34. Two resistance of 10 ohms. and 15 ohms are connected in parallel across t,he
terminals of a cell of internal, resistance 1 ohm and E.M.F. 14 volts. Calculate the
current in the cell.

(Delhi)

35. . A 20 volt battery supplies A urrent to the following circuit (Fig. 3915). Find
the . current flowing through (i) 10 ohms resistance and (ii) 3 ohms resistance.

20 VOt.TS

ti

15s

Fig. 3915

3,. A 36 volts battery is connected to the circuit shown in

Fig. 3916. Calculate the current through (1) 2 ohms resistance,

(ii) 3 ohms resistance and (iii) 24 ohms resistance.

36V

IlL
37. How will you arrange 24 cells, each of 4 ohms internal resistance to give a
maximum current through an external cir

cuit of resistance 6 ohms? (Delhi H.S.)

38. A galvanonieter has a resistance-of 20 ohms. A maximum current of 050

mulilainpere can pass throughit. How will you convert it into a voltmeter
measuring up to 5 volts?

(All India H.S.)

39. A galvanometer has a resistance of 99 ohms and the

maximum current that can pass through it is 50 milliamperes.

How will you convert it into an ammeter to measure up to 5

amperes? (All India H.S.)

40. A milliammeter has a maximum range of 50 milliamperes and its resistance is

10 ohms. Calculate the value of the shunt resistance required so that the
combination can be connected in a circuit in which the current is 5 amperes.

(All India H.S.)

41. In the diagram given (Fig. flowing through each resistance.

42.. In the circuit given (Fig. 39l8, page 453) there are four cells in series, each of
E.M.F. 2 volts and internal resistance 1. ohm. Calculate the current through the
external resis

tance. (All India H.S.)

3917) calculate the current (All India H.S.)

E=12 VOLTS

Fig. 3917

43. Determine the current through the battery of internal resistance 05 ohm for the
circuit shown in Fig. 3919. How much power is dissipated in the 6 ohms
resistance?
(I.I.T. Entrance Exam. 1969)

44. Find the number of electrons per second passing through any section of a
conductor carrying a current of one ampere. Assume the chargeof the electron to be
16 x 10-

coulomb. (1.1. T. Entrance Exam. 1969)

45. A rCsistace is made by joining two wires of the sam material. The fdii of the
two wires are 1 mm and 3 mm

8..ft On

Fig. 3919

respectively, while their lengths are 3 cm and cm respectively, A battery of EME 16

volts and negligible internal resistance is conpected across the resistance. What is
the potential drop along the shorter wire.? (I.J.T. Entrance Exam. 1970)

46. TWo resistances of 6 ohms and 12 ohms are connected in parallel to a battery
of 20 volts. Find (1) the equivalent resistance of the circuit and (ii) the current
through each resis-,

tance. (D.H.S.)

47. Calculate the resistance of a wire 1 metre in length and 050 sq mm in area of
cross section. The specific resistance of the material of the wire is 50x 108 ohm-
cm.

(All India H.S.)

48. A galvanometer has a resistance of 9 ohms and the maximum current that can
be passed through it is 100 miLliamperes. How will you convert it into an ammeter
measuring

up to I ampere? (All India H.S.)

49. In the circuit given below, calculate the current through each resistance. The
EMF of the battery is 12 voltw and its

internal resistance is negligible. S

(All Inc/ia H.S)

50. In the circuit given below, find each resistance.

the current through (All India II. S.)

E=12V

I-..

LVJ

Fig. 3920

51. A battery of E.M.F. 14 voltsand internal resista.nce 2 ohms is connected to a

resistor of 100 ohms resistance through

E=iov;r=Css2

i 11Ii-

R2=son

w,iw

R3 20.cL

Fig. 3921

an ammeter. The resistance of an ammeter is ohms. A voltmeter is also connected

to find the potential difference across the! resistor. Draw the circuit diagram.
Calculate (1) the resistance of the voltmeter if the ammeter reads 02 A, and (ii) the
error in the reading of the voltmeter if it reads 110 V.

(I.I.T. Entrance Exam. 1975)

HEATING EF1?FCT OF CURRENT

Power. Rate of doing work is called power, In an elec-

trical circuit, it is the energy transformed per second.

Power = E x I

where E is the P.D. and I is the current.

tJnits,E is measured in volts, I in amperes, power in watts

Watts = volt >amperes

Woke done Exlxt

Units -. Work done is in joules, E in volts, I in amperes

and t in seconds.

Exlxt

Energy cosumed = WOO

Units -. Energy in kilowatt-hours, E in volts, I in amperes,

t in hours,

Note. (1) Power is measured in watts

(2) Energy consumed in kilo watts hour.

Watts x Hours

kWh=

1000

Joules Law W = IH

or Heat produced =

456

H is measured in calories, E in volts, I in amperes,

I in seconds and R in ohms.

liampl! A dynnmn dvelep! 10 Amperes 22) v!t.

What is the power in kilowatts?

Power = Ext

Hero, E = 220 volts

I = 10 amperes

P 220 x 10 2200 watts

2200

= 22 kilowatts

Example 2. A railway carriage is lighted from a 24 volts

battery by 12 lamps each takIng 2 A and arranged in. parallel.

