Imperfections PDF

Imperfections
Josef Machacek
Czech Technical University in Prague
Lecture 5, V001, April 09 1

Objectives
Types of
imperfections Objectives of the lecture
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections This lecture describes various forms of
Imperfections for imperfections of structures.
bracings
Assessment 1
Member
imperfections
It is shown, how these imperfections, whether
Imperfections vs.
at all, should be introduced into analysis.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples Finally some basic examples are presented.

Conclusions
Notes
Lecture 5, V001, April 09

2

Objectives
Types of
imperfections Outline of the lecture
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 1. Types of imperfections
Imperfections for
bracings
2. Introduction into analysis
Assessment 1 3. Imperfections for global analysis
Member
imperfections
4. Imperfections of structures for analysis of
bracings
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
5. Member imperfections
Assessment 2
6. Imperfections versus tolerances
Examples
Conclusions 7. Examples
Notes 8. Conclusions

3

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Geometrical imperfections:
Imperfections for
bracings
variance of dimensions of a structure or a
member, e.g.:
Assessment 1 b
Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances lack of verticality of a structure and straightness
Assessment 2
or flatness of a member, e.g.:
Examples
Conclusions
h h e0
Notes


4

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Material imperfections:
Imperfections for
bracings
variance of material properties, e.g.:
Assessment 1

Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
residual stresses (distribution in a cross section
Assessment 2
usually considered uniform along the member):
Examples
fy
Conclusions
e. g. in I sections
Notes r (both hot-rolled and welded)
r

5

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Structural imperfections:
Imperfections for
bracings
variance of boundary conditions, eccentricities
in joints, e.g.:
Assessment 1
Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs. e0
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

6

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 2. Introduction into analysis
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Introduction into analysis:
Imperfections for
bracings In strut (frame) analysis all types of
Assessment 1
imperfections are usually introduced as
Member
equivalent geometrical imperfections (with
imperfections
increased value of amplitude e0d).
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 In plate (plated structure) analysis geometrical

Examples imperfections and residual stresses are
Conclusions introduced to derive buckling factors.
Notes

7

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections In frame analysis the following imperfections shall
Imperfections for be introduced:
bracings
Assessment 1
Global imperfections of frames or bracing
Member
imperfections
systems
(cover lack of verticality for frames or straightness of
Imperfections vs.
tolerances structure restrained by bracings)
Assessment 2
Examples Local (member) imperfections of individual

Conclusions members
Notes (cover lack of straightness or flatness of a member and
residual stresses of the member)

8

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Other imperfections mentioned are covered
Imperfections for by partial factors in the Limit State Design
bracings
procedure.
Assessment 1
Member
imperfections
In introduction of the equivalent geometrical
Imperfections vs.
tolerances imperfections (i.e. deflections) there is necessary
Assessment 2 to determine:
Examples
9 shape of the deflection (buckling mode);
Conclusions
Notes
9 amplitude of the deflection.

9

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 3. Imperfections for global analysis
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 1. In general, the first critical buckling mode
Imperfections for (cr) of the structure may be investigated and
bracings
applied as imperfection shape for GNIA.
Assessment 1
Member
The amplitude of the shape (e0d) shall be
imperfections
determined from Eurocode 3, eq. 5.10,
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
securing required reliability in the most
Assessment 2
axially stressed cross section.
Examples 2. Approximately, the global imperfection in
Conclusions sway mode () and local geometrical
Notes imperfections (e0d) of individual members
may be introduced, see next page:

10

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Global sway imperfections :
Imperfections for V1 V1 V1
bracings
V2 V2
Assessment 1
V2
Member

imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
For value of see Eurocode 3, eq. 5.5. In general, the
Assessment 2
sway imperfections are introduced into analysis as
Examples corresponding horizontal loadings Hi = Vi. Sway
Conclusions imperfections may be disregarded if the rate of
horizontal/vertical loading is high ( 0,15), so that their
Notes
contribution to internal forces is negligible.

