Islamic terrorism

Islamic terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism, is de- The Global Terrorism Index report of 2015 illuminate the
ned as any terrorist act, set of acts or campaign com- rise in death due to terrorism following the September 11,
mitted by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or 2001 attack in this graphic:
Islamist motivations or goals.[1] Islamic terrorists jus-
tify their violent tactics through the interpretation of
Quran and Hadith according to their own goals and
intentions.[2][3]
The highest numbers of incidents and fatalities caused
by Islamic terrorism occur in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria,
Pakistan and Syria.[4] In 2015 four Islamic extremist
groups were responsible for 74% of all deaths from ter-
rorism: ISIS, Boko Haram, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda,
according to the Global Terrorism Index 2016.[5] In re-
cent decades, such incidents have occurred on a global
scale, aecting not only Muslim-majority states in Africa
and Asia, but also Europe, Russia, Australia, Canada,
Deaths from terrorism have increased dramatically over the last
India and the United States. Such attacks have targeted 15 years. The number of people who have died from terrorist
Muslims and non-Muslims.[6] In a number of the worst- activity has increased ninefold since the year 2000.
aected Muslim-majority regions, these terrorists have
been met by armed, independent resistance groups,[7]
state actors and their proxies, and elsewhere by condem-
nation coming from prominent Islamic gures.[8][9][10] 2.1 Western foreign policy
The literal use of the phrase Islamic terrorism is dis-
puted. Such use in Western political speech has variously
been called counter-productive, highly politicized, in-
tellectually contestable and damaging to community
relations.[11] However, others have referred to the refusal
to use the term as an act of self-deception, full-blown
censorship and intellectual dishonesty.[12][13][14][15]

1 History
Some Muslim commentators assert that extremism
within Islam goes back to the 7th century to the
Kharijites. From their essentially political position, they
developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from
both mainstream Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. The Khar-
ijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical ap-
proach of Takr, whereby they declared other Muslims
to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of
death.[16][17]
2 Motivations of Islamic terrorism
See also: Motives for the September 11 attacks
People killed by terrorists worldwide
According to a graph by U.S. State Department, terror-
ist attacks have escalated worldwide since the invasion
of Afghanistan and Iraq.[18] Dame Eliza Manningham
Buller, the former head of MI5, told the Iraq inquiry, the
security services warned Tony Blair launching the War on
Terror would increase the threat of terrorism.[18] Robert
Pape has argued that at least terrorists utilizing suicide
attacksa particularly eective[19] form of terrorist at-
tack are driven not by Islamism but by a clear strate-
gic objective: to compel modern democracies to with-
draw military forces from the territory that the terrorists
view as their homeland.[20] However, Martin Kramer,

1
2 2 MOTIVATIONS OF ISLAMIC TERRORISM

who debated Pape on origins of suicide bombing, stated ideological narratives.[29]

that the motivation for suicide attacks is not just strate-
gic logic but also an interpretation of Islam to provide
a moral logic. For example, Hezbollah initiated suicide 2.2 Religious motivation
bombings after a complex reworking of the concept of
martyrdom. Kramer explains that the Israeli occupation Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, in their book, The
of the South Lebanon Security Zone raised the tempera- Age of Sacred Terror, argue that Islamic terrorist attacks
ture necessary for this reinterpretation of Islam, but oc- are purely religious. They are seen as a sacrament ... in-
cupation alone would not have been sucient for suicide tended to restore to the universe a moral order that had
terrorism.[21] The only way to apply a brake to suicide been corrupted by the enemies of Islam. It is neither po-
terrorism, Kramer argues, is to undermine its moral litical or strategic but an act of redemption meant to
logic, by encouraging Muslims to see its incompatibility humiliate and slaughter those who deed the hegemony
with their own values. of God.[30]
Former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer argues that terror- Two studies of the background of Muslim terrorists in
ist attacks (specically al-Qaeda attacks on targets in the Europeone of the UK and one of Francefound little
United States) are not motivated by a religiously inspired connection between religious piety and terrorism. Ac-
hatred of American culture or religion, but by the belief cording to a restricted report of hundreds of case stud-
that U.S. foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or other- ies by the UK domestic counter-intelligence agency MI5,
wise harmed Muslims in the Middle East,[22] condensed
in the phrase They hate us for what we do, not who we [f]ar from being religious zealots, a large
are. U.S. foreign policy actions Scheuer believes are fu- number of those involved in terrorism do not
eling Islamic terror include: the U.S.-led intervention in practise their faith regularly. Many lack reli-
Afghanistan and invasion of Iraq; IsraelUnited States gious literacy and could actually be regarded as
relations, namely, nancial, military, and political sup- religious novices. Very few have been brought
port for Israel;[23][24][25][26] U.S. support for "apostate" up in strongly religious households, and there
police states in Muslim nations such as Egypt, Algeria, is a higher than average proportion of con-
Morocco, and Kuwait;[27] U.S. support for the creation verts. Some are involved in drug-taking, drink-
of an independent East Timor from territory previously ing alcohol and visiting prostitutes. MI5 says
held by Muslim Indonesia; perceived U.S. approval or there is evidence that a well-established reli-
support of actions against Muslim insurgents in India, gious identity actually protects against violent
the Philippines, Chechnya, and Palestine;[28] U.S. troops radicalisation.[31]
on Muslim 'holy ground' in Saudi Arabia; the Western
world's religious discrimination against Muslim immi-
grants; historical justication, such as the Crusades.A 2015 general portrait by Olivier Roy (see above)
of the conditions and circumstances under which peo-
Maajid Nawaz, in a debate with Mehdi Hasan, countered ple living in France become Islamic radicals (terror-
Scheuers contention: ists or would-be terrorists) found radicalisation was not
an uprising of a Muslim community that is victim to
a tiny minority, from within the non-Iraqi poverty and racism: only young people join, including
British Muslim communities, reacted with vi- converts.[32] Or as another observer described it:
olence on 7 July 2005. To interpret this sim-
ply as a nationalist struggle to remove occu- the large majority of French jihadists are
pation ignores the blatantly obvious fact that, second-generation Muslims who, unlike their
rst, the terrorists were not Iraqis, they were parents, speak French, grew up with little to no
British-Pakistanis (though British Iraqis have contact with mosques or Muslim organizations,
lived here for a long time); second, the vast and before their conversions drank, took drugs,
majority of the Stop the War protesters were and had girlfriends. They are estranged from
non-Muslims, yet only a handful from among their parents and dont know where to t in. Or
a minority of Muslims reacted to the war with they are recent converts, largely from rural ar-
terrorism. Even though occupation may have eas and many from divorced families. Why is
caused agitation among the 7 July bombers, that, Roy asks? If Islam or social conditions
these northern-born lads with thick Yorkshire are essentially to blame for breeding terrorism,
accents confessed in their suicide tapes to con- why do such structural problems aect only
sidering themselves soldiers with a mission to this very narrowly dened group? Why does
kill our people (Britons) on behalf of their peo- it not attract rst- or third-generation French
ple (Iraqis). The prerequisite to such a dis- Muslims, or those whose Islamic culture is the
avowal of ones country of birth is a recalibra- deepest? And why does its appeal extend to
tion of identity; this is the undeniable role of children of the successful middle class? His
2.2 Religious motivation 3

answer: jihadism is a nihilistic generational re- of the Koranthat what applied to Muhammads com-
volt, not a religiously inspired utopianism.[33] munity applies to all Muslim communities for all time
is simply an untenable position in every sense.[39]
Roy believes terrorism/radicalism is expressed in reli- Supporters of bin Laden have also pointed to reports
gious terms because according to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad at-
tacked towns at night or with catapults, and argued that
1. most of the radicals have a Muslim background, he must have condoned incidental harm to noncombat-
which makes them open to a process of re- ants, since it would have been impossible to distinguish
[40]
Islamisation (almost none of them having been pi- them from combatants during such attacks. These ar-
[40]
ous before entering the process of radicalisation), guments were not widely accepted by Muslims.
and[32] The Pakistani theologian Javed Ahmad Ghamidi blames
Muslim madrasas that indoctrinate children with Islamic
2. jihad is the only cause on the global market. If supremacist views, such as that Muslims are legally su-
you kill in silence, it will be reported by the local perior to unbelievers (particularly former Muslims), and
newspaper; if you kill yelling `Allahuakbar,` you that jihad will eventually bring about a single caliphate to
are sure to make the national headlines. Other ex- rule the world.[41]
treme causesultra-left or radical ecology are too
bourgeois and intellectual for the radicals.[32]
2.2.2 Jihad and Islamic jurisprudence