Find the number of units con cumed in 6 days if the lamps burn

for 12 hours a day. (Delhi Pre-Mdical)

Here, E = 24 volts

Current taken by each lamp

= 2 amperes

Total current taken by 12 lamps

12 x 2 = 24 amperes

1 24 amperes,

Total time = 6 x 12 72 hours

:. Energy consumed

Exixt 24x24x72 kWh

==

1000 - 1000
41472 kWh

Example 3 48 lamps, each having a resistance of 220 hms

are connected In parallel across a 220 volts circuit. Find (a) the

power conswned In watts and (b) the cost of operating the lamps

for 24 hours at 20 P per kWh. (D .H.S.)

Here, E = 220 volts

R = 220 ohms

Current through each lamp

= E 220 1 p

R0

Since 48 lamps are joined in parallel, therefore, the total

current in the main circuit = 48 x I = 48 amperes.

:. Total power consumed.

= ExI 220 x48 = 10,560 watts

Total time = 24 hours

Total energy consumed

ExIx.t 220x48x24

= 1000 100

Energy consumed = 25344 units

Total cost = 25344 x 20 506880 P Rs. 5069

Example 4. A student in a hostel uses a 60 watts bulb for

5 hours a day and at 100 watts electric iron for half hour aday
on the average. Find the cost for one month at the rate of 25 P

per uuit. .

(1) Power of the bulb

= 60 watts

Total time in one month when the bulb is used

= 30x 5 150 hours

Energy consimed by the bulbin one month

Power x time 60>< 150 -,

1000 Th000 9

(2) Power of the iron

-. = 1000 watts

Total time = 30 x = 15 hours

Energy consumed by iron in one month

Power x time 1000 x 15

1000:-

= 15 units

Total energy consumed by the bulb and the iron

= 9+15 = 24 units

Rate = 25 P a Unit

Total cost = 24 X 25 600 P = Rs. 6

Example 5. A heater connected to 220 volts D.C. supply is

used for heating 500 g of water by 50C in 10 minutes. What

is the resistance of the heater wire? (Kashmir U.)

Mass of water = 500 g

Rise in temp. 50C

Total heat produced

= H 500 x 1 >< 50 = 2500 cal

Here, E = 220 volts

= EXIXI E2x.t

H = 42 = 42R

22Ox220X600

250u = 42R

R = 27657 ohms

Example 6. An electric kettle takes 4 amperes when put on

. a circuit of 250 vlts. Calculate the time required to prepare

two cups of tea witk35Q g of water to be heated from 20C to

10&C. Also calculate,the cost at the rate of 20 Pper unit.

Mass of watrN=. 450g

/ Rise in temp =10020 = 80c

Heati produced = 450 x 1 X 80 36000 cal

E 250 volts

I=4A

H=

. 42

36000

or t== 36000x42
250 x4 1512

1512

3-hour

Energy consumed Ex Ix

woo kWh

1512

l000x3600 = 0042 kWh

Rate 20 P a unit

Cost = 0042 x 20 og p

ExaIe 10. Two electric lamps rated at 220 volts are of

wattage, 60 and 40 rep ectively. Find the heat generated in each

lmnp per second when they are ,connected in series across 220

volts

(Kharagpur Entrance E.)

Power of the first lamp

22OvoIts

=ExI

60 3

220 Ti A

. Resistance of the first

= E1

220x 11 2420

ohms
Power of the second lamp

P2 = 40 watts

220 volts

P2 40 2

2=A

Resistance of the second lamp

R2 E2 220x11 I2lOohms

When the two lamps are joined in series, total resistance

of the circuit

___ 6050

R = R1-fR, 2420 +1210 Obms

E = 220 volts

. Current through each lamp

E 220 x3

= 6050

IA

(1) Seat produced in the first lamp in one second

lR1t

= H1 42

is

6 x 6 x 2420 xl

55x55x42x3
228 cal

(2) Heat produced in the second lamp in one second

IR, 6x6x1210X1

H2 55 x 55 x42

Example 8. An electric kettle of 1000 watts contains I

kg of water at 200C Calculate the time required to heat the

water to its boiling point. Water equlva1en of the kettle is 05

iciiogram. - -

Mess of water 1000 g

Watere

quivalent of the ketUc

= 500 g

Rise in temp = 10020 80C

.. Heat required

= (I000+500)x80 = l500x80

H = 120,000 cal

Power -P = E.xI = 1000 watt

Suppose the time tequird for heating

= ts.

Exlxt

42

120000 l000xt

120000 x 42
1000 =504s

t = 8 minutes 24 s

Example 9d An electric radiator takes 2 kilowatts when connected with. 220 volts
mains. Cakulae (1) the current taken from the mains, (ii) the resistance of the
radiator and (iii) the cost of runningihe radiator of 5 hours, if the price of electrical
energy is 4 P per kilowatt-hour;

Here,. Power = 2 kilowatts 2000 watts

E= 22Ovolts

But P=EI

P 2000 100

I - = 220 = = 909 A

220x11 121

100 -

= 242 ohms

Time == = 5 hours

Exlxt 2000x5

Energy consumed = ooo = 10 units Rate = 5 P per unit

Cost = 1Ox5 50 P

Example 10. A house Is fitted with eight lamps (eack 40 watts) and two fans each
taking a current of 025 A. The energy is supplied at 220 volts. If the lamps are
lighted for 3 hours a day, and the fans work for 6 hours a day, find the blilfor 30
days. The cost of energy is at the rate of 40 P per kWh.