11

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Local geometrical imperfections
Imperfections for are given as values e0d/L in Eurocode 3 (Tab. 5.1), which
bracings
may be replaced by corresponding transverse uniform
Assessment 1
loadings giving the same bending moments.
Member
imperfections
NEd NEd 4 NEde 0d
Imperfections vs.
tolerances L
Assessment 2
e0d 8 NEde0d
Examples L2
Conclusions
Notes
4 NEde 0d
NEd NEd L

12

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Usually these local imperfections are ignored
Imperfections for in global analysis and covered by reduction
bracings
factors and LT in member checks, unless the
Assessment 1
frame is sensitive to 2nd order effects, i.e.:
Member
imperfections
- a member has at least one moment
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
resistant end joint;
Assessment 2 - and has simultaneously high slenderness
Examples given in Eurocode 3, eq. 5.8.
Conclusions
Notes

13

Objectives
Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

imperfections
Introduction into
analysis of bracings
analysis
Global
imperfections Bracing systems may provide lateral stability of
Imperfections for a strut in compression or a beam in bending.
bracings
The strut/beam should be considered with a
Assessment 1
geometrical imperfection (initial bow) of
Member
imperfections
amplitude e0 = L/500 or less, taking number of
Imperfections vs.
strut/beams into account according to Eurocode
tolerances 3, eq. 5.12.
Assessment 2
Examples The bow with amplitude e0 may be replaced by

Conclusions transverse uniform loading qd.
Notes

14

Objectives

imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections The loading qd corresponds to impact of sum of
Imperfections for the amplitude e0 and the in-plane deflection of
bracings
the bracing system q. Such analysis requires
Assessment 1
2nd order calculation or iterative procedure, see
Member
imperfections
Eurocode 3, eq. 5.13:
Imperfections vs. member in
NEd e0 NEd
tolerances
compression
Assessment 2 (or compression
flange force e0 + q
Examples q d = NEd 8
of a beam) L2
Conclusions
Notes
bracing
system
L
15

Objectives

imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Members supporting a splice of compression
Imperfections for
bracings
members have to be verified for additional
Assessment 1 force NEd/100.
Member
imperfections
NEd
Imperfections vs. 100
tolerances
NEd NEd
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

16

Objectives
Types of
imperfections Formative Assessment Question 1
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Describe types of imperfections.
Imperfections for
bracings How the imperfections are introduced into
Assessment 1
design of a steel structure?
Member
imperfections
Describe form of global imperfections and their
Imperfections vs.
design model.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Explain form of imperfection for bracings (e.g.
rafter bracing in a roof of an industrial building)
Examples
and how to encompass it for design.
Conclusions
Notes

17

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 5. Member Imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections In general, the influence of member (local)
Imperfections for imperfections is covered by reduction factors
bracings
(in columns and beams by , LT, in plates by
Assessment 1
, w, F).
Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs. Instead, when using GNIA (geometrically

tolerances
nonlinear analysis with imperfections or
Assessment 2
approximate second order analysis), the
Examples
imperfections of critical shape are taken with
Conclusions
amplitudes as follows:
Notes

18

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections For compression struts the equivalent initial bow
Imperfections for
may be used with form of flexural buckling and
bracings amplitude e0d in accordance with Eurocode 3 (Tab.
Assessment 1 5.1, e0d/L given), e.g.:
Member L is system length;
imperfections
e0d depends on buckling curve
Imperfections vs. e0d
tolerances
and type of analysis.
Assessment 2
Examples
For beams in bending only equivalent initial bow in
the direction of weak axis of the beam may be used,
Conclusions
with amplitude 0.5 e0d (where e0d is as above):
Notes
0.5 e0d

19

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections For plates the geometric imperfections should
Imperfections for have amplitude of 80 % of assembly tolerances
bracings
and residual stresses according to fabrication
Assessment 1
(say - compression stresses from 0.10 fy to
Member
imperfections
0.25 fy) or equivalent initial plate deflections
Imperfections vs.
with amplitude b/200 only and equivalent initial
tolerances stiffener bow with amplitude L/400. For
Assessment 2 unstiffened compression plating e.g.:
Examples e0 = b/200

Conclusions
+ fy
Notes
welds + +
- res = - 0.25 fy
b
20

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 6. Imperfections versus tolerances
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Tolerances of structures/members are given in
Imperfections for product standards and Eurocode EN 1090-2.
bracings
Assessment 1
Eurocode distinguishes essential tolerances
Member
imperfections
(required for due resistance) and functional
Imperfections vs.
tolerances (class 1 and more rigorous class 2
tolerances for fit up and appearance requirements).
Assessment 2
Examples Essential tolerances have to be confirmed by

Conclusions inspection and testing to determine quality of
Notes the structure.