2.2.1 Interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith Main article: Jihad

See also: Quran and violence and Jihad in Hadith

Donald Holbrook, a Research Fellow at the Centre for
the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, analyzes
a sample of 30 works by jihadist propagandists and nds
several passages of the Quran exploited and distorted to
suit the objectives of violent jihad.[2] An-Nisa (4:7475)
is quoted most frequently; other popular passages are At-
Taubah (9:1315, 3839, 111) and Al-Baqarah (2:190
191, 216). Consider Surah 9:5:
Holbrook notes they cherry-picked the rst part slay the
idolaters but fail to quote and discuss limiting factors at
the end of the ayat, but if they repent This, Hol-
brook argues, is how violent jihadists are shamelessly
selective in order to serve their propaganda objectives.[2]
Peter Bergen notes that bin Laden cited this verse in 1998
when making a formal declaration of war.[34]
Michael Sells and Jane I. Smith (a Professor of Islamic
Studies) write that barring some extremists like al-Qaeda,
most Muslims do not interpret Qur'anic verses as pro-
moting warfare today but rather as reecting histori-
cally dated contexts.[35][36] According to Sells, "[Most
Muslims] no more expect to apply [the verses at issue]
to their contemporary non-Muslim friends and neigh-
bors than most Christians and Jews consider themselves
commanded by God, like the Biblical Joshua, to exter-
minate the indels.[35] In his book No god but God:
The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam, Iranian-
American academic Reza Aslan argues that there is an in-
ternal battle currently taking place within Islam between
individualistic reform ideals and the traditional authority
of Muslim clerics[37] similar to that of the 16th-century
reformation in Christianity, which was as old as Islam
currently is at that period.[38] He writes, the notion that
historical context should play no role in the interpretation
The Princeton University Middle Eastern scholar Bernard
Lewis states that classical Islamic jurisprudence does
not allow terrorism, and the classical jurists of Islam
never remotely considered [jihad] the kind of unpro-
voked, unannounced mass slaughter of uninvolved civil
populations.[42] In 2001, Professor Lewis noted:[43]
Being a religious obligation, jihad is elabo-
rately regulated in sharia law, which discusses
in minute detail such matters as the opening,
conduct, interruption and cessation of hostili-
ties, the treatment of prisoners and noncombat-
ants, the use of weapons, etc.[44] ... Similarly,
the laws of Jihad categorically preclude wan-
ton and indiscriminate slaughter.[45] The war-
riors in the holy war are urged not to harm
non-combatants, women and children, unless
they attack you rst. ... A point on which
they insist is the need for a clear declaration
of war before beginning hostilities, and for
proper warning before resuming hostilities af-
ter a truce. What the classical jurists of Islam
never remotely considered is the kind of un-
provoked, unannounced mass slaughter of un-
involved civil populations that we saw in New
York two weeks ago. For this there is no prece-
dent and no authority in Islam.
While techniques of war are restricted by classical Is-
lamic jurisprudence, the scope is not. Lewis states that
Jihad is an unlimited oensive to bring the whole world
under Islamic rule and law.[46] Classical Islamic jurispru-
dence imposes, without limit of time or space, the duty
to subjugate non-Muslims, according to Lewis.[47] Wael
Hallaq writes that in the modern era the notion of jihad
4 2
has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead gave rise
to an ideological and political discourse.[48] While mod-
ernists view jihad as defensive and compatible with mod-
ern standards of warfare, some Islamists go beyond the
classical theory to insist that the purpose of jihad is the
ght against oppressive regimes and conversion of non-
Muslims to Islam.[49]
2.3 Societal motivations
Scott Atran has found the greatest predictors of suicide
bombings to be not religion but group dynamics: While
personal humiliation does not turn out to be a motiva-
tion for those attempting to kill civilians, the percep-
tion that others with whom one feels a common bond
are being humiliated can be a powerful driver for action.
Small-group dynamics involving friends and family that
form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on
which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.[50]
Terrorists, according to Atran, are social beings inu-
enced by social connections and values. Rather than dy-
ing for a cause, they might be said to have died for each
other.[51]
2.4 Economic motivations
The Muslim world has been aicted with economic stag-
nation for many centuries.[52][53] In 2011, U.S. President
Barack Obama stated that apart from crude oil, the ex-
ports of the entire Greater Middle East with its 400 mil-
lion population roughly equals that of Switzerland.[54] It
has also been estimated that the exports of Finland, a Eu-
ropean country of only ve million, exceeded those of
the entire 370 million-strong Arab world, excluding oil
and natural gas.[55] This economic stagnation is argued
by historian David Fromkin in his work A Peace to End
All Peace to have commenced with the demise of the
Ottoman Empire in 1924, with trade networks being dis-
rupted and societies torn apart with the creation of new
nation states. Although the Ottoman Empire was referred
to as the Sick man of Europe, the parts of the Middle East
under Ottoman rule still had a diverse and steady growing
economy with more general prosperity.[56]
2.4.1 Citizenship issues
Since the 1950s, Muslim immigrants have been forced
to emigrate to western countries in large numbers be-
cause fellow Muslim countries that are well-o econom-
ically and socially do not accept them. Out of the 57
Muslim majority countries, only two nations (Turkey and
Malaysia) oer a formal path for immigrants to become
naturalized citizens, regardless of birthplace, religious
beliefs, marital status or ethnic origin. Even the oil-rich
Gulf states do not grant citizenship to immigrants, regard-
less of how long they have resided in those countries. To
MOTIVATIONS OF ISLAMIC TERRORISM
make matters more dicult, Gulf states have stringent
laws which explicitly state that an immigrant or expat can
become a citizen only if his/her father was a citizen or,
in some cases, if an expat woman marries an Arab na-
tional. These laws make it almost impossible for expats
(both Muslim and non-Muslim) to gain citizenship.[57][58]
In 2014, the self-appointed Caliph Abu Bakr al-
Baghdadi, the leader of the unrecognised Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant, took advantage of this re-
sentment among some Muslims living in other Arab
states and urged those Muslims to emigrate to the
new Islamic state.[59] ISIS, also known as The Is-
lamic State, promised all Muslim immigrants citizen-
ship immediately upon arrival. They even went as far
as issuing Caliphate Passports to the newly arrived
immigrants.[60]
2.5 Ideology
One ideology that plays a role in terrorism by using the
name of Islam, is Wahabism.[61][62][63][64][65] Wahabism
and its allies including Salasm (Sala jihadism) sup-
ports war against any one and every one who is not
like them. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant,
al-Qaeda, Al-Shabaab (militant group), Boko Haram,
Indonesian Mujahedeen Council, Taliban, Sipah Sahaba,
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Hizbul Mujahideen follow intol-
erant Wahabi or Sala ideology which is opposed by other
Muslims.[65][66][67] Non-Muslims, Sus, and Shias are at-
tacked by hard-core Wahhabis, Deobandis, and jamaatis
in the same way that socialists and other leftist proletari-
ans were assaulted by Mussolinis bandits, Jews and oth-
ers by the Nazis, and bourgeois, kulak, intellectual,
Jewish, Menshevik, and Trotskyist dissenters, often
only alleged to be so, by Stalinism.[68] In India, Wahabism
was spread in the name of Deobandi movement,[69] which
was opposed by more tolerant Su oriented Indian Mus-
lims.
Transnational Islamist ideology, specically of the mil-
itant Islamists, assert that Western policies and society
are actively anti-Islamic, or as it is sometimes described,
waging a "war against Islam". Islamists often identify
what they see as a historical struggle between Christian-
ity and Islam, dating back as far as the Crusades, among
other historical conicts between practitioners of the two
respective religions. Osama bin Laden, for example, al-
most invariably described his enemy as aggressive and his
call for action against them as defensive. Defensive jihad
diers from oensive jihad in being "fard al-ayn, or a
personal obligation of all Muslims, rather than fard al-
kifaya, a communal obligation, that is, some Muslims
may perform it but it is not required from others. Hence,
framing a ght as defensive has the advantage of both ap-
pearing to be a victim rather than an aggressor, and of
giving the struggle the very highest religious priority for
all good Muslims.
2.5 Ideology 5

Many of the violent terrorist groups use the name of jihad You are a nation that permits gambling in its
to ght against certain Western nations and Israel. An all forms. (...) You use women to serve pas-
example is bin Ladens al-Qaeda, which is also known as sengers, visitors, and strangers to increase your
International Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews prot margins. You then rant that you support
and Crusaders". Most militant Islamists oppose Israels the liberation of women.[71]
policies, and often its existence.
According to U.S. Army Colonel Dale C. Eikmeier, ide-
ology, rather than any individual or group, is the cen-
ter of gravity of al-Qaeda and related groups, and thatGiven their perceived piety, The Times noted the irony
when an investigation discovered that Jihadists were
ideology is a collection of violent Islamic thought called
Qutbism.[70] He summarizes the tenets of Qutbism as seeking anonymity through some of the same networks
being: used to distribute child pornography. The paper praised
the raids ability to improve understanding of the mind-
sets of both types of criminals.[72] Similarly, Reuters re-
A belief that Muslims have deviated from true Islam ported that pornography was found among the materials
and must return to pure Islam as originally prac- seized from Osama bin Ladens Abbottabad compound
ticed during the time of Muhammad. that was raided by U.S. Navy SEALs.[73]
The path to pure Islam is only through a literal and In 2006, Britains then head of MI5 Eliza Manningham-
strict interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, along Buller said of Al-Qaeda that it has developed an ideol-
with implementation of Muhammads commands. ogy which claims that Islam is under attack, and needs
to be defended. This she said is a powerful narrative
Muslims should interpret the original sources indi-
that weaves together conicts from across the globe, pre-
vidually without being bound to follow the interpre-
senting the Wests response to varied and complex issues,
tations of Islamic scholars.
from long-standing disputes such as Israel/Palestine and
That any interpretation of the Quran from a histori- Kashmir to more recent events as evidence of an across-
cal, contextual perspective is a corruption, and that the-board determination to undermine and humiliate Is-
[74]
the majority of Islamic history and the classical ju- lam worldwide. She said that the video wills of British
risprudential tradition is mere sophistry.[70] suicide bombers made it clear that they were motivated by
perceived worldwide and long-standing injustices against
The historic rivalry between Hindus and Muslims in the Muslims; an extreme and minority interpretation of Is-
Indian subcontinent has also often been the primary mo- lam promoted by some preachers and people of inu-
tive behind some of the most deadly terrorist attacks in ence; their interpretation as anti-Muslim of UK foreign
India. According to a U.S. State Department report, In- policy, in particular
[74]
the UKs involvement in Iraq and
dia topped the list of countries most aected by Islamic Afghanistan. She also cautioned how dicult it was
terrorism. to gain a proper perspective, saying that although there
are more important dangers we face daily without feel-
In addition, Islamist militants, scholars, and leaders op- ing so threatened by them, such as climate change and
posed Western society for what they see as immoral road deaths, and though terrorist deaths were few, the in-
secularism. Islamists have claimed that such unrestricted telligence services had prevented some potentially large
free speech has led to the proliferation of pornography, threats and that vigilance was needed.[74]
immorality, secularism, homosexuality, feminism, and
many other ideas that Islamists often oppose. Although Colonel Eikmeier points out the questionable religious
bin Laden almost always emphasized the alleged oppres- credentials of many Islamist theorists, or Qutbists,
sion of Muslims by America and Jews when talking about which can be a means to discredit them and their mes-
them in his messages, in his Letter to America, he an- sage":
swered the question, What are we calling you to, and
what do we want from you, with

We call you to be a people of manners,
principles, honour, and purity; to reject the im-
moral acts of fornication, homosexuality, in-
toxicants, gamblings, and trading with interest
(...) You separate religion from your policies,
(...) You are the nation that permits Usury,
which has been forbidden by all the religions
(...) You are a nation that permits the produc-
tion, trading and usage of intoxicants (...) You
are a nation that permits acts of immorality (...)
With the exception of Abul Ala Maududi
and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, none of Qutbisms
main theoreticians trained at Islams recog-
nized centers of learning. Although a devout
Muslim, Hassan al-Banna was a teacher and
community activist. Sayyid Qutb was a lit-
erary critic. Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj
was an electrician. Ayman al-Zawahiri is a
physician. Osama bin Laden trained to be a
businessman.[70]
6 3 PROFILES OF TERRORISTS