Number of lamps = 8

Power of each lamp 40 watts

Total power f 8 lamps = 8 x 40 = 320 watts Total time for which the lamps are
lighted

3 x 30 = 90 hours

Energy consumed by 8 lamps

Exlxt

T6o =

= 2&8 kWh

Number of fans = 2

E = 220 volts

I=025A

Total time = 6 x 30 180 hours

Energy consumed by 2 fans 2xExlxt

- 1000

2x220x025x 180

= = 198 kWh

Total energy consumed by 8 lamps and 2 fans in one month =288+198 486 kWh

Rate = 40Pper unit

Total cost = 4&6x40

= 1944 P = Rs. 1944

Example 11. In how much time will the temperature of 1000 grams of water is
raised from 20C to 80C with the help of an electric heater marked 220 volts and
500 watts, assuming that 40% of the electrical energy goes waste? (P. U.)

320 x 90

1000
Heat required by water = 1000 x (8020) 60,000 cal Since 40% of the energy as
wasted, the heat produced by the

electaic current

- = 60, 000 x - 1,00,000 cal

But H= 4 -:

P = El 500-wttl (gen)

500xt

l00,000 = 42

t 100,000X42 840s

500

= 14 mInutes

Example 12. A battery of E.M.F. 110 volts Is connected

ha Series with a circuit containing an electric motor. The resistance, of the circuit
including the motor Is 4 ohms and the t current passing through it is a 3 A. Find the
rate at which energy

is supplied .to the motor. (Roorkee EE.)

E.MF. of the batteEy 110 volts

Suppose, the resistance of the motor = x ohms

Resistance in the circuit excluding the motor == $ ohms

Total resistance of the circuit (x+5)-ohnis

By Ohms law,

E 110

R (x+5)

But I==3A
110

x+5

95

or x 1ohms

P D across the motor = current x resistance

V= 3X-=,95yoIts

.. Power of the motor

= Vx 1= 95 x 3 = 285 watts

Hence, rate at which energy is supplied to the motor

= 285 watts Example 13. Forty similar electric bulbs are connected in

series across a 220 V supply. After one bulb is fused, the re. maining 39 are
connected again in series across the same supply. In which case wilt theie be more
illumination and way?

(II. T. Entrance Exam. 1969)

Let the resistance of each bulb be R.

In the first case:

Total resistance of 40 bulbs = 40 R

Current in the circuit 1 (2 ) Energy consumed per second

= 40 [J2 R]

/ 220 \.2 P1=40 k4OR)<R

(220)2

Pt = watts ...(i) In the second case :

Total resistance of 39 bulbs = 39 R Current in the circuit, 2 = Energy consumed

per second
= 3.9[J2 R]

p220_.V

LwJ X1?

(220)

39 R watts. ...(ii)

From equations (1) and (ii)..

P, is greater than P1.

Hence more illumination is produced in the secnd.case.

Example 14. A 3000 W electric immersion heater is connected to 140 V mains

supply. Calculate (i) the current in the circuit, (ii) the resistance of the heater and
(iii) the time for which the heater must be connected f it is to take 2 kWh of energy
from the mains supply. (Indian School Certflcae 1970)

Here, P = 3000 watts,

V = 240 volts

P 3000

0) 1TT4o

= 1250 amperes

V 240

(I) R=T_i

= 1920 ohms

VxI.xt

(in) Energy 1000

But energy consumed = 2 kWh

Vxlxt
1-000

2x1000

2000

=3=

= 40 mm

Example 15. A heating coil is designed to consume 1000 watts when connected to
150 volts supply mains. Find

(i) the resistance of the coil,

(ii) the current taken from the mains when four similar coils are connected in
parallel and

(iii) the energy consumed by the combination in 8 hours.

(Indian &hool Certificate, 1969)

Hour

Here P 1000 watts

V = 250 volts

t = 8 hours

(1)

1000

250

= 4 amperes 250
4

6255 ohms

(ii.) Let the resistance of four such coils in parallel be = x

1___ 4

xR

Current taken from the mains

250

x 15625

(iii) Energy consumed

= 16 Imperes

Example 16. A current of 05 ampere flows in a wfre of resistance 20 ohms.

Calculate (I) the potential difference across the wire, (ii) the power supplied to the
wire, (iii) the energy produced in 8 seconds and (iv) the rise in tern prature in 8
secds when the wire is immersed in 5 grams of a liquid of specific heat 2 joules/g-
C. Neglect the heat capacity of the container.

(Indian School Certjflca:e, 1969)

62 5

_ 15625 ohms

Vxlxt 1000

250168

1000 =32 kWh

Example 17. A generator supplies power to a factory through cables of total
resistance 20 ohms. The potential drence at the generator is 5000 volts and the
power output is 50 kilowatts. Calculate (i) the power supplied at the factory. and
(ii) the potential difference of the supply mains at the factory.

(Indian School Certificate)

Power at the generator

= 50 kilowatts P = 50,000 watts

Current, I ,-

Potential difference

E 5,000 volts

Loss of power in the cables

50,000

= 10 amperes

= PR watts

(10) x 20 = 2,000 watts

:. Power supplied at the factory

50,0002000

= 48,000 watts = 48.kllowstts

Potential drop across the cables

= JR = 10 x 20 200 volts

Potential difference at the factory

= 5,000200

=4800 volts
Example 18. A piece of Iron at 1C has exactly a mass of

1 kg. What will be the increase in its mass, when it is heated to

100C. (T/ie energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of

iron through I C is 042 x 10 ergs and the velocity of the light is

3 x 1010 cm/s). (All India H.S. 1974)

Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of iron through 1 C = Q42 x 10

ergs

Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of iron through 100C

E= 1000x100x042x 10 42x 1010 eigs

Energy-mass relation is given by

E = me2

Here c = 3x10 cm/s

42x101 =mx(3x)

m= 466x10g

Therefore increase in mass of the iron ball is 466 x 10 g.