21

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Comparison of some imperfections e0d for
Imperfections for analysis and essential tolerances:
bracings
Assessment 1
columns:
Member
imperfections
e0d = L/100 L/350
Imperfections vs.
tolerance: L/750
tolerances
Assessment 2
girders:
Examples
Conclusions
0,5 e0d, i.e. L/200 L/700
Notes
tolerance: L/750

22

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections unstiffened plates and stiffeners:
Imperfections for
bracings
plates: stiffeners:
Assessment 1
e0d = b/200 e0d = b/400
Member
imperfections tolerance: b/100 tolerance: b/400
b (obviously incorrect)
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
frames, e.g. simple portal frame:
Conclusions
d = h/200
Notes h
tolerance: h/500

23

Objectives
Types of
imperfections Formative Assessment Question 2
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections How member imperfections are commonly
Imperfections for introduced into design?
bracings
Assessment 1
How member imperfections are introduced into
Member
GNIA?
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
Explain differences between imperfections and
tolerances tolerances.
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

24

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 7. Examples
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 1: Two-bay braced frame of a building
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1
Example 2: Portal frame
Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances Example 3: Rafter bracing
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

25

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 7.1 Example 1
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 1:
Imperfections for
bracings
Two-bay braced frame of a building
0 x8
3 600
Assessment 1
2 L9
Member
imperfections The frames spaced
x8
11 400
3 600
90 at distance of 6 m,
Imperfections vs. 2L
tolerances bracing each 12 m.
0
HE 160 B
HE 160 B
HE 160 B
x1
4200
Assessment 2 1 0
2 L1
Examples
Conclusions 6 000 6 000

Notes
Geometry and cross sections:
composite floor beams: A= 9345 mm2, I = 127.4.106 mm4

26

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Loading [kN] and reactions
Imperfections for 153.0 306.0 153.0
30.8
bracings
imp 1
Assessment 1
137.5 275.0 137.5
56.0
Member
imperfections imp 2
62.0 137.5 275.0 137.5

Imperfections vs.
tolerances
imp 3
Assessment 2
Examples
HEd,1 HEd,2 HEd,3
Conclusions VEd,1 VEd,2 VEd,3
Notes
Note: Wind (horizontal) loading is due to this bracing.

27

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections For formulas see Eurocode 3:
Imperfections for
bracings HEd = 148.8 kN i.e. < 0.15 VEd = 256.8 kN
Assessment 1 ( need to be considered)
Member
imperfections
Sway imperfection for global analysis:
2 2 2
Imperfections vs.
tolerances h = = but h ,min =
h 11.4 3
Assessment 2
Examples 1 1
m = 0.5 1 + = 0.51 + = 0.82
Conclusions m 3
Notes
1 2
= 0 h m = 0.82 = 0.0027
200 3

28

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Global imperfections
Imperfections for
bracings imp 1 = V = 0.0027 (153 + 306 + 153 ) = 1.6 kN
Assessment 1
imp 2 = imp 3 =
Member
imperfections
= V = 0.0027 (137 .5 + 275 + 137 .5 ) = 1.5 kN
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 These imperfections belongs to each cross

Examples frame. For analysis of the bracing frame
Conclusions appropriate total values (as for wind loading)
Notes need to considered. Here they are doubled
(belonging to two cross frames):

29

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Internal forces due to loading + doubled
Imperfections for imperfections:
bracings
Assessment 1
Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 -0.79 -0.46 -0.46
Examples
-217 -2 -918 -428
1 28
Conclusions -3
Notes
MEd [kNm] NEd [kN]

30

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Local imperfections for global analysis only if
Imperfections for simultaneously (bottom central column):
bracings
Assessment 1
- exists moment resistant end joint: no (MEd 0)
- slenderness
Member
A fy 5425 235
imperfections
> 0,5 = 0,5 = 0.60
NEd 918.0 103
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
true, because:
Assessment 2 y 4200 / 67.8
= = = 0.66
Examples 1 93.9
Conclusions
Therefore, the local imperfections could be
Notes
ignored for global analysis in this example.