2.6 Identity-based frameworks for analyz- world(s) social group(s) understand all situations that in-
ing Islamist-based terrorism volve the West. Social categorization theory as a frame-
work for analysis indicates causal relationships between
group identication processes and features of conict
Islamist-based fundamentalist terrorism against Western situations.[87]
nations and the U.S. in particular, has numerous mo-
tivations and takes place the larger context of a com-
plex and tense relationship between the 'West' and the
Arab and Muslim 'world,'[75] which is highlighted in the 3 Proles of terrorists
previous section on motivations and Islamic terrorism.
Identity-based theoretical frameworks, including theo- According to Scott Atran, a NATO researcher study-
ries of social identity, social categorization theory, and ing suicide terrorism, the available evidence contradicts a
psychodynamics are used to explain the reasons terrorism number of simplistic explanations for the motivations of
occurs.[76] terrorists, including mental instability, poverty, and feel-
ings of humiliation.[51]
Social identity is explained by Karina Korostelina as
a feeling of belonging to a social group, as a strong Forensic psychiatrist and former foreign service o-
connection with social category, and as an important cer Marc Sageman made an intensive study of bio-
part of our mind that aects our social perceptions and graphical data on 172 participants in the jihad, in his
behavior[77] This denition can be applied to the case book Understanding Terror Networks.[88] He concluded
of Osama bin Laden, who, according to this theory, had social networks, the tight bonds of family and friend-
a highly salient perception of his social identity as a Mus- ship, rather than emotional and behavioral disorders
lim, a strong connection to the social category of the Mus- of poverty, trauma, madness, [or] ignorance, inspired
lim Ummah or 'community,' which aect his social per- alienated young Muslims to join the jihad and kill.[89]
ceptions and behaviors.[78] Bin Ladens ideology and in- Author Lawrence Wright described the characteristic of
terpretation of Islam led to the creation of al-Qaeda in "displacement" of members of the most famous Islamic
response to perceived threats against the Muslim com- terrorist group, al-Qaeda:
munity by the Soviet Union, the U.S. in particular due to
its troop presence in Saudi Arabia, and American support
for Israel.[79] The Islamist terrorist group al-Qaeda has a What the recruits tended to have in
group identity, which includes shared experiences, atti- commonbesides their urbanity, their
tudes, beliefs, and interests of in-group members, and is cosmopolitan backgrounds, their education,
described through the achievement of a collective aim their facility with languages, and their com-
for which this group has been created, [80]
which in this puter skillswas displacement. Most who
case is to achieve a complete break from the foreign in- joined the jihad did so in a country other
uences in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new than the one in which they were reared. They
Islamic caliphate. were Algerians living in expatriate enclaves in
France, Moroccans in Spain, or Yemenis in
Social categorization theory has been discussed as a Saudi Arabia. Despite their accomplishments,
three-stage process of identication, where individuals they had little standing in the host societies
dene themselves as members of a social group, learn the where they lived.[90]
stereotypes and norms of the group, and group categories
inuence the perception and understanding of all situa-
tions in a particular context[77] This denition can be ap- Scholar Olivier Roy describes the background of the
plied to the U.S.-led war on terror, in which conict fea- hundreds of global (as opposed to local) terrorists who
tures such as the phenomenon of Anti-Americanism[81] were incarcerated or killed and for whom authorities
and the phenomenon of non-Arab countries like Iran have records, as being surprising for their Westernized
and Afghanistan lending support to Islamist-based ter- background; for the lack of Palestinians, Iraqis, Afghans
rorism by funding or harboring terrorist groups such as coming to avenge what is going on in their country"; their
Hezbollah[82] and al-Qaeda[83] against Western nations, lack of religiosity before being born again in a foreign
particularly Israel[84] and the United States[85] are, ac- country; the high percentage of converts to Islam among
cording to social categorization theory, inuenced by a them; their de-territorialized backgrounds For in-
three-stage process of identication. In this three-stage stance, they may be born in a country, then educated in
process of identication, the Arab and Muslim world(s) another country, then go to ght in a third country and
are the social group(s), in which their members learn take refuge in a fourth country"; their nontraditional be-
stereotypes and norms which categorize their social group lief that jihad is permanent,
[91]
global, and not linked with
vis--vis the West. [86]
This social categorization process a specic territory.
creates feelings of high-level in-group support and al- This prole diers from that found among recent lo-
legiance among Arabs and Muslims and the particular cal (as opposed to global) Islamist suicide bombers in
context within which members of the Arab and Muslim Afghanistan, according to a 2007 study of 110 suicide
4.1 Views of modern Islamic scholars
bombers by Afghan pathologist Dr. Yusef Yadgari.
Yadgari found that 80% of the attackers studied had some
kind of physical or mental disability. The bombers were
also not celebrated like their counterparts in other Mus-
lim nations. Afghan bombers are not featured on posters
or in videos as martyrs.[92] Daniel Byman, a Middle
East expert at the Brookings Institution, and Christine
Fair, an assistant professor in peace and security stud-
ies at Georgetown University, say that many of the Is-
lamic terrorists are foolish and untrained, perhaps even
untrainable.[93]
Studying 300 cases of people charged with jihadist ter-
rorism in the United States since September 11, 2001,
author Peter Bergen found the perpetrators were gener-
ally motivated by a mix of factors, including militant
Islamist ideology; dislike of American foreign policy in
the Muslim world; a need to attach themselves to an ide-
ology or organization that gave them a sense of purpose";
and a cognitive opening to militant Islam that often was
precipitated by personal disappointment, like the death Ali Gomaa, former Grand Mufti of Egypt, stated not only
of a parent.[94]
4 Muslim attitudes toward terror- the divine.[110]
ism
Main article: Muslim attitudes towards terrorism
Muslim popular opinion on the subject of attacks on
civilians by Islamist groups varies. Fred Halliday, a
British academic specialist on the Middle East, argues
that most Muslims consider these acts to be egregious vi-
olations of Islams laws.[95] Muslims living in the West
denounce the September 11th attacks against United
States, while Hezbollah contends that their rocket attacks
against Israeli targets are defensive Jihad by a legitimate
resistance movement rather than terrorism.[96][97]
4.1 Views of modern Islamic scholars
Charles Kurzman and other authors have collected state- nian Ayatollah Ozma Seyyed Yousef Sanei has preached
ments by prominent Muslim gures and organizations against suicide attacks and stated in an interview: Terror
condemning terrorism.[8]
Although Islamic terrorism is commonly associated with
the Salas (or "Wahhabis"), the scholars of the group
have constantly attributed this association to ignorance,
misunderstanding and sometimes insincere research and
deliberate misleading by rival groups.[98] Following the
September 11 attacks, Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal
ash-Shaikh, the Grand Mufti of the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, made an ocial statement that the Islamic Sha-
ree'ah (legislation) does not sanction such actions.[99] A
Sala Committee of Major Scholars in Saudi Arabia
has declared that Islamic terrorism, such as the May
2003 bombing in Riyadh, are in violation of Sharia law
7
and aiding the enemies of Islam.[100]
Abdal-Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter) wrote that the
proclamations of bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri ig-
nore 14 centuries of Muslim scholarship, and that if they
followed the norms of their religion, they would have
had to acknowledge that no school of mainstream Islam
allows the targeting of civilians.[101]
Fethullah Glen, a prominent Turkish Islamic scholar,
has claimed that a real Muslim, who understood Islam
in every aspect, could not be a terrorist.[102][103][104] There
are many other people with similar points of view[105]
such as Prof. Ahmet Akgunduz,[106] Harun Yahya[107]
and Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.[108] Huston Smith, an
author on comparative religion, noted that extremists
have hijacked Islam, just as has occurred periodically
in Christianity, Hinduism and other religions throughout
history. He added that the real problem is that extremists
do not know their own faith.[109]
for the Islam but in general: Terrorism cannot be born of
religion. Terrorism is the product of corrupt minds, hard-
ened hearts, and arrogant egos, and corruption, destruc-
tion, and arrogance are unknown to the heart attached to
In reference to suicide attacks, Hannah Stuart notes there
is a signicant debate among contemporary clerics over
which circumstance permit such attacks. Qatar-based
theologian, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, criticized the 9/11 at-
tacks but previously justied suicide bombings in Israel
on the grounds of necessity and justied such attacks in
2004 against American military and civilian personnel
in Iraq. According to Stuart, 61 contemporary Islamic
leaders have issued fatawa permitting suicide attacks, 32
with respect to Israel. Stuart points out that all of these
contemporary rulings are contrary to classical Islamic ju-
risprudence.[111]
A 600-page legal opinion (fatwa) by Sheikh Tahir-ul-
Qadri condemned suicide bombings and other forms of
terrorism as kufr (unbelief),[112] stating that it has no
place in Islamic teaching and no justication can be pro-
vided for it, or any kind of excuses or ifs or buts.[113] Ira-
in Islam, and especially Shiite, is forbidden.[114][115]
A group of Pakistani clerics of Jamaat Ahl-e-Sunnah
(Barelvi movement) who were gathered for a convention
denounced suicide attacks and beheadings as un-Islamic
in a unanimous resolution.[116]
According to Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, the only purposes
of Islamic jihad are putting an end to persecution
even that of the non-Muslimsand making the religion
of Islam reign supreme in the Arabian peninsula, the
latter type being specic to Muhammad and no longer
operative;[117] it can only be waged under a sovereign
state;[118] there are strict[119] ethical limits for jihad which
8 5 TACTICS
do not allow ghting non-combatants; acts of terrorism
including suicide bombing are prohibited.[120]
4.2 Opinion surveys
Gallup conducted tens of thousands of hour-long,
face-to-face interviews with residents of more than
35 predominantly Muslim countries between 2001
and 2007. It found that more than 90% of respon-
dents condemned the killing of non-combatants on
religious and humanitarian grounds.[9] John Espos-
ito, using poll data from Gallup, wrote in 2008 that
Muslims and Americans were equally likely to reject
violence against civilians. He also found that those
Muslims who support violence against civilians are
no more religious than Muslims who do not.[121]
A subsequent Gallup poll released in 2011 sug-
gested that ones religious identity and level of
devotion have little to do with ones views about
targeting civilians... it is human development
and governancenot piety or culturethat are the
strongest factors in explaining dierences in how the
public perceives this type of violence. The same
poll concluded that populations of countries in the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference were slightly
more likely to reject attacks on civilians in all cases,
both military and individual, than those in non-
member countries.[122]
A 2008 study, produced by Gallup, found that
38.6% of the Muslims questioned believed that the
9/11 attacks were justied.[123] Another poll con-
ducted, in 2005 by the Fafo Foundation in the Pales-
tinian Authority, found that 65% of respondents
supported the September 11 attacks.[124]
In Pakistan, despite the recent rise in the Talibans
inuence, a poll conducted by Terror Free Tomor-
row in Pakistan in January 2008 tested support for
al-Qaeda, the Taliban, other militant Islamist groups
and Osama bin Laden himself, and found a recent
drop by half. In August 2007, 33% of Pakistanis
expressed support for al-Qaeda; 38% supported the
Taliban. By January 2008, al-Qaedas support had
dropped to 18%, the Talibans to 19%. When asked
if they would vote for al-Qaeda, just 1% of Pakista-
nis polled answered in the armative. The Taliban
had the support of 3% of those polled.[9]
Pew Research surveys in 2008, show that in a
range of countriesJordan, Pakistan, Indonesia,
Lebanon, and Bangladeshthere have been sub-
stantial declines in the percentages saying suicide-
bombings and other forms of violence against civil-
ian targets can be justied to defend Islam against
its enemies. Wide majorities say such attacks are,
at most, rarely acceptable. The shift of attitudes
against terror has been especially dramatic in Jor-
dan, where 29% of Jordanians were recorded as
viewing suicide-attacks as often or sometimes jus-
tied (down from 57% in May 2005). In the largest
majority-Muslim nation, Indonesia, 74% of respon-
dents agree that terrorist attacks are never justi-
ed (a substantial increase from the 41% level to
which support had risen in March 2004); in Pak-
istan, that gure is 86%; in Bangladesh, 81%; and
in Iran, 80%.[9]
A poll conducted in Osama bin Ladens home coun-
try of Saudi Arabia in December 2008 shows that
his compatriots have dramatically turned against
him, his organisation, Saudi volunteers in Iraq, and
terrorism in general. Indeed, condence in bin
Laden has fallen in most Muslim countries in recent
years.[9]
5 Tactics
5.1 Suicide attacks
See also: Suicide attack
An increasingly popular tactic used by terrorists is sui-
cide bombing.[125] This tactic is used against civilians,
soldiers, and government ocials of the regimes the ter-
rorists oppose. A recent clerical ruling declares terrorism
and suicide bombing as forbidden by Islam.[126] However,
groups who support its use often refer to such attacks
as "martyrdom operations" and the suicide-bombers who
commit them as "martyrs" (Arabic: shuhada, plural of
shahid). The bombers, and their sympathizers often
believe that suicide bombers, as martyrs (shaheed) to the
cause of jihad against the enemy, will receive the rewards
of paradise for their actions.
5.2 Hijackings
Islamic terrorism sometimes employs the hijacking of
passenger vehicles. The most infamous were the 9/11
attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people on a single day in
2001, eectively ending the era of aircraft hijacking.
5.3 Kidnappings and executions
Main article: Beheading in Islamism
See also: Beheading video and ISIL beheading incidents
Along with bombings and hijackings, Islamic terrorists
have made extensive use of highly publicised kidnappings
and executions, often circulating videos of the acts for use
as propaganda. A frequent form of execution by these
groups is decapitation, another is shooting. In the 1980s,
5.3 Kidnappings and executions
a series of abductions of American citizens by Hezbol-
lah during the Lebanese Civil War resulted in the 1986
IranContra aair. During the chaos of the Iraq War,
more than 200 kidnappings foreign hostages (for various
reasons and by various groups, including purely criminal)
gained great international notoriety, even as the great ma-
jority (thousands) of victims were Iraqis. In 2007, the
kidnapping of Alan Johnston by Army of Islam resulted
in the British government meeting a Hamas member for
the rst time.
Islamist militants, including Boko Haram, Hamas, al-
Qaeda and the ISIS, have used kidnapping as a method
of fundraising, as a means of bargaining for politi-
cal concessions, and as a way of intimidating potential
opponents.[127]
Michael Rubin argued in 2005 that hostage-taking be-
came popular among terrorist groups as a tactic that can
hold the attention of a public that had become inured to
mass death techniques such as suicide bombing, and that
it can garner signicant political and diplomatic payo.
Rubin writes that Islamist kidnappers have the additional,
ideological goals of using hostages both to shock the
outside world and to appeal to their own constituency,
and that the public humiliation of hostages is a specic
Islamist goal. He also deems hostage taking as an eec-
tive technique for cowing a population by making govern-
ments appear weak and by inspiring fear of opposing the
Islamists. He does not regard kidnapping as an eective
recruitment technique.[128]
In his 2007 book, Islamic Terror Abductions in the Mid-
dle East,[129] military historian Shaul Shay argued in
2014 that Islamists consider hostage taking as a strategic
tool that can eectively gain concessions from targeted
governments.<[130]
5.3.1 Kidnapping as political tactic
In September 2014, the German Foreign Ministry re-
ported that the Islamist militant group Abu Sayyaf had
kidnapped two German nationals and was threatening
to kill them unless the German government withdraw
its support for the war against ISIS and also pay a
large ransom.[131] In September 2014 an Islamist militant
group kidnapped a French national in Algeria and threat-
ened to kill the hostage unless the government of France
withdrew its support for the war against ISIS.[132]
Islamist self-justications According to the
International Business Times, in October, 2014 the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) released a
ve-point justication of its right to take non-Muslims
hostage, and decapitate, ransom or enslave them.[133]
British Muslim cleric Anjem Choudary told The Clarion
Project that kidnapping and even beheading hostages is
justied by Islam.[134]
9
5.3.2 Kidnapping as revenue
Nasir al-Wuhayshi leader of the Islamist militant group
Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula describes kidnapped
hostages as an easy spoil... which I may describe as a
protable trade and a precious treasure.[135]
A 2014 investigation, by journalist Rukmini Maria Cal-
limachi published in The New York Times demonstrated
that between 2008 and 2014, Al Qaeda and groups di-
rectly aliated with al-Qaeda took in over US$125 mil-
lion from kidnapping, with $66 million of that total paid
in 2013 alone. The article showed that from a some-
what haphazard beginning in 2003, kidnapping grew into
the groups main fundraising strategy, with targeted, pro-
fessional kidnapping of civilians from wealthy European
countriesprincipally France, Spain and Switzerland
willing to pay huge ransoms. US and UK nationals are
less commonly targeted since these governments have
shown an unwillingness to pay ransom.[135]
Boko Haram kidnapped Europeans for the Ransom their
governments would pay in the early 2010s.[136][137][138]
For example, in the spring of 2013, Boko haram kid-
napped and within 2 months released a French family of
7 and 9 other hostages in exchange for a payment by the
French government of $3.15 million.[139]
According to Yochi Dreazen writing in Foreign Policy,
although ISIS received funding from Qatar, Kuwait and
other Gulf oil states, traditional criminal techniques
like kidnapping, are a key funding source for ISIS.[140]
Armin Rosen writing in Business Insider, kidnapping
was a crucial early source of funds as ISIS expanded
rapidly in 2013.[141] In March, upon receiving payment
from the government of Spain, ISIS released 2 Span-
ish hostages working for the newspaper El Mundo, cor-
respondent Javier Espinosa and photographer Ricardo
Garcia Vilanova, who had been held since September,
2013.[142] Philip Balboni, CEO of GlobalPost told the
press that he had spent millions in eorts to ransom
journalist James Foley, and an American ocial told the
Associated Press that demand from ISIS was for 100
million ($132.5).[143] In September 2014, following the
release of ISIS Beheading videos of journalists James
Foley and Steven Sotlo, British Prime Minister David
Cameron appealed to members of the G7 to abide by
their pledges not to pay ransom in the case of terrorist
kidnap.[144]
Holding foreign journalists as hostages is so valuable
to ISIS that Rami Jarrah, a Syrian who has acted as
go-between in eorts to ransom foreign hostages, told
the Wall Street Journal that ISIS had made it known
to other militant groups that they would pay for kid-
napped journalists.[145] ISIS has also kidnapped foreign-
aid workers and Syrians who work for foreign-funded
groups and reconstruction projects in Syria.[145] By mid-
2014, ISIS was holding assets valued at US$2 billion,[146]
which made it the worlds wealthiest Islamist group.[147]
10 6 EXAMPLES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTS

5.3.3 Kidnapping women for sex soldier Gilad Shalit when public pressure forced the gov-
ernment of Israel to release 1027 prisoners, including
See also: Slavery in 21st-century Islamism, Ma malakat 280 convicted of terrorism by Israel, in exchange for his
aymanukum, and Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency release.[156] According to the New York Times, Hamas
has recognized the pull such incidents have over the
Israeli psyche and clearly has moved to grab hostages
According to Islamism expert Jonathan N.C. Hill, in
in incidents such as the Death and ransoming of Oron
2014, under the inuence of al-Qaeda in the Islamic
Shaul.[157]
Maghreb, Boko Haram had begun kidnapping large num-
bers of girls and young women for sexual use. The at-
tacks echoed kidnappings of girls and young women for 5.4 Internet recruiting
sexual use by Algerian Islamists in the 1990s and early
2000s.[148][149] Main article: Terrorism and social media
Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local In the beginning of the 21st century, emerged a world-
women by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militants wide network of hundreds of web sites that inspire, train,
after they have captured an area. They usually take the educate and recruit young Muslims to engage in jihad
older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell against the United States and other Western countries,
them. The younger girls ... are raped or married o to taking less prominent roles in mosques and commu-
ghters, she said, adding, Its based on temporary mar- nity centers that are under scrutiny. According to The
riages, and once these ghters have had sex with these Washington Post, Online recruiting has exponentially in-
young girls, they just pass them on to other ghters.[150] creased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing so-
Speaking of Yazidi women captured by ISIS, Nazand phistication of people online.[158]
Begikhani said "[t]hese women have been treated like
cattle... They have been subjected to physical and sex-
ual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery.
They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa,
6 Examples of organizations and
Syria, carrying price tags.[151] The UN conrmed in acts
2014 that 5,0007,000 Yazidi women and children had
been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.[152][153] Further information: List of designated terrorist organi-
zations
Some prominent Islamic terror groups and incidents in-
5.3.4 Islamist self-justication

