DC CIRCUITS MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, ELECTROMAGNETISM, MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS

Magnetic Field exists in a region of space if a moving charge there, experiences a torque (except friction or other forces) due to
its motion.
A medium has two (2) permeabilities
a. Absolute permeability ()
b. Relative permeability (r) with respect to free space or vacuum.
0 4 x 107 H/m
The absolute permeability is or ( CONST 33)
F qv sin
The magnitude of force is: 0 r 4 x 10 7 r H/m
F = force in Newton (N) v = the velocity in meters/sec (m/s)

q = charge in Coulomb (C) = the angle between the field lines and the velocity (deg or rads) Unit pole strength is Weber (Wb)
= magnetic flux density or magnetic induction in Tesla (Wb/m2)
m1m2
Note: 1 Tesla = 1 x 104 Gauss = 1 x 104 lines = 1 N per Amp per meter 1 gamma = 1 x 10 9 tesla F
4o r d 2
F IL sin The Law of Magnetic Force is
Force on a current-carrying conductor situated in a magnetic field m
F = force in Newton (N) H
= magnetic flux density or magnetic induction in Tesla (Wb/m2) 4o r d 2
I = current through the conductor, A The magnetic field strength or magnetic field intensity (H) of the
L = length of the conductor, m = the angle between the direction of I and magnetizing force at a point distant d from an N-pole of m Wb

IL sin IL sin
F F A magnetic pole of strength 1 Wb radiates a magnetic flux of 1 Wb. In other words, the magnetic flux is also measured
10 11,300, 000 m
in Webers. The flux of a magnetic pole of m Wb is
Note: 1 Wb = 1 x 108 lines = 1 x 108 Maxwells
= Gauss = lines per square inches 1 volt-sec = 1 Wb = 1 Joule per Ampere =
I = Amperes I = Amperes 1 unit pole = 1.25664 x 10 7 Wb
L = cm L = inches 1 magnetic flux quantum = 2.06783461 x 10 15 Wb
F = dynes F = lbs
Flux density () is ratio of the normal flux per unit area.
H
T NIA sin Flux ( ) is in Wb, while area (A) is in square meters. Wb/m2 or
Torque on a flat coil in a uniform magnetic field Tesla (T)
T = torque, (N-m) H
N = number of loops or turns The relationship between and H is
I = current, (A)
= magnetic flux density, Tesla
in medium
A = area of the coil , m2 r for same H
= angle between B and perpendicular to in air
the plane of the coil The relative permeability of a medium is

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 DC CIRCUITS MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

NI o r I1 I 2 l II l
H F 2 x 107 g 1 2
L 2 d d
The axial field of a solenoid having N turns and L meters long when
carrying a current of I amperes is.
Its unit is AT/m. Where: d = distance between wires
Note: 1 AT = 1.25664 Gilberts
1 Oersted = 79.57747 AT/m Magnetic Field on a bent wire (only @ ARC )

o r I o I 2 1

2 r 4r 2
Magnetic Field of an INFINITELY LONG STRAIGHT WIRE A

o r NI
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
2a
Magnetic Field on the center of a circular coil with N loops where: a = coils radius, meter i q
e N L R lv sin
t t t
Magnetic field in the interior point of a Long Solenoid
o nI
N OHMs LAW of magnetic circuits
n = number of turns per meter
L mmf NI NI ANI
o r
l l
o r A

Where: = reluctance of magnetic circuit, AT/Wb or Gb/Mx

Magnetic field in the interior point of Toroid with N loops Note: 1 AT/Wb = 1.256637 x 10 8 Gb/Mx = 1 Henry 1
NI = 0.1 Biot per Weber
o = 1.256637 Oe-cm/Wb
2 r INDUCTANCE
- Property of a material that opposes any change in the magnitude or amount of current.