31

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Imperfections for local analysis
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1 In LA (linear analysis) the local imperfections

Member
imperfections
are covered by reduction factors ( and LT ).
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

32

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections In GNIA analysis (see lecture 6 for details)
Imperfections for
bracings The following imperfections should be used:
Assessment 1
1. Generally either together with sway imperfections also
Member approximate local (sinusoidal) bows with amplitudes in
imperfections
accordance with Eurocode 3, Tab. 5.1:
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Elastic analysis Plastic analysis
Buckling curve
Assessment 2 e0 /L
a0 1/350 1/300
Examples
a 1/300 1/250
Conclusions b 1/250 1/200
Notes c 1/200 1/150
d 1/150 1/100

33

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global - i.e. at columns (HE profile):

imperfections
Imperfections for
e0 = L/250 = 4 200/250 = 16.8 mm
bracings
(buckling curve b)
Assessment 1
- at composite beam approx.:
Member
imperfections e0 = L/200 = 4 200/200 = 21.0 mm
Imperfections vs.
(buckling curve c)
tolerances
- at bracing diagonals (L profile):
Assessment 2
e0 = L/250 = 3 662/250 = 15.0 mm
Examples (buckling curve b)
Conclusions
Notes
Note: For this example however, the local imperfections
can be ignored as shown above.

34

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
2. Or unique global and local imperfection in the shape
of the critical buckling mode (received from LBA)
Imperfections for
bracings corresponding to buckling of respective member
Assessment 1
with amplitude e0. The first buckling mode in the
present frame corresponds to buckling of the central
Member
imperfections
column (non-sway mode):
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
The first critical buckling mode:
Examples
e0 c,1 = 5.51
Conclusions
Notes (Note: The first sway mode is the 15th,

where cr,15 = 144.08)

35

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global Warning:
imperfections
In some cases the first critical mode corresponds to other (less important)
Imperfections for members, e.g. hinged diagonals. The critical mode corresponding to
bracings required member (e.g. column) may be of higher level. This higher mode
shall be taken for column imperfections (otherwise the solution is
Assessment 1
conservative).
Member
imperfections Example:
If in our frame the bottom diagonals are 2L 70x6 and overhead diagonals
Imperfections vs.
tolerances 2L 60x6, the 4th critical mode should be taken for column design:
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes
1st mode 2nd mode 3rd mode 4th mode

cr,1 = 1.66 cr,2 = 2.16 cr,3 = 4.80 cr,4 = 5.30

36

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections According to Eurocode 3, eq. 5.10:
Imperfections for 2
bracings
1
Assessment 1 (
e0 = 0.2 ) MN Rk M1
2
Member
Rk 1
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances - where for central bottom column:
Assessment 2
Nc,Rk = A fy = 5425 235 = 1275 10 3 N
Examples
Conclusions N c,Rk 1275 10 3

ult,k = = = 1.39
Notes NEd 918 10 3

37

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections - for diagonal 2 x L110/10 (other members not relevant):
Imperfections for
bracings Nc,Rk = A fy = 4240 235 = 996.4 103 N
Assessment 1
N c,Rk 996 .4 10 3
Member
ult,k = = = 4 .4
imperfections NEd 228 .3 10 3
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Lower, i.e. column decides.
Assessment 2 ult,k 1.39
= = = 0.50
Examples cr 5.51
Conclusions
Notes For buckling curve b ( = 0.34): = 0.88

38

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
Imperfections for Mpl,Rk = Wplfy = 354 10 3 235 = 83.2 10 6 kNm

bracings
Assessment 1
Resulting amplitude of imperfections in the
Member
imperfections
shape of the first critical buckling mode:
Imperfections vs. 2
tolerances
1
Assessment 2 (
e0 = 0.2 ) MN Rk M1
2
=
Examples
Rk 1
0.88 0.50 2
Conclusions
1
83.2 10 6
Notes = 0.34 (0.50 0.2) 1.00 = 8.5 mm
996.4 10 1 0.88 0.50 2
3

39

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 2: Portal frame
Imperfections for
bracings Imperfections for global linear analysis
Assessment 1
12 kN/m'
Member
imperfections
IPE 550
40 kN 40 kN
Imperfections vs.
tolerances imp 1
HE 340 B 10000
Assessment 2
HEd,1 HEd,2
Examples 24000
Conclusions VEd,1 VEd,2
Notes geometry and loading and

cross sections reactions

40

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections For formulas see Eurocode 3:
Imperfections for
bracings HEd = 0 i.e. < 0.15 VEd (consider )
Assessment 1
Sway imperfection for global analysis (imp 1):
Member
2 2 2
imperfections
h = = but h ,min =
Imperfections vs. h 10 3
tolerances

1 1
Assessment 2 m = 0.5 1 + = 0.51 + = 0.87
m 2
Examples
1 2
Conclusions = 0 h m = 0.87 = 0.0029
200 3
Notes
imp 1 = V = 0.0029 (12 24 + 80 ) = 1.07 kN