According to CNN, the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq

and the Levant justies its kidnapping of women as
sex slaves citing Islamic theology in an article entitled,
'The revival (of) slavery before the Hour,' (of Judgement
Day), published in the ISIL online magazine, Dabiq,
claimed that Yazidi women can be taken captive and
forced to become sex slaves or concubines under Islamic
law, One should remember that enslaving the families of
the kuarthe indelsand taking their women as con- Countries in which Islamist terrorist attacks have occurred be-
[159]
cubines is a rmly established aspect of the Shariah, or tween September 11, 2001, and May 2013
Islamic law.[154]
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of Boko Haram, a Nigerian
extremist group, said in an interview I shall capture peo-
ple and make them slaves. when claiming responsibility
for the 2014 Chibok kidnapping.[155]

Kidnapping as psychological warfare Boko Haram

has been described as using kidnapping as a means
of intimidating the civilian population into non-
resistance.[148][149]
The black ag of Jihad" as used by various Islamist organisa-
According to psychologist Irwin Mansdorf, Hamas tions (since the late 1990s) consists of a white-on-black shahada
demonstrated eectiveness of kidnapping as a form of
psychological warfare in the 2006 capture of the Israeli clude the following:
6.3 Europe 11

6.1 South America may have been an attempt to assassinate President Islam
Karimov. The IMU was blamed.[169]
6.1.1 Argentina The IMU launched a series of attacks in Tashkent and
Bukhara in March and April 2004. Gunmen and female
The 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, was suicide bombers took part in the attacks, which mainly
a suicide bombing attack on the building of the Israeli targeted police. The violence killed 33 militants, 10 po-
embassy of Argentina, located in Buenos Aires, which licemen, and four civilians.[170] The government blamed
was carried out on 17 March 1992. Twenty-nine civil- Hizb ut-Tahrir,[171] though the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU)
ians were killed in the attack and 242 additional civilians claimed responsibility.[172]
were injured. A group called Islamic Jihad Organization,
which has been linked to Iran and possibly Hezbollah,[160] Furkat Kasimovich Yusupov was arrested in the rst half
claimed responsibility. of 2004, and charged as the leader of a group that had
carried out the March 28 bombing on behalf of Hizb ut-
An incident from 1994, known as the AMIA bombing, Tahrir.[173]
was an attack on the Asociacin Mutual Israelita Ar-
gentina (Argentine Israelite Mutual Association) build- On July 30, 2004, suicide bombers struck the entrances of
ing in Buenos Aires. It occurred on July 18 and killed 85 the US and Israeli embassies in Tashkent. Two Uzbek se-
people and injured hundreds more.[161] A suicide bomber curity guards were killed in both bombings.[174] The IJU
[172]
drove a Renault Trac van bomb loaded with about 275 again claimed responsibility.
kilograms (606 lb) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and Foreign commentators on Uzbek aairs speculated that
fuel oil explosive mixture,[162][163] into the Jewish Com- the 2004 violence could have been the work of the IMU,
munity Center building located in a densely constructed Al-Qaeda, Hizb ut-Tahrir, or some other radical Islamic
commercial area of Buenos Aires. Prosecutors Alberto organization.[175][176]
Nisman and Marcelo Martnez Burgos formally accused
the government of Iran of directing the bombing, and the
Hezbollah militia of carrying it out.[164][165] The prose- 6.3 Europe
cution claimed that Argentina had been targeted by Iran
after Buenos Aires decision to suspend a nuclear tech- See also: Islamic terrorism in Europe (2014present),
nology transfer contract to Tehran.[166] Category:Islamic terrorism in Europe, and Al-Qaeda
involvement in Europe

6.2 Central Asia
6.2.1 Afghanistan
According to Human Rights Watch, Taliban and Hezb-e-
Islami Gulbuddin forces have sharply escalated bombing
and other attacks against civilians since 2006. In 2006,
at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350
armed attacks, most of which appear to have been inten-
tionally launched at civilians or civilian objects.[167]
6.2.2 Tajikistan
The government blamed the IMU (Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan) for training those responsible for carrying out
a suicide car bombing of a police station in Khujand on
September 3, 2010. Two policemen were killed and 25
injured.[168]
6.2.3 Uzbekistan
See also: Terrorism in Uzbekistan
On February 16, 1999, six car bombs exploded in with terrorist mass killings. Most of the non-Muslim ter-
Tashkent, killing 16 and injuring more than 100, in what rorist activities related to smashing of windows often in
Major lethal attacks on civilians in Europe credited to Is-
lamist terrorism include the 1985 El Descanso bombing
killing 18 people in Madrid, the 1995 Paris Metro bomb-
ings killing 8 people, 11 March 2004 bombings of com-
muter trains in Madrid, where 191 people were killed,
the 7 July 2005 London bombings, also of public trans-
port, which killed 52 commuters, and the 2015 Charlie
Hebdo shooting, in Paris, where 12 people were killed in
response to the satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo
depicting cartoons of Muhammad. On November 13,
2015 the French capital was victim of a series of simul-
taneous attacks, claimed by ISIS, that killed 129 peo-
ple in restaurants, the Bataclan theatre and the Stade de
France.[177] On 22 March 2016, ISIS terrorists bombed
the Zaventem Airport and a metro station in Brussels,
Belgium, killing 32 people.
In 2009, a Europol report showed that more than 99% of
terrorist attacks in Europe over the last three years were,
in fact, carried out by non-Muslims.[178][179][180] Out of
1,009 arrests for terrorism in 2008, 187 were in relation
to Islamist terrorism. The report showed that the major-
ity of Islamist terror suspects were second or third gen-
eration immigrants.[181] Swedish economist Tino Sanan-
daji has criticised the use of these statistics, as they count
window-smashing and damage as acts of terrorism on par
12
nights.[182]
The majority of deaths by terrorism in Europe from 2001
to 2014 were caused by Islamic terrorism, even while not
including Islamic terrorist attacks in Russia.[183]
6.3.1 France and Belgium
See also: November 2015 Paris attacks and 2016
Brussels bombings
Le Monde reported on 26 July 2016 that Islamist Ter-
rorism had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding
18-month period.[184]
6.3.2 Eastern Europe
Russia See also: Islamic terrorism in Russia
Politically and religiously motivated attacks on civilians Balkans Main article: Terrorism in the Balkans
Beslan school victim photos
in Russia have been traced to separatist sentiment among
the largely Muslim population of its North Caucasus re-
gion, particularly in Chechnya, where the central govern-
ment of the Russian Federation has waged two bloody
wars against the local secular separatist government since
1994. In the Moscow theater hostage crisis in Octo-
ber 2002, three Chechen separatist groups took an esti-
mated 850 people hostage in the Russian capital; at least
129 hostages died during the storming by Russian special
forces, all but one killed by the chemicals used to subdue
the attackers (whether this attack would more properly
be called a nationalist rather than an Islamist attack is in
question). In the September 2004 Beslan school hostage
crisis more than 1,000 people were taken hostage after a
school in the Russian republic of North OssetiaAlania
was seized by a pro-Chechen multi-ethnic group aligned
to Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs; hundreds of
people died during the storming by Russian forces.[185]
Since 2000, Russia has also experienced a string of sui-
cide bombings that killed hundreds of people in the Cau-
casian republics of Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia,
6 EXAMPLES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTS
as well as in Russia proper including Moscow. Respon-
sibility for most of these attacks were claimed by ei-
ther Shamil Basayev's Islamic-nationalist rebel faction
or, later, by Dokka Umarov's pan-Islamist movement
Caucasus Emirate which is aiming to unite most of Rus-
sias North Caucasus as an emirate since its creation
in 2007.[186] Since the creation of the Caucasus Emi-
rate, the group has abandoned its secular nationalist
goals and fully adopted the ideology of Salast-takri
Jihadism[187] which seeks to advance the cause of Al-
lah on the earth by waging war against the Russian gov-
ernment and non-Muslims in the North Caucasus, such
as the local Su Muslim population, whom they view as
mushrikeen (polytheists) who do not adhere to true Is-
lamic teachings. In 2011, the U.S. Department of State
included the Caucasus Emirate on its list of terrorist
organisations.[188]
6.4 Middle East / Southwest Asia
6.4.1 Turkey
Historians have said that militant Islamism rst gained
ground among Kurds before its appeal grew among eth-
nic Turks and that the two most important radical Is-
lamist organizsations have been an outgrowth of Kurdish
Islamism rather than Turkish Islamism.[189] The Turk-
ish or Kurdish Hizbullah is a primarily Kurdish group
has its roots in the predominantly Kurdish southeast of
Turkey and among Kurds who migrated to the cities in
Western Turkey.[189] The members of the IBDA-C were
predominantely Kurds, most members if not all are eth-
nic Kurds like its founder, as in the Hizbullah. The
IBDA-C stressed its Kurdish roots, and is ghting Turk-
ish secularism, and is also anti-Christian. The Hizbula
reestablished in 2003 in southeastern Turkey and to-
day its ideology might be more widespread thean ever
among Kurds there.[189] The inuence of these groups
conrms the continuing Kurdish domination of Turkish
islamism. Notable Kurdish Islamists include also[190] (an
Iraqi Kurd born in Sudan) co-founder of the Islamist ter-
rorist network al-Qaeda. There is a strong Kurdish ele-
ment in Turkish radical Islamism.[189] Kurdish and Turk-
ish Islamists have also co-operated together, one example
being the 2003 Istanbul bombings, and this co-operation
has also been observed in Germany, as in the case of
the Sauerland terror cell. Political scientist Guido Stein-
berg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organiza-
tions in Turkey ed to Germany in the 2000s, and that
the Turkish Hizbullah has also left an imprint on Turk-
ish Kurds in Germany.[189] Also many Kurds from Iraq
(there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Ger-
many) nancially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups like
Ansar al Islam.[189] Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic
6.4 Middle East / Southwest Asia 13

Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, tralia, Japan, the United Nations Commission on Human
the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds Rights and Human Rights Watch. It is banned in Jordan.
and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds and Turks from Russia does not consider Hamas a terrorist group as it
Turkey are dominant.[189] was democratically elected.[201] During the second in-
Hezbollah in Turkey (unrelated to the Shia Hezbollah in tifada (September 2000 through August 2005) 39.9 per-
Lebanon) is a Sunni terrorist group[191] accused of a se- cent of the suicide attacks were carried out by Hamas.[202]
ries of attacks, including the November 2003 bombings The rst Hamas suicide attack was the Mehola Junction
of two synagogues, the British consulate in Istanbul and bombing in 1993.[203] Hamas claims its aimes are To
contribute in the eort of liberating Palestine and restor-
HSBC bank headquarters that killed 58.[192] Hizbullahs
leader, Hseyin Veliolu, was killed in action by Turkish ing the rights of the Palestinian people under the sacred
Islamic teachings of the Holy Quran, the Sunna (tradi-
police in Beykoz on 17 January 2000. Besides Hizbul-
lah, other Islamic groups listed as a terrorist organization tions) of Prophet Mohammad (peace and blessings of Al-
lah be upon him) and the traditions of Muslims rulers and
by Turkish police counter-terrorism include Great East-
ern Islamic Raiders Front, al-Qaeda in Turkey, Tevhid- scholars noted for their piety and dedication.[199]
Selam (also known as al-Quds Army) and Caliphate State. Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine is a Palestinian Is-
Islamic Party of Kurdistan and Hereketa slamiya Kurdis- lamist group based in the Syrian capital, Damascus, and
tan are also Islamist groups active against Turkey, how- dedicated to waging jihad to eliminate the state of Israel.
ever unlike Hizbullah they're yet to be listed as active ter- It was formed by Palestinian Fathi Shaqaqi in the Gaza
rorist organizations in Turkey by Turkish police counter- Strip following the Iranian Revolution which inspired its
terrorism.[193] members. From 1983 onward, it engaged in a succession
of violent, high-prole attacks on Israeli targets. The
Intifada which it eventually sparked was quickly taken
6.4.2 Iraq over by the much larger Palestine Liberation Organization
and Hamas.[204] Beginning in September 2000, it started
The area that has seen some of the worst terror attacks a campaign of suicide bombing attacks against Israeli
in modern history has been Iraq as part of the Iraq War. civilians. The PIJs armed wing, the Al-Quds brigades,
In 2005, there were more than 400 incidents of suicide has claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist attacks
bombing attacks, killing more than 2,000 people.[194] In in Israel, including suicide bombings. The group has been
2006, almost half of all reported terrorist attacks in the designated as a terrorist organization by several Western
world (6,600), and more than half of all terrorist fatali- countries.
ties (13,000), occurred in Iraq, according to the National
Popular Resistance Committees is a coalition of a number
Counterterrorism Center of the United States.[195] Along
of armed Palestinian groups opposed to what they regard
with nationalist groups and criminal, non-political at-
as the conciliatory approach of the Palestinian Authority
tacks, the Iraqi insurgency includes Islamist insurgent
and Fatah towards Israel. The PRC is especially active in
groups, such as Al-Qaeda in Iraq, who favor suicide at-
the Gaza Strip, through its military wing, the Al-Nasser
tacks far more than non-Islamist groups. At least some of
Salah al-Deen Brigades.[205] The PRC is said to have an
the terrorism has a transnational character in that some
extreme Islamic worldview and operates with Hamas and
foreign Islamic jihadists have joined the insurgency.[196]
the Islamic Jihad movement. The PRC has carried out
several attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers in-
6.4.3 Israel and the Palestinian territories cluding hundreds of shooting attacks and other rocket and
bombing attacks.[206]
Main article: IsraeliPalestinian conict Other groups linked with Al-Qaeda operate in the
Gaza Strip including: Army of Islam, Abdullah Azzam
Hamas (zeal in Arabic and an acronym for Harakat al- Brigades, Jund Ansar Allah, Jaljalat and Tawhid al-Jihad
Muqawama al-Islamiyya) grew in power and began at-
tacks on military and civilian targets in Israel at the begin-
ning of the First Intifada in 1987.[197] The 1988 charter 6.4.4 Lebanon
of Hamas calls for the destruction of Israel.[198] Hamass
armed wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, was Hezbollah rst emerged in 1982, as a militia during the
established in mid 1991[199] and claimed responsibility 1982 Lebanon War.[207][208] Its leaders were inspired
for numerous attacks against Israelis, principally suicide by the Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained
bombings and rocket attacks. Hamas has been accused of and organized by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary
sabotaging the Israeli-Palestine peace process by launch- Guards.[209] Hezbollahs 1985 manifesto listed its three
ing attacks on civilians during Israeli elections to anger main goals as putting an end to any colonialist entity
Israeli voters and facilitate the election of harder-line Is- in Lebanon, bringing the Phalangists to justice for the
raeli candidates.[200] Hamas has been designated as a ter- crimes they [had] perpetrated, and the establishment of
rorist group by Canada, the United States, Israel, Aus- an Islamic regime in Lebanon.[210][211] Hezbollah lead-
14 6 EXAMPLES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTS

ers have also made numerous statements calling for the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp in northern Lebanon. It
destruction of Israel, which they refer to as a "Zionist en- was formed in November 2006, by ghters who broke
tity... built on lands wrested from their owners.[210][211] o from the pro-Syrian Fatah al-Intifada, itself a splinter
Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has group of the Palestinian Fatah movement, and is led by a
[237]
grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese Palestinian fugitive militant named Shaker al-Abssi.
government, a radio and a satellite television-station, The groups [238]
members have been described as militant
and programs for social development. [212]
They maintain jihadists, and the group itself has been described
strong support among Lebanons Shi'a population, and as a terrorist movement that draws inspiration from al-
Qaeda.[237][238][239] Its stated goal is to reform the Pales-
gained a surge of support from Lebanons broader pop- [240]
ulation (Sunni, Christian, Druze) immediately following tinian refugee camps under Islamic sharia law, and its
[213] primary targets are the Lebanese authorities, Israel and
the 2006 Lebanon War, and are able to mobilize [237]
demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.[214] Hezbol- the United States.
lah along with some other groups began the 20062008
Lebanese political protests in opposition to the govern- 6.4.5 Saudi Arabia
ment of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.[215] A later dis-
pute over Hezbollah preservation of its telecoms net- Main article: Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
work led to clashes and Hezbollah-led opposition ght-
ers seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods
from Future Movement militiamen loyal to Fouad Sin-
iora. These areas were then handed over to the Lebanese 6.4.6 Yemen
Army.[216]
A national unity government was formed in 2008, in Main article: Terrorism in Yemen
Lebanon, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies con-
trol of 11 of 30 cabinets seats; eectively veto power.[217]
Hezbollah receives its nancial support from the gov-
ernments of Iran and Syria, as well as donations from
6.5 North and East Africa
Lebanese people and foreign Shi'as.[218][219] It has also
6.5.1 Egypt
gained signicantly in military strength in the 2000s.[220]
Despite a June 2008 certication by the United Nations
Main article: Terrorism in Egypt
that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory,[221]
in August, Lebanons new Cabinet unanimously approved
a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollahs exis-
tence as an armed organization and guarantees its right 6.5.2 Algeria
to liberate or recover occupied lands. Since 1992,
the organization has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, The Armed Islamic Group, active in Algeria between
its Secretary-General. The United States, Canada, Is- 1992 and 1998, was one of the most violent Islamic ter-
rael, Bahrain,[222][223][224] France,[225] Gulf Cooperation rorist groups, and is thought to have takred the Mus-
Council,[226] and the Netherlands regard Hezbollah as a lim population of Algeria. Its campaign to overthrow the
terrorist organization, while the United Kingdom, the Eu- Algerian government included civilian massacres, some-
ropean Union[227] and Australia consider only Hezbol- times wiping out entire villages in its area of operation.
lahs military wing or its external security organization It also targeted foreigners living in Algeria, killing more
to be a terrorist organization. Many consider it, or a than 100 expatriates in the country. In recent years it
part of it, to be a terrorist group[228][229] responsible for has been eclipsed by a splinter group, the Salast Group
blowing up the American embassy[230] and later its annex, for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), now called Al-Qaeda
as well as the barracks of American and French peace- Organization in the Islamic Maghreb.[241][242]
keeping troops and a dozens of kidnappings of foreigners
in Beirut.[231][232] It is also accused of being the recipi-
ent of massive aid from Iran,[233] and of serving Iranian 6.5.3 Nigeria
foreign policy calculations and interests,[231] or serving
as a subcontractor of Iranian initiatives[232] Hezbollah Boko Haram is an Islamic extremist group based in north-
denies any involvement or dependence on Iran.[234] In the eastern Nigeria, also active in Chad, Niger and northern
Arab and Muslim worlds, on the other hand, Hezbollah is Cameroon.
regarded as a legitimate and successful resistance move-
ment that drove both Western powers and Israel out of
Lebanon.[235] In 2005, the Lebanese Prime Minister said 6.5.4 Somalia and the Horn of Africa
of Hezbollah, it is not a militia. Its a resistance.[236]
Al-Shabaab is a militant jihadist terrorist group based in
Fatah al-Islam is an Islamist group operating out of the East Africa. In 2012, it pledged allegiance to the militant
6.7 South Asia 15

Islamist organization Al-Qaeda. It is a participant in the In Bangladesh, the group Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen

Somali Civil War, and is reportedly being used by Egypt Bangladesh was formed sometime in 1998, and gained
to destabilize Ethiopia, and attracting converts from pre- prominence in 2001.[250] The organization was ocially
dominantly Christian Kenya. banned in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs, but
struck back in August when 300 bombs were detonated
almost simultaneously throughout Bangladesh, targeting
6.6 North America Shahjalal International Airport, government buildings
and major hotels.[251][252]
6.6.1 Canada
The Ansarullah Bangla Team (ABT), also called
See also: Islamist terrorism in Canada Ansar Bangla is an Islamic extremist organization in
Bangladesh, implicated in crimes including some bru-
tal attacks and murders of atheist bloggers from 2013 to
According to recent government statements Islamic ter- 2015 and a bank heist in April 2015.[253]
rorism is the biggest threat to Canada.[243] The Canadian
Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) reported that terror- Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (Arabic: ,
ist radicalization at home is now the chief preoccupation arkat al-Jihd al-Islmiyah, meaning Islamic Jihad
of Canadas spy agency.[244] The most notorious arrest in Movement, HuJI) is an Islamic fundamentalist organ-
Canadas ght on terrorism, was the 2006 Ontario ter- isation most active in South Asian countries of Pakistan,
rorism plot in which 18 Al-Qaeda-inspired cell members Bangladesh and India since the early 1990s. It was
were arrested for planning a mass bombing, shooting, and banned in Bangladesh in 2005.
hostage taking terror plot throughout Southern Ontario.
There have also been other arrests mostly in Ontario in-
volving terror plots.[245] 6.7.2 India