Example 19. An electrict generator which supplies 1 kilo- watts at a potential

difference of. 250 volts is connected to, a heater throug.fz a cable which consiits
of 2 wires each of resistance 05 ohms- Find the energy supplied to tIje heater in
300 s.

4nother generator supplies the same power at a potential difference of 10 volts

to a second circuit. What is the current in this circuit? If the total resistance,, of the
two wires of the cable in this circuit Is 5 ohms, what is the power loss in the

cable? (Indian Schbol Certificate Exam., 1974)

or
Example 20. In the circuit given below the S ohms resistance develops 1O24
calories of heat per second due to the current flowing through it. Calculate (i) the
heat developed per second In the 0 ohms resistance and (ii) the P.D. across the 5
ohms resis

tance. (LI. T. Entrance Exam. 1974)

Examlpe 21, in starting the engine of an automobile, the work done by the battery
is 3000 J and 250 C of charge flows through the motor. Calculate the potential
differeitce between the terminals of the battery.

3000

V 12 volts

Example 22. A room is maintained at 20C by a heater of resistance 20 ohms

connected to 200 volts mains. The temperature is uniform throughout te room and
the heat is transmitted through a glass window of area 1 m2 and thickness, 02 cm.
Calculate the temperature outside.

K = 02 cal/m.C-s

Here V 200 volts

(I.I.T.E.E. 1978)

[Indian School Certflcate (20), 1978] Here, W = 3000 3

Q = 250C

W=Q.V

62 = 15238C

Example 20. An electric tea kettle has two heating coils. When one of the coil is
switched on, water in the kettle begins to boil in 6 minutes. When the seeond coil
alone is mitched on, the boiling begins in 8 minutes. In what time will the boiling
begin if both the coil are switched on simultaneously when the coils are (i) in series
and (ii) in parallel.

For the first coil

JLJ 12R1r1

--J

(1.1. T. Entrance Exam. 1975)

H I12R1x360

. (I)

Examlpe 21, in starting the engine of an automobile, the work done by the battery
is 3000 J and 250 C of charge flows through the motor. Calculate the potential
differeitce between the terminals of the battery.

3000

V 12 volts

Example 22. A room is maintained at 20C by a heater of resistance 20 ohms

connected to 200 volts mains. The temperature is uniform throughout te room and
the heat is transmitted through a glass window of area 1 m2 and thickness, 02 cm.
Calculate the temperature outside.

K = 02 cal/m.C-s

Here V 200 volts

(I.I.T.E.E. 1978)

[Indian School Certflcate (20), 1978] Here, W = 3000 3

Q = 250C

W=Q.V
62

Example 20. An electric tea kettle has two heating coils. When one of the coil is
switched on, water in the kettle begins to boil in 6 minutes. When the seeond coil
alone is mitched on, the boiling begins in 8 minutes. In what time will the boiling
begin if both the coil are switched on simultaneously when the coils are (i) in series
and (ii) in parallel.

For the first coil

JLJ 12R1r1

--J

(1.1. T. Entrance Exam. 1975)

H I12R1x360

. (I)

14 = 3 minutes 257 seconds

Example 24. A copper wire having a cross sectional area of

O5 mm and a length of 01 m is initially at 25C and thermally

insulated from the surroundings. If a curret,of 10 amperes is

set up in this wire, find the time in which the wire will start melt

ing Change of resistance with temperature may be neglected

1= 10 A [JITEE 1979]

Here, a = {)5 mm =05x10-m

l=Olm

Specibc Resistance p = 1 6 x 108 ohms

density, d = 0 x kg/rn3
Melting point 1075 C

Rise in temp 6 107525 = 1050 C

s = 90 cal/kgC

ItRt

42 m s 6 P(pl)

= (aid) S 6

42 8 ds 6

_____

= 42X(0*5x1092X9X103X90x 1050

lOOx 16x 108

t= 55814s = 9min184s

Example 25. A 25 watt and a 100 watt bulbs are joined in series and connected to
the mains, which bulb will glow brighter.

[I.I.T.E.E. 1979]

In the irst bulb,

P1 25 watts,

(4-) (--)ohms

In the second bulb

P, = 100 watts

fE2\ fE2

Rsj_y) =)ohms

Here R1 is greater than R2

When the two bulbs are connected in series, the same current I flows through both
the bulbs.

Energy per second consumedby the first bulb

12E2

25 ]

Energy per second cOnsumed by the second bulb

2 r !E2

==1R2=L100

Hence the first bulb glows brighter.

EXERCISES XL

1. An electrical appliance works on 220 volts and draws a current of 5 amperes.

What is the power consumed in kilowatts?

2. An electric bulb is marked 230 volts40 watts. Calculate the current passing
through the filament, the resistance of the filament and the cost of using it for 5
hours at the rate of 20 p per unit.

3. A railway carriage is lighted from a 48 volts battery by

25 lamps, each taking a current of one ampere. The bulbs are connected in parallel.
Find the enegy consumed if the lamps burn for ten days at the rate of 5 hours a day.

4. 50 lamps, each of resistance 100 ohms, are connectedi in parallel across 220
volts mains. Find (a) the power consumed in watts and (b) the cost of operating the
lamps for 20 hours at 10 P per kWh.