41

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Internal forces (loading + imperfections):
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1
-374,6 387,1
144,5
Member -38,7
imperfections
143,5
Imperfections vs. -483,2
tolerances -183,5 -184,5
-37,5 38,7
MEd [kNm] NEd [kN] VEd [kN]
Assessment 2
MEd [kNm] NEd [kN] VEd [kN]
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

42

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Local imperfections for global analysis only if
Imperfections for simultaneously (column concerned):
bracings
- exists moment resistant end joint: OK
Assessment 1
- slenderness
Member
imperfections A fy 17090 235
> 0,5 = 0,5 = 2,33
Imperfections vs. NEd 184.5 103
tolerances
Assessment 2
not true, because
10000 / 146.5
Examples = y = = 0.73
1 93.9
Conclusions
There, the local imperfections can be ignored
Notes
in global analysis.

43

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Imperfections for local analysis
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1 In LA (linear analysis) the local imperfections

Member
imperfections
are covered by reduction factors ( and LT ).
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
Conclusions
Notes

44

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Alternative GNIA analysis
Imperfections for
bracings In GNIA the following imperfections should be used:
Assessment 1
1. Generally either together with sway imperfections also
Member approximate local (sinusoidal) bows with amplitudes in
imperfections
accordance with Eurocode 3, Tab. 5.1:
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
at columns: e0 = L/250 = 10000/250 = 40 mm
Assessment 2
(buckling curve b)
Examples at beam: e0 = L/300 = 24000/300 = 80 mm
Conclusions (buckling curve a)
Notes
Note: For this example however, the local imperfections
can be ignored as shown above.

45

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
2. Or unique global and local imperfection in the shape
of the first critical buckling mode received from LBA,
Imperfections for
bracings with amplitude e0:
Assessment 1
e0
Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
The first critical buckling mode:
Conclusions cr,1 = 6.93
Notes

46

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections According to Eurocode 3, eq. 5.10:
Imperfections for 2
bracings
1
Assessment 1
(
e0 = 0.2 ) MN Rk M1
2
Member Rk 1
imperfections
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
- where for columns:
Assessment 2
Examples
Nc,Rk = A fy = 17090 235 = 4016 10 3 N
Conclusions
Nc,Rk 4016 10 3
Notes
ult,k = = 3
= 21,8
NEd 184 .5 10

47

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections - for beam:
Imperfections for
bracings
Nc,Rk = A fy = 13440 235 = 3158 10 3 N
Assessment 1
N c,Rk 3158 10 3
ult,k = = = 81,6
Member
imperfections
NEd 384 .7 10 3
Imperfections vs.
tolerances Lower, i.e. column decides.
Assessment 2
ult,k 21,8
Examples = = = 1.77
Conclusions
cr 6.93
Notes
For buckling curve b ( = 0.34): = 0.26

48

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
Imperfections for M pl,Rk = Wplfy = 2408 10 3 235 = 565.9 10 6 kNm

bracings
Assessment 1
Resulting amplitude of imperfections in the shape
Member
imperfections of the first critical buckling mode:
Imperfections vs. 2
tolerances
1
Assessment 2 (
e0 = 0.2 ) MN Rk M1
2
=
Examples Rk 1
Conclusions 0.26 1.77 2
1
565.9 10 6
Notes = 0.34 (1.77 0.2) 1.00 = 75.2 mm
4016 10 1 0.26 1.77 2
3

49

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 3: Rafter bracing
Imperfections for
bracings
purlin
Assessment 1
rafter IPE 550 qd = 1 kNm
L = 8 x 3 = 24 m
Member
imperfections
6m
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
q = 4.5 mm
Assessment 2
24 m
Examples 10 x 6 = 60 m
Conclusions
Notes
Plan of the roof Deflection of bracing

50

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
Initial deflections with amplitude e0 of the bracing system
will be replaced by equivalent stabilizing force qd:
Imperfections for
bracings qd
Assessment 1

Member
imperfections
Imperfections vs. e0 = mL/500

tolerances
Assessment 2 Data from former calculations:

- max. moment in the rafter: MEd = 362.0 kNm
Examples
- max. force in the compression flange of the rafter:
Conclusions NEd = MEd/h = 362/0.5328 = 679.4 kN
Notes - external loading per one bracing system: qd,ext = 3.70 kN/m
Number of braced flanges per one bracing system: m = 11/3 = 3.67