See also: Terrorism in India and Category:Islamic

6.6.2 United States terrorism in India
Main category: Islamic terrorism in the United States
See also: Terrorism in the United States and Jihadist Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Al Badr & Hizbul
extremism in the United States Mujahideen are militant groups seeking accession of
Kashmir to Pakistan from India.[254] The Lashkar lead-
ership describes Indian and Israel regimes as the main
Between 1993 and 2001, the major attacks or attempts enemies of Islam and Pakistan that is an extremist
against U.S. interests stemmed from militant Islamic thought but is not real.[255] Lashkar-e-Toiba, along with
jihad extremism except for the 1995 Oklahoma City Jaish-e-Mohammed, another militant group active in
bombing.[246] On September 11, 2001, nearly 3,000 peo- Kashmir are on the United States foreign terrorist or-
ple were killed in New York City, Washington, D.C., ganizations list, and are also designated as terrorist
and Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylva- groups by the United Kingdom,[256] India, Australia[257]
nia, during the September 11 attacks organized by 19 and Pakistan.[258] Jaish-e-Mohammed was formed in
al-Qaeda members and largely perpetrated by Saudi na- 1994 and has carried out a series of attacks all over
tionals, sparking the War on Terror. Former CIA Direc- India.[259][260] The group was formed after the support-
tor Michael Hayden considers homegrown terrorism to be ers of Maulana Masood Azhar split from another Islamic
the most dangerous threat and concern faced by Ameri- militant organization, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Jaish-e-
can citizens today.[247] As of July 2011, there have been Mohammed is viewed by some as the deadliest and
52 homegrown jihadist extremist plots or attacks in the the principal terrorist organization in Jammu and Kash-
United States since the September 11 attacks.[248] mir.[261] The group was also implicated in the kidnap-
The worst mass shooting in U.S. history was committed ping and murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl.[261]
by a Muslim against LGBT people. Omar Mateen, in an All these groups coordinate under leadership of Syed
act motivated by the terrorist group Islamic State, shot Salahuddins United Jihad Council.
and murdered 49 people and wounded more than 50 in a Some major bomb blasts and attacks in India were perpe-
gay nightclub, Pulse, in Orlando, Florida.[249] trated by Islamic militants from Pakistan, e.g. the 2008
Mumbai attacks and 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[262]
6.7 South Asia
6.7.1 Bangladesh 6.7.3 Pakistan

See also: Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh Main article: Terrorism in Pakistan
16
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Indonesia
Main article: Terrorism in Indonesia
6.8.2 Thailand
Main article: Terrorism in Thailand
Most of the terrorist incidents in Thailand are related to Main article: Al-Qaeda
the South Thailand insurgency.
6.8.3 The Philippines
See also: Terrorism in the Philippines
The Abu Sayyaf Group, also known as al-Harakat al-
Islamiyya, is one of several militant Islamic-separatist
groups based in and around the southern islands of the
Philippines, in Autonomous Region of Muslim Min-
danao (Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao) where for almost
30 years various Muslim groups have been engaged
in an insurgency for a state, independent of the pre-
dominantly Christian Philippines. The name of the
group is derived from the Arabic , abu (father of)
and sayyaf (Swordsmith).[263] Since its inception in
the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings,
assassinations, kidnappings and extortion in their ght
for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao
and the Sulu Archipelago with the stated goal of creat-
ing a pan-Islamic superstate across southeast Asia, span-
ning from east to west; the island of Mindanao, the Sulu
Archipelago, the island of Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia),
the South China Sea, and the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular
Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar).[264] The U.S. Depart-
ment of State has branded the group a terrorist entity
by adding it to the list of Foreign Terrorist Organiza-
tions.[264]
6.9 East Asia
6.9.1 China
Main article: Terrorism in China
1992 rmqi bombings
1997 rmqi bus bombings
2010 Aksu bombing
2013 Tiananmen Square attack
Kunming station massacre
9 SEE ALSO
6.10 Oceania
6.10.1 Australia
2014 Endeavour Hills stabbings
2014 Sydney hostage crisis
2015 Parramatta shooting
6.11 Transnational
Al-Qaeda's stated aim is the use of jihad to defend and
protect Islam against Zionism, Christianity, Hinduism,
the secular West, and Muslim governments such as Saudi
Arabia, which it sees as insuciently Islamic and too
closely tied to the United States.[265][266][267][268] Formed
by Osama bin Laden and Muhammad Atef in the after-
math of the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the late 1980s,
al-Qaeda called for the use of violence against civilians
and military of the United States and any countries that
are allied with it.[269]
7 U.S. State Department list
Main article: U.S. State Department list of Foreign
Terrorist Organizations
8 Prevalence relative to other forms
of terrorism
Statistics compiled by the United States governments
Counterterrorism Center present a complicated picture:
of known and specied terrorist incidents from the be-
ginning of 2004 through the rst quarter of 2005, slightly
more than half of the fatalities were attributed to Is-
lamic extremists but a majority of over-all incidents
were considered of either unknown/unspecied or a
secular political nature. The vast majority of the un-
known/unspecied terrorism fatalities did however hap-
pen in Islamic regions such as Iraq and Afghanistan, or
in regions where Islam is otherwise involved in conicts
such as the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, southern Thailand
and Kashmir.
9 See also
ArabIsraeli conict
Christian terrorism

Criticism of Islamism
Domestic terrorism
History of terrorism
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
Islam: What the West Needs to Know
Islamic extremism
Islamism
Jewish religious terrorism
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
Palestinian political violence
Religion and peacebuilding
Religion of peace
Religious war
United States and state-sponsored terrorism
Zionist political violence
10 Notes
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17
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unqualied support for Israel; our ability to keep oil prices
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Amir, Taheri (1987). Holy Terror: Inside the World
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Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-307-6.
 25

Dennis, Anthony J. (1996). The Rise of the Islamic

Empire and the Threat to the West. Wyndham Hall
Press, Ohio, USA. ISBN 1-55605-268-5.

Dennis, Anthony J. (2002). Osama Bin Laden: A

Psychological and Political Portrait. Wyndham Hall
Press, Ohio, USA. ISBN 1-55605-341-X.
Durie, Mark (2010). The Third Choice: Islam,
Dhimmitude and Freedom. Deror Books. ISBN
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Esposito, John L. (1995). The Islamic Threat: Myth

or Reality?. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN
978-0-19-510298-7.

Esposito, John L. (2003). Unholy War: Terror in

the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, USA.
ISBN 978-0-19-516886-0.
Falk, Avner (2008). Islamic Terror: Conscious
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Praeger Security International. ISBN 978-0-313-
35764-0.
Fregosi, Paul (1998). Jihad in the West: Mus-
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Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-247-1.

Gabriel, Brigitte. (2006). Because They Hate: A

Survivor of Islamic Terror Warns America. St. Mar-
tins Press. ISBN 0-312-35837-7.
Halliday, Fred (2003). Islam and the Myth of Con-
frontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East.
I.B. Tauris, New York. ISBN 978-1-86064-868-7.

Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2007). Indel. Free Press. ISBN

0-7432-9503-X.

Ibrahim, Raymond (2007). The Al Qaeda Reader.

Broadway, USA. ISBN 978-0-7679-2262-3.

Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.

Kepel, Gilles. The War for Muslim Minds.

Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through

Hadis. Arvind Ghosh. ISBN 0-682-49948-X.

Tahir-ul-Qadri, Muhammad (2011). Fatwa on Ter-

rorism and Suicide Bombings. London: Minhaj-ul-
Quran. ISBN 978-0-9551888-9-3.

Warraq, Ibn (1995). Why I Am Not a Muslim.

Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-984-4.
26 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
Islamic terrorism Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism?oldid=783856460 Contributors: Ed Poor, Fubar Obfusco, Si-
monP, Heron, B4hand, Rickyrab, Stevertigo, Ubiquity, Earth, Liftarn, IZAK, Karada, William M. Connolley, Kingturtle, GCarty, Charles
Matthews, Reddi, Greenrd, WhisperToMe, Wik, Peregrine981, Jake Nelson, Maximus Rex, Omegatron, Dbabbitt, AnonMoos, Pir, Car-
lossuarez46, Modulatum, Mirv, Rursus, Texture, Humus sapiens, Hadal, HaeB, Alan Liefting, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Jabra, Math-
Knight, Karn, Niteowlneils, Beta m, Ferdinand Pienaar, Just Another Dan, Lucky 6.9, Yoshiah ap, Utcursch, Andycjp, Mustafaa, Scottperry,
Cberlet, Timothy Usher, Neutrality, Zeeshanhasan, Jewbacca, Klemen Kocjancic, Karl Dickman, Grunt, Mike Rosoft, D6, Ta bu shi da yu,
Jayjg, RedWordSmith, Arensb, Alexrexpvt, Groucho~enwiki, Discospinster, ElTyrant, Rich Farmbrough, Vague Rant, FT2, C12H22O11,
Marxmax~enwiki, EliasAlucard, LeeHunter, Stereotek, Bender235, Lance6Wins, Brian0918, Aecis, Dgorsline, Zscout370, El C, Kwamik-
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Urthogie, Sasquatch, Abu Ala, DCEdwards1966, BillyTFried, Idleguy, MPerel, Pearle, Irishpunktom, OneGuy, Kuratowskis Ghost, Alan-
sohn, Gary, Anthony Appleyard, Eleland, LtNOWIS, Sherurcij, Polarscribe, Babajobu, Hipocrite, Andrewpmk, JohnAlbertRigali, Axl,
SlimVirgin, Kurieeto, Stack, Cdc, Krappie, Max rspct, Pename, Garzo, BrandonYusufToropov, Grenavitar, Dominic, Zereshk, Night-
stallion, Dan100, Galaxiaad, Phi beta, Tariqabjotu, Yousaf465, ShadowMagus, Jgofborg, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Mel Etitis,
Woohookitty, Jasoncward, Borderer, Camw, John-1107, Morning star, Jamieli, WadeSimMiser, MONGO, -Ril-, Mpatel, Grace Note,
Striver, Macaddct1984, Ambrood, Prashanthns, Farhansher, Stefanomione, ObsidianOrder, Mandarax, Marskell, Cuchullain, BD2412,
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hiltres, Chanting Fox, Isotope23, Fragglet, RexNL, Jeremygbyrne, Atrix20, Alphachimp, Malhonen, Ahkilinc, Noitall, Osli73, Spastika,
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Lexi Marie, Tgeorges, Netscott, Kimdo, Raquel Baranow, Skydot, GPS Pilot, Amithchandhran, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather,
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mad Hamza, Epf, Pilotguy, Etams, Cyberevil, Queeran, SingCal, Nishkid64, Mukadderat, Zymurgy, AAA765, Hlincoln, JzG, John, J.
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ymountains, Steve Dufour, Mdawg728, Sopranosmob781, Headbomb, Luigifan, Robincross224, Marek69, Vertium, John254, SGGH, Ray
harris1989, Second Quantization, RickinBaltimore, Leon7, Tariqhaashmi, Nick Number, Tiamut, Dawnseeker2000, Escarbot, Hmrox,
AntiVandalBot, Prince Godfather, Novel compound, QuiteUnusual, Razdan1974, Carolmooredc, Marokwitz, His excellency, Doc Tropics,
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Dial, Hodja Nasreddin, JohnsAr, Binyounus, Tdadamemd, Nothingofwater, McSly, RenniePet, DarylNickerson, Alexb102072, NewEng-
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dinalDan, Funandtrvl, WWGB, Signalhead, Netmonger, Abc3, Annoynmous, Hammersoft, Mcp779, Je G., Aletucker, BoogaLouie,
Michael1408, Lears Fool, Yamanam, Philip Trueman, Oshwah, Tovojolo, Vipinhari, Dchall1, Bencgibbins, DavidYork71, JayC, Charist,
Logan DeVos, Baabi 99, Bus, Mwilso24, Meters, DrSprite, WJetChao, Falcon8765, Zikrullah, AlleborgoBot, Wisamzaqoot, Jimmi
Hugh, Mohonu, HybridBoy, Glenjenvey, Arjun024, SieBot, Moonriddengirl, Scarian, Euryalus, Bachcell, Hertz1888, Legion , Wiimon-
key9, Dawn Bard, Yintan, Mangostar, AceRoccola, Karonaway, DS NBA, Flyer22 Reborn, Wikibruger, Colfer2, Lightmouse, Sanya3,
WacoJacko, Werldwayd, Svick, Drywontonmee, Blue Laser, The Four Deuces, Sean.hoyland, JohnTopShelf, Angelo De La Paz, Haber-
str, ImageRemovalBot, JBHughes, Radical-Dreamer, Soporaeternus, ClueBot, Cmmmm, RobertLunaIII, PipepBot, Mayzy2k7, Ibn Ko,
The Thing That Should Not Be, EoGuy, Supertouch, Wysprgr2005, Drmies, Razimantv, Mild Bill Hiccup, Dragoon17, Chris Bainbridge,
Boing! said Zebedee, Niceguyedc, LizardJr8, Recent Runes, Trivialist, Cirt, LeoFrank, Bagworm, Jnate19, Goon Noot, Winston365, Sun
Creator, Dmyersturnbull, Nableezy, Peter.C, Yohananw, Redthoreau, Saebjorn, Chrono1084, Al-Andalusi, John Paul Parks, Mhockey,
BlueDevil, Rajeshnaroth, Apparition11, Editor2020, Indopug, Vanished User 1004, DumZiBoT, ApocalypseNow115, Local hero, No-
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human, Garycompugeek, Damooney, Aunt Entropy, Good Olfactory, SJSA, Surtsicna, LizGere, The Squicks, Addbot, ERK, Otterath-
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blue92, Fieldday-sunday, Cst17, LaaknorBot, AI009, Lihaas, Artichoke2020, Blaylockjam10, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Adhirk, Lightbot,
Tundrabuggy, Krano, Luckas Blade, Teles, Jarble, LuK3, Wikifan12345, Luckas-bot, Mjvballer2498, Yobot, WikiDan61, Fraggle81, Put-
tyschool, You said it Dad, Newimpartial, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, DemocraticLuntz, Richardbrucebaxter, Jim1138, Cptnono, Piano non
13.2 Images 27