5. Calculate the resistance of the wire of an electric heater when glowing, if

marked 220 volts2 000 watts.
6. An electric iron used for pressing clothes is marked 500 watts and 220 volts.
Calculate the resistance of the heating element and the number of hours it can be
used for two, rupees if electrical energy is charged at. the rate of 20 p per unit.

7. Al student in a hostel uses a 60 watts bulb for 5 hours a day and a 500 watts
heater for one hour a day on the average. Find the cost of running them for one
month at the rate of 20 P per unit.

8. A heater connected to 220 volts D.C. supply is used for heating 2 kg of water by
25C in 20 minutes. What is. the resistance of the heater wire?

9. An electric kettle takes 25 amperes when put an volts mains. Calculate the time
required to heat 500 g of water through 50C. Calculate also the cost at the rate of
25 P a unit.

10. Calculate the amount of heat generated when a current of one ampere flows for
ten minutes through a wire of resistance 2 1 ohms.

11. Two electric bulbs are rated 220 volts60 watts and

220 volts100 watts respectively. Find the heat generated per minute in each lamp
when they are connected in series across 220 volts.

12. An electric kettle of water equivalent 250 g contains

750 g of water. Its power is 1000 watts. Calculate the time required to heat the
water from 25C to 75C.

13. Compare the total amounts of heat developed in two conductors of re sistance 2
ohms and 4 ohms connected across a battery of E.M. F. 6 volts when (I) joined in
series and (ii) in parallel. Neglect the internal resistance of the battery.

14. A 5 H.P. electric mtor works on 440 volts mains. If electric energy is charged
at the rate of 20 P a unit find the cost of running it for 100 hours. Also calculate the
current passing through the motor when running at full capacity.

15. In how much time will the temperature of 2 kg of water be raised from 30C to
80C with the help of an electric heater marked 220 volts, 550 watts. Assume that
25% of the electrical energy goes waste.
16. An electric lamp has a resistance of 400 ohms. It is connected to a supply
mains of 200 volts. If the price of electric energy be 20 paise per unit, calculate the
cost of lighting

the latnp for 24 hours. (Delhi H.S.)

17. Two lamps of 100 watts and 50 watts are corn1ected to a power supply of 220
volts. Calculate (I) total curreat consumption (ii). total resistance of the
arrangement and (iii)cost of keeping them lighted 4br 5 hours daily for 30 days, the
cost of electricity being 25 P per unit. (Punjab Pre- Univ.)

18. The temperature of water in a tap is 22C. It is desired to draw a continuous

supply of water at the temperature of the human body (986F), flowing at the rate
of one litre per minute. How much power will be consumed by a heater coil placed
in the path of water? What will be the

current flowing if .the supply voltage is 210 volts? (Nglect the heat lost due to
radiation). (1.1. T. Entrance Exam. 1964)

19. An electric kettle is rated at one kilowatt. How much time will it take to boil
one kilogram of water initially at 15C, if it is connected to a 220 volts supply? If
one unit of electric energy costs 20 paise, find the cost incurred.

(Delhi H.S.)

20. Two bulbs rated at 25 wattshO volts and 100 watts

110 volts are connected in series to a 220 volts electric supply. Perform the
necessary calculations to find out which of the two bulbs if any, will fuse. What
would happen if the two bulbs were connected in parallel to the same supply?

(Delhi ifS.)

21. ,A resistance coil of 60 ohms is immersed in 42 kg of water. A current of 7

amperes is passed through it. Calculate the rise in temperature per minute. J = 42 x
10 ergs/cal. Neglect the loss of heat due to radiation).

(Punjab Pre- Univ.),

22. Two bulbs have the following ratings (a) 40 W 220 V and (b) 40 W 11OV. The
filament of which bulb has a higher resistance? What is the ratio of their
resistances? (Delhi)

23. An electric iron of resistance 42 ohms takes a ci.irrent of 5 amperes. Calculate

the heat nialories developed in 30 s.

(Delhi)

24. An electric kettle rated 2000 watts contains 1 kg of

water at 20C. Calculate the time required to heat water to its boiling point. The
water equivalent of the calorimeter is

500 grams. (All India H.S.)

25. An electric kettle which is marked 500 watts and 230 volts takes 14 minutes to
raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 20C to. 100C. Calculate the
percentage of electrical energy which is employed in heating the water. 42 joules is
equivalent to I calorie. (All India H.S.)

26. A cable of resistance 12 ohms carries electric poer from a generator producing
250 kW at 1 0,000V. Calculate (i) the current in he cable, (ii) the power lost in the
cable during

transmission and (iii) the potential difference across the ends

of the cable. (Indian School Certificate 1970)

27. An eectric iron is marked 1500 W220 V. Calculate the resistance of the
heating element and the cost of using it 5 hours a day, for 30 days. The rate at
which electric energy charged is 25 P per kWh.

28. The walls of a closed cubical box of edge 50 cm are made of a material of
thickness 1 mm and thermal conducti

vity 4 x 10 C.G.S. units. The irterior of the box is maintained

1000 C above the outside temperature by a heater placed inside

the box and connected across 400 volts D.C. Calculate the

resistance of the heater. (LI T. Entrance Exam. 1971)

29. Two bulbs have the following ratings (1) 40 W 220 V

(ii) 20 W 110 V. What is the ratio of their.resistances?

(D.H.S.)

CHEMiCAL EFFECT OF CURRENT

Faradays Laws of Electrolysis.

(1) The mass of a substance (ion) liberated in electrolysis.

is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed

through the electrolyte.