51

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
Amplitude e0:
Imperfections for 1 1
bracings = 0.51 + = 0.5 1 + = 0.80
m 3.67
Assessment 1
Member
imperfections e0 = mL / 500 = 0.80 24000 / 500 = 38.4 mm
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Equivalent stabilizing loading qd requires iterative
Assessment 2 procedure. To avoid the iteration, suitable guess of the
Examples total deflection q,(0) from stabilizing loading qd and all
Conclusions
external loading qd,ext is necessary. Say:
Notes L
q(0 ) = 48.0 mm
500

52

Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
and therefore the equivalent stabilizing loading :
Imperfections for
e0 + q (0)
bracings
qd = NEd 8
L 2
( )
= 3.67 679.4 103 8
38.4 + 48.0
24000 2
= 2.99 N/mm
Assessment 1
Member
imperfections
Check of the guess of q(0):
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 q( 1) = (qd + qd,ext ) q (q=1) = (3.70 + 2.99 ) 4.5 = 30.1 mm

Examples
Conclusions The guess was OK, because conservative:

Notes q(0) = 48.0 mm > q(1) = 30.1 mm

53

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 8. Conclusions
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 1) Imperfections significantly influence strength of
Imperfections for
structures.
bracings
2) In frame structures equivalent geometrical
Assessment 1
imperfections (initial deflections) may substitute
Member
imperfections all kinds of imperfections.
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
3) In plated structures preferably both initial
deflections and residual stresses should be
Assessment 2
introduced into design.
Examples
Conclusions
4) Generally, global and local imperfections have to
be considered.
Notes

54

Objectives
Types of
imperfections 8. Conclusions
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 5) Shape of the initial deflections is generally given
Imperfections for
by the first critical mode, approximately in the form
bracings of initial sway imperfection and individual bow
Assessment 1 imperfections of members.
Member
imperfections 6) Amplitude of the initial imperfections shall
Imperfections vs.
correspond to values given in Eurocode 3 (chapter
tolerances 5.3.2) to secure required reliability of design.
Assessment 2
7) In common design, the influence of imperfections
Examples
is usually covered by global geometrical
Conclusions imperfections and reduction factors for members.
Notes
8) Compression residual stresses shall correspond to
expected mean values.
55

Objectives
Types of
imperfections Notes to Users of the Lecture
Introduction into
analysis
Global This session is for imperfections of structures and requires

imperfections about 60 minutes lecturing and 60 minutes for tutorial session.
Imperfections for Within the lecturing, three types of imperfections necessary to
bracings account for in analysis of a structure are described. In
Assessment 1
particular, introduction of global imperfections, imperfections for
bracing systems and imperfections of individual members in
Member compression and bending are shown. Attention is also paid to
imperfections tolerances required by Eurocode EN 1090 for execution.
Imperfections vs. Further readings on the relevant documents from website of
tolerances www.access-steel.com and relevant standards of national
standard institutions are strongly recommended.
Assessment 2
Formative questions should be well answered before the
Examples summative questions completed within the tutorial session.
Conclusions Keywords for the lecture:
Notes initial deflections, residual stresses, global imperfections,
imperfections for bracing systems, member imperfections,
buckling mode, equivalent horizontal force, tolerances.

56

Objectives
Types of
imperfections Notes for lecturers
Introduction into
analysis
Global Subject: Imperfections of structures.

imperfections
Lecture duration: 60 minutes plus 60 minutes tutorial.
Imperfections for
bracings Keywords: initial deflections, residual stresses, global
Assessment 1 imperfections, imperfections for bracing systems, member
imperfections, buckling mode, equivalent horizontal force,
Member tolerances.
imperfections
Aspects to be discussed: types of imperfections, necessity of
Imperfections vs.
tolerances their introduction into analysis.
Assessment 2 Within the lecturing, the introduction of global and member

imperfection should be practised and imperfections for bracing
Examples system in a roof of an industrial building as well.
Conclusions Further reading: relevant documents www.access-steel.com
Notes
and relevant standards of national standard institutions are
strongly recommended.
Preparation for tutorial exercise: see examples within the
lecture.
57

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Imperfections

Czech Technical University in Prague

Lecture 5, V001, April 09 1

Examples Finally some basic examples are presented.

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Assessment 2 In plate (plated structure) analysis geometrical

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Examples Local (member) imperfections of individual

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Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

Examples The bow with amplitude e0 may be replaced by

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Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

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Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

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Imperfections vs. Instead, when using GNIA (geometrically

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Examples Essential tolerances have to be confirmed by

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Conclusions 6 000 6 000

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62.0 137.5 275.0 137.5

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