troppo, Xufanc, Chuckiesdad, Bluerasberry, UltimateDarkloid, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Citation bot, 206209nyc, Mk762007,
LilHelpa, Tatarian, Parthian Scribe, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Engineering Guy, Capricorn42, , ChildofMidnight, Date delinker, Ched,
Admit-the-truth, Quintus314, Srich32977, Jolly Janner, JanDeFietser, Peacefulworld9, Sdmarathe, Omnipaedista, GorgeCustersSabre,
SassoBot, Indiandrama, Amaury, Pereant antiburchius, Cyfraw, 1detour, Sage Veritas, Prezbo, D.j.schuster, Jerrysmp, Thehelpfulbot, Plot
Spoiler, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Kikadell, Mummy34, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Kat73, Telementor, Zz8w, Recognizance, Theterrorjournal,
Wadq, Grilius, Peterakiss, Clearcrash1, Iqinn, AndresHerutJaim, Zeegod, HamburgerRadio, Citation bot 1, PigFlu Oink, Wikinpg, OreL.D,
SuperJew, VOBO, Redrose64, DrilBot, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Eyrryds, Engr.btch, Notedgrant, Hamtechperson, A8UDI, Mustafa
khayam, Pikiwyn, Serols, Mirza.Klovo, Jim Fitzgerald, Sarmadhassan, PrJ 27, Cnwilliams, Cathar11, Runbrun, Freeling10, Narwhal2,
Knight Prince - Sage Veritas, JokerXtreme, Mercy11, Theprop, UBE*2009, Lotje, GregKaye, Rcsabat, Truth Is Rising, Sathu108, Scor-
piondevil, Ubique1972, Cowlibob, Diannaa, Fastilysock (usurped), Indjones17, Hari7478, IRISZOOM, Kilnuri, MuhammadShujauddin,
Mean as custard, Grondeif8, Breein1007, Quinneen, RjwilmsiBot, Ahivarn, MShabazz, Misconceptions2, Peaceworld111, Induswarrior,
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GoingBatty, RA0808, RenamedUser01302013, Winner 42, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, Somerwind, Bgreh73495, Dmalveaux, Nozdref,
ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, F, Bollyje, Car786, Ymm3p, Gimbo Vales, Vimbo Gales, Midas02, Medeis, Bamyers99, Anaselshamy,
H3llBot, N McCall, UrbanNerd, Unreal7, Akilash, Wayne Slam, Userpd, Sswelm, Ans1944ad, Arman Cagle, TyA, Julierbutler, , Brand-
meister, Muuneeb, L Kensington, Walidoz, Mayur, Donner60, Tygerpencil, Jbjohnbailee, Michaelandsandy, Tijfo098, Lovok Sovok,
U3964057, Joshinda26, Neil P. Quinn, Zoupan, ZerothDimension, Marshmir, TheTimesAreAChanging, Vargasllosachange, Saiyad ali,
ClueBot NG, Xpjohn, Paul678910, Benshlomo, Copper button, Adamrce, Jparrott1908, Catlemur, Gilderien, Piast93, Fauzan, Amarru-
Alesh610, Vacation9, Yster76, Reedman72, Antlersantlers, Biosketch, Deeporaj, Zz pot, LoSici, Freespeech2008, Ryan Vesey, Sephalon1,
Pudge MclameO, North Atlanticist Usonian, Braganca4646, ACRCali, Painhs, Helpful Pixie Bot, Anon12356, Thisthat2011, Ugurcanece,
Iste Praetor, Koshurkott, KLBot2, DBigXray, BG19bot, VonBismarck, Ymblanter, The Last Angry Man, WikiAC123, Hz.tiang, George
Ponderevo, Northamerica1000, Trumpkinius, Allahspeaceuponyou, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, Mark Arsten, Reyaz aiman, Silvrous, Ridingdog,
IndieScholar1, Turbotits, Smeat75, Cbales212, Fuckminibabybells1, CitationCleanerBot, Joshua Jonathan, The Almightey Drill, Bax-
ter4173, Wikieer, Glacialfox, Iryna Harpy, 220 of Borg, Anabeel12, Rj3865, Klilidiplomus, Nsaifjasonss, Mun Wizard, Jason from
nyc, Twafotfs, BattyBot, Tutelary, David.moreno72, Slados1, Cyberbot II, GoShow, 012clinton, Ducknish, Archiespatel1998, Ronyron,
Wahj-asSaif, Dexbot, Iborche, Taysaur, Zeeyanwiki, FoCuSandLeArN, Mogism, XXzoonamiXX, Malayala Sahityam, Sport and politics,
Chronoglider, Frosty, Dgdx34t6hf, SHonour, 93, Ziadlebanon, Sour Apple Films, KingQueenPrince, Ansdub, Wywin, Ankururdu, Rupert
loup, Razibot, Samee, Dschslava, Pincrete, Animus93, Quran1, Sepsis II, Faizan, Ueutyi, Epicgenius, Jajaman11, Marxistfounder, Vana-
monde93, Just searching77, Melonkelon, Hard worker 2100, Jakec, Evano1van, Zena Sal, Akrem2002, Backendgaming, Tresmegistus,
DavidLeighEllis, Comp.arch, GregRos, Oxr033, Shiningroad, Mehran kham, Vycl1994, Saraamir, Ginsuloft, Michael Zeev, JWNoctis,
Oranjelo100, Fraser451, Tshuva, Manul, SILtmediaup, Noyster, AliKhanpk2020, GreyWinterOwl, AK47uu, Meganesia, Ithinkicahn,
Racer Omega, Crow, Mohamed Gmail11, Hemant Dabral, Winged Blades of Godric, Chris T Hitchins, Jwak1985, Iluvumerijaan, Broter,
Lightsmiles, Hjnchess, Rim sim, CatcherStorm, Helwingia, Monkbot, Sure-guy57, Subhirocks1, Remsense, Bolter21, Filedelinkerbot,
Quadirsaab, Itamarkalimi, Fyddlestix, User2534, BethNaught, Why should I have a User Name?, Owais Khursheed, Tiptoethruthemine-
eld, ShulMaven, ArmandoBecker, Ravi044, Pearl321, 3primetime3, DissidentAggressor, HMSLavender, StevieJo1970, DonTheWhale,
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Saadkhan12345, XavierItzm, Serevix, Akshitkumarbarnwal31102003, Hee Hee Hee Hee What, Profearoum, 264morten, Wyvernjax, Nyk-
terinos, Fi2003, Itscalledjustice, Glimester, BrianDMI, Walkamo24, K scheik, Congress15, GeneralizationsAreBad, Popstar100, Gjgcjk,
LoLaLuVsThis, Nkkenbuer, Muaazabdulqayyum, Rhermanrherman, MusikBot, Ungereimt, SRich, Srednuas Lenoroc, Jetfuelmeltssteel-
beams, Ethan Kaknes, Uaearthub, Leebo13, Zap guy, Flabbyman1, Hamzabb, Arjungautam24, ScholarM, Midleading, Tamuel, Counter-
Time, Sanket Edits Wiki, Daphne Lantier, ZorbaDGeek, Cringee, Eperoton, Erfanlaw, DatGuy, 5secondsofsummerfan12, Parsley Man,
Cbg