Wcs QorWZQ=ZIt

where W mass of the substance liberated or

deposited

Z = electro-chemical equivalent of the sub

stance

I = current

t = time

Units. W in grams, I in amperes, t in. seconds, Z in g/coul.

(2) When the same,quantity of electricity is passed through different electrolytes,

the masses of the various substances (ions) liberated at various electrodes are in the
ratio of their chemical equivalents.

WI Zi
w,_ z2

Note. 1 Faraday = 96500 coulombs.

Faraday is the quantity of electricity that will Iiberat or deposit one gram
equivalent of the substance.

Example 1. It is required to have an electric deposit of copper on the surface of a

plate 250 sq cm in area. What thickizess ofcopper will be deposited if one ampere
of current is allowed to pass through for 100 minutes? The density of copper

89 g/cm3 Z 00003295 g/coul.

Here, Z = 00003295 g/coul

I=1A

t 100 minutes 6000 s

W= Zxlxt

W 00003295x1x6000 = 1977g

kippose the thickness of copper deposited = x cm Area 250 sq cm

Density = 89 g/cc

Volume of copper deposited A x t 250 x x cc

Mass of copper deposited = volume x density

Mass of copper deposited W 250 x x x 89 Equating (i) and (ii)

250x89xx = 1977

or x = 00008854 cm

Example. 2. Calculate the value of the current required to deposit 0972 g of

chromium in 3 hours if E.C.E. of chromium is 000018 g/coul.

Here, W = 0972 g
04)0018 g/coul

t 3 hours = 3x3600= 10,800 s

1=?

W=ZJt

W 0972

Zx7 04)0018x10800

= 05*

.(ii)

Exampie 3. A taizgenr galvanometep is connected iii series with a copper

volta,neter and a steady current is passed through them. The galvanomeser reading
is 45 and 02988 g of copper is deposited in half an hour. Find the reduction factor
of the galvanometer. Give,? that E.C.E. of copper = 0000332 g/coul

(P.U)

Here, W = 02988 g

t = 30 minutes = 1800 s

Z 000Q332 g/coul

First, find the valuc of from the relation W= ZxIxt

I=--, Zxt

02988

0000332xI800 05A

K lOxtan 45

= = 005 e.m.u.
Example 4. Two volta,neteri are connected in series and arranked to deposit copper
and silver respectively. How much silver will i. deposited in the silver voltameter
when 05 g, of copper is deposited in the copper voltameter. Chemical equivalent,s
of copper and silver are 32 and 108 respectively. (Pat. U.)

Equivalent wt of silver 108

Equivalent wt of copper = 32

Using the relation

W1z1

In the case of a taiigent galvanometer 1= lOKtanO

tan 450 = j

or

where El1 weight of silver deposited =

ll2 = weight of copper deposited = 05 g

z1 los

32

108

5x108 = 16875 g.

Example 5. A metal plate having a surface of 100 sq. cm is to be silver-plated.

What thickness of silver will be deposited by a current of two amperes in one
hour? Density of silver is 1O5 gf cc, and ifs EC.E. is 00012 g/coul.

Area = 100 sq cm

Suppose thickness of silver to be deposited = x cm

Volume = (100 xx) cc

Density = 105 g/cc

Mass of silver to be deposited =. 100 xx 105 g

Here, I=2A

t = 3600s

Z = 00012g/ coul

W= ZxIxt

:. lOSOx = 00012X2X3600

00012X2X 3600 = 0008228 cm

X 1050

Example 6. How long would it take a current of 12 A to put a layer of copper

010mm thick on both sides of a brass rectangular plate 10 cm x 15 cm? (E.C.E. of
copper 000035 g/coul. Density of copper = 89 gfcc).

(Indian School ce.tftcate l95)

Here total area = 2 x 10 x 15 = 300 sq cm

Thickness , = 001 cm

Volume of copper fo be deposited

= 300x001 cc = 3cc

Mass 3x89=26ig

267

000033 x I 2 = 67420 s t = .18 hours 43 minutes 40 seconds

Example 7. A plate of area 10 sq cm is to be electroplated with copper (density 9 g/

cm3) to a thickness of 0001 cm on both sides, Using a battery of 12 volts.
Calculate the energy spent by the cell in the process of deposition. If this energy is
used to heat 100 grams of water, calculate the rise jn temperature of water. E.C.E.
of copper = 00003 g/coul.
(1.1:7. Entrance Exam., 1971,)

Total Area 10+10 20cm2

Thickness = 0001 cm

Density 9 gfcm2

Mass of copper to be deposited

= W=20x0001x9

W = 018 g W= ZIt

It =

018 O0003

= 600 cou!ombs

V= I2volts

Energyspent VIt= 12x600

or

= 7200 joues

Let U be the rise in temperature of water

Heat taken = 100 9

1000 =

0 = 1714C

Example 8. A silver and a copper voltameter are connected in parallel to 12 volts

battery of negligible internal resistance. In 30 minutes, 1 gram of silver and 18
grams of copper are deppsited. Calculate the rate at which energyis being delivered

by the battery. (1.1. T. Entrance, Exam., 1975)

Wi

Wa

( j+2

Energy liberated per second

W1= W2=

Z111t z*I$t

P = V(11+1)

p v (4 + .-) 4- watts

Here V 12 volts

=1g

= 18 g

Z1 =1112x10g/C

6.6x104g/C

t = 30 minutes 1800 s

P=

P = 2413 watts.

EXERCISES XLI

1. Calculate the strength of the current which will deposit

0987 g of copper in 50 minutes. Z for copper = 0000329 g/coul.