N o r AN 2
Where: r = radius of the circle on which a point lies L henry
I l
Self-inductance:

o r AN1 N 2
Force between Two Parallel Conductors M k L1 L2 k henry
l
Mutual Inductance:

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 DC CIRCUITS MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Leq L1 L2 2 M
Where: = Steinmetz coefficient, Joules/m3
Inductances in SERIES: use (+) if series AIDING, use (-) if series OPPOSING f = frequency, Hz
max
L1L2 M 2
Leq = maximum flux density, Tesla
L1 L2 m2M v = volume of the core, m3
Inductances in PARALLEL: use (-) if parallel AIDING, use (+) if parallel OPPOSING
Summary of Units
Where: k = coefficient of coupling
k = 1 (tightly coupled)

ATrequired HL
AMPERE-TURN required for a certain length of MAGNETIC PATH:

Total Flux Produced Useful Flux + Leakage Flux

Useful Flux or Air Gap Flux Useful Flux
LEAKAGE COEFFICIENT:
N 21
M henry
I1
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE of COUPLED COILS:

2A
P Newton
2 o r
LIFTING or TRACTIVE FORCE of an ELECTROMAGNET

LI 2 ANALOGY of ELECTRIC and MAGNETIC Circuits

W Joules
2
Energy Stored in Magnetic Field

2
W Joules per m3
2o r
Energy stored in a magnetic field per unit volume

Steinmetz Empirical Law on Hysteresis Loss

Wh max1.6 fv watts DEFINITION of TERMS

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1. Magnetomotive force (m.m.f.). It drives or tends to drive flux through a magnetic circuit and corresponds to
electromotive force (e.m.f.) in an electric circuit. M.M.F. is equal to the work done in joules in carrying a unit magnetic
pole once through the entire magnetic circuit. It is measured in ampere-turns. In fact, as p.d. between any two points is
measured by the work done in carrying a unit charge from one points to another, similarly, m.m.f. between two points is
measured by the work done in joules in carrying a unit magnetic pole from one point to another.
2. Ampere-turns (AT). It is the unit of magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) and is given by the product of number of turns of a
magnetic circuit and the current in amperes in those turns.
3. Reluctance. It is the name given to that property of a material which opposes the creation of magnetic flux in it. It, in
fact, measures the opposition offered to the passage of magnetic flux through a material and is analogous to resistance
in an electric circuit even in form. Its units is AT/Wb. In other words, the reluctance of a magnetic circuit is the number
of amp-turns required per weber of magnetic flux in the circuit. Since 1 AT/Wb = 1/henry, the unit of reluctance is
reciprocal henry.
4. Permeance. It is reciprocal of reluctance and implies the case or readiness with which magnetic flux is developed. It
is analogous to conductance in electric circuits. It is measured in terms of Wb/AT or henry.
5. Reluctivity. It is specific reluctance and corresponds to resistivity which is specific resistance.
6. A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The flux is usually
generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to the path by magnetic cores consisting of
ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or other materials in the path.
7. Retentivity is the ability of a substance to retain or resist magnetization, frequently measured as the strength of the
magnetic field that remains in a sample after removal of an inducing field. The power of retaining residual magnetism
by a magnetic specimen is called retentivity or remanence.
8. The power required to wipe off residual magnetism from a magnetic specimen is termed as coercivity.
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DC CIRCUITS MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. Paramagnetic materials
The materials which are not strongly attracted to a magnet are known as paramagnetic material. For example: aluminum, tin
magnesium etc. Their relative permeability is small but positive. For example: the permeability of aluminum is: 1.00000065.
Such materials are magnetized only when placed on a super strong magnetic field and act in the direction of the magnetic
field.
2. Diamagnetic materials
The materials which are repelled by a magnet such as zinc. mercury, lead, sulfur, copper, silver, bismuth, wood etc., are
known as diamagnetic materials. Their permeability is slightly less than one. For example the relative permeability of bismuth
is 0.00083, copper is 0.000005 and wood is 0.9999995. They are slightly magnetized when placed in a very strong magnetic
field and act in the direction opposite to that of applied magnetic field.
3. Ferromagnetic materials
The materials which are strongly attracted by a magnetic field or magnet is known as ferromagnetic material for eg: iron,
steel, nickel, cobalt etc. The permeability off these materials is very very high (ranging up to several hundred or thousand).
SOFT ferromagnetic materials have HIGH permeability, LOW coercive force
HARD ferromagnetic materials have LOW permeability, HIGH coercive force
4. Ferrites
Ferrites are a special group of ferromagnetic materials that occupy an intermediate position between ferromagnetic and non-
ferromagnetic materials.
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