2. It is required to have an electric deposit of silvei on the surface of a plate 500 sq

cm in area. What thickness of silver will be deposited if two amperes of current
isallowed to pass through for 10 hours?
Density of silver 10 g/cc, E.C.E. of silver = 00012 g/coul.

3. Calculate the mass of chromium deposited if a current of 25 amperes flows for

one hour. E.C.E. of chromium = 0000l, g/coul.

4. A tangent galvanometer is connected in series with a

copper voltameter and a steady current is passed through the

circuit. The deflection of the galvanometer needle is 45 and

06 g of copper is deposited in 30 minutes. Calculate the

reduction factor of the galvanometer. E.C.E. of copper

000033 g/coul.

5. A cttrrent of 075 ampere is passed through a copper voltameter for 40 minutes

and the mass of copper deposited is 06 g. Calculate the E.C.E. of copper.

6. A copper and a silver volta.meters are connected in series. The chemical

equivalents of copper and silver are in the ratio

of 32 : 108. Calculate the mass of iIver depsited when one gram of copper is
deposited in the copper voltameter.

7. A metal plate of total surface area 100 sq cm is to be electroplated with silver by

electrolysis. How long will it take to deposit 00559 mm thick silver if a current of
one ampere is passed? E.C.E. of silver =. 0001 118 g/coul. Density of silver = 105
g/cc.

8. A current passing through a silver .voltameter and a tangent galvanometer

deposits 02 g of silver in 20 minutes and produces a deflection of 450 Find the
reduction factor of the galvanometer. E.C.E. of silver = 000 II 18 g/coul.

9. Calculate the current flowing through an electrolytic tank if 095 g of copper is

deposited in half an hour on the cathode,.if B.C.E. of Cu = O000329 g/couL

(Delhi Pre-Medical)

10. A copper voltaineter and an ammeter are connected in series with a battery
through a resistance. The amount of copper depsited in 50 minutes is 099 g. The
ammeter reads 095 A. Calculate the error, if any in the ammeter reading. E.C.E. of
Cu = 000033 g/coul (Punjab pre-Uni.)

11. A copper plate has a surface area of 200 sq cm. How long will it take a current
of 1 ampere to deposit copper 001 cm thick on the plate by electrolysis. Density
of .copper is 88 g/cm3 and E.C E. of, copper is 0 00032 g/coul.

12. A current of 2 ampers is passed through a copper voltameter for 20 minutes and
mass of copper deposited is 0792 g. Calculate the E.C.E. of copper.

Miscellaneous Numerical Problems

Example A-i. A gas bubble,from an exploison under water oscillates with a period t
proportional to P d Ec where P is the pressure, d the density and E the energy nf
the explosion. Find the values of a, b and c. [1.I.T. Entrance Exam, 1981]

Here t = kPadbEc

[TJ .[MLlT-9a[ML-3]b[ML2T-2jc [T] = pf+a+b+cJ[L-.a3b+2c][T_a_!cj

Comparing the powers,

a+b+c = 0 a 3b+2c 0

2a2c = 1 or a+c = ()

Substituting this value in equation (i)

From (ii) a+2c = .(iv)

From (iii) and (iv)

c=4

a=

Hence a

b= c=
Example A-2. A body of mas.i 1 kg. initially at rest, explodes qjd b ra, into three
fragments of masses in the ratio 1: 1. i. The two pieces of eqzial mass fly off
perpendicular to

And

m.

each other with a speed of 30 the heavier fragment ?

rn/s.

each. What is the velocit o LI.T. Entrance Exam

Jl

m3

V2

rn 2

F)g. A-i

Here, in1 = 02 kg

= 02 kg

in3 = 06 kg

= 30 rn/s

= 30 rn/s

Applying the law of conservatioj of momentum, m3V=m1v1 cos 45+in2v2 cos 45

06V 02 x 30x (2 )+O.2 30 () V=10r2

,J<zl414m/s

The heavier, fragment will fly off with a velocity of 1414

-rn/s making an angle of 135 with each fragment (Fig. AI).

Example A-3. The following four wires arc made of the same material. Which of
these will have the largest extension when the same tension is applied?

(1) length = 50 cm, diameter = 05 mm

(ii) length = 100 cm, diameter 1 mm

(iii) length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm

(iv) length = 300 am, diameter = 3 mm

Here Y and F are the same for all the weis y

ax!

FxL FL

or 1=

Yxa YLa

Fr 05

() Here.l =

r8x106 F

1= LJY

Fr. 1

(ii) 1 7L 7c(5X 104)z

r4x106 iF

or

Fr 2

= TL1O5

.r2-x1o F
FJ 3

(iv) 71vx i0

133xi0 iF

Theetnsion is maximum in the first cse.

. .(i)

.(ii)

.(iii)

Exaiiiple A-4 The radius of a capillary tube is OO25 mm.

The tubkdipped vertically in liquid of density 08 x 1O kg/rn3

and surface tension 3 x 1O N/rn. Angle of contact U = cos

(03). Calculate the height to which the liquid rises in the

capillary tube. Take g = 10 rn/s2. [U.P. Inter 1981]

2T cos t

hdg

2--

27 COS

or h=

rdj

Here T 3 x 10-2 N/rn, cos 0 = 03

= O025 mm = 25x10-5m

d = 08x 10 kg/rn3, g = 10 rn/s2

1
It 2x3x10x0-3

2I05x08x103jEl0 = 9x102m

=9\cm.

Example A-5. Afaulty barometer reads 73 cm of Hg due to :

presence of air above the mercury column. The normal

atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of Hg. Calculate the faulty

barometer reading when the barometer tube is pushed inside

mercury so that the volume of air above mercury becomes ha(j

[U.P.Interl981J

Correct atrnospheric pressure = P = 76 cm of Hg

P1 = (P73) = (7673) = 3 cm of Hg

Initial volume = V1

Final Pressure = P2

Final volume = V2. V1

= 1V2

311 = P2 x (-) or P, = 6 cm of Hg

Px)

or x = (PP2) = 76 6 = 70 cm of Hg.

Example A-6. A lead bullet just melts when stopped by a

obstacle. Assuming that 25 percent of the heat is absorbed by t1c

obstacle, find the velocity of the bullet f its initial temperature is

27C.
(Melting point of lead = 327C, specific heat of lead

003 cal/g-C. Latent heat of fusion of lead=6 calories/g,

J=42joules/calories]. (I.I.T. Entrance Exam.; 1981)

Let the mass of the bullet be m kg and velocity be v rn/s.

Kinetic energy = -2-1flV2

onverted into heat,

75% of this energy is c 2 mv2)

75 (1

3mv2 ( 3mv

H = gj842 calories.

Heat used by ebu1Iet,

H = (1000 m)s(62_0j)4(1000m)L

or 11= l000mxO.03X300+(b000m)6.

H = T5000 m calories. . . . (El)

Equating (I) and (ii),

3mv2

8x42 = 15000 m

or .2 5000)< x 42

.. ,.. = 4-i x 102 rn/s

Example A-7. A cyclic process ABCA shown in the VT

diagram (Fig. A-2) is performed with a constant mass of an ideal

gas. Show the same pioce.S on a PV diagram.

(I.I.T. Entrance rxam.. 1981)

Ecampe A-9. Two organ pipes closed at one end ai qf (he san,. diameter but are of
d(fferent lengths. When sounded togeiher, they roduce 8 beats/s. Calculata the
length of the longer tube f t117ength of the shorter tube is 17cm. Velocity of sound
in air = 320 rn/s. (U.P. Inter, 1981)

Here i 112 8

VV

41L 8

= 17 cm 017 m

I=?, V = 320 rn/s

320 320

=8

4x017 4!

2 O729 m

. 1729 cm

Ekampie A-b; 4 sow,ce of sokund of freqienqy 256 Hz is lizoving rapidly Iowa Fits
a wall with .a velocity of/S rn/s. How niany beats per secondwi/l he heard i,f sound
trcWels at a speed

of 330 m/s? (1.!.T. Entrance Exam.. I98l)

a = S rn/s

b = 5 m/s

256 Hz

Here. wurce and .observer are moving towards ach other. Therfo

(v-,,
 ua /

[330+5 1 256

1 ,.1

335<6 = 26388

Number of beats/s. <

26388 256 =78

Here

V = 330 rn/s

xamp1e A-li. A good photogTaPui print is obtained with a ytande1a lamp by

keeping the photograPc paper at 20 cr11 distance from the lamp and exposing it for
40 secondS. Calculate she time reuired for an equally sharp print

(i) When the photographic paper is kept at 10 ciii

(ii) When a 120 candela lamp is use4d with the paper at 20 cm

distance. (U.P. Inter, .198!)

(L1

)1 r I -

L1 \( r

, iljr1 ,

(I) Here L1 60 candela,

20 cm,

(60\(l4O10s

400)

12 20 s
ExamPle 12-A. A glass prism of refractive index F5 is immersed in water ( 4/3). A
beam of light incident normallY on the face AB (Fig. A-4) is .totally reflected

towards the face BC, if

(i) sfnO ) 8/9

(ii) 2/3 < sin 0 <8/9

(iii) sin (1 2/3

Ghci LBAC 0- 98)

(I.1.T. Entrance Lxaifl.. I )

It js. a case of total iefacte index of glass with respect water,

.3/2 9

L2 = 60 candela

2l0cm, 11=40s

(ii) Here L1 6o candela, L2 = 120 candela

r1 20 cm, r2 = 20 cm, t 40 s

60 \1400x40

t2]!4fJ)

Fig. A-4

Example A-13. In Youngs double slit experimant, the distance between the slits
and screen is I m. When the slits are illuminated with light of wavelength 6000A,
the fringe width is oherved to be 2 mm. calculate

(i) distance between the two slits

(ii) the fringe width f light of wavelength 4800 A is used.

(U.P. Inter. 198!)

D= im, 3=2mm2xl0m
6x10xJ

d= =3x104m

2x 10

or

= sin 6

II

sin U =

9/8

8 Sifl U =

Therefore, for total internal reflaction, sinU

Hence, the correct answer is (I) sin 0 > 4.

AD

AD

(i) d=--

Here .i=6000A=6xI0m

(ii) -i. =

li 1

Here = 4800 A 48x lO- m

= 6000A= 6x107m = 2x I0 m

2 iO3X48Xl7

l.6x103m
=F6mm

or

Example A-i4. In Youngs doubleS11t experirneflt the separa Lion between the
slits is halvd and the distance betweeti the slit and the screen is doubled. The fringe
width is

(1) change

(ii) halved

(iii) doubled

(iv quadrUPleL (I.l.T. Entrance Exam., 1981).

In the Youngs double slit experiments the fringe width,

From equations (i) and (ii)

- 4

in the second case,

D1=2D

and dI=T

AD1 _-

(iv) quadruPled

Hence, the correct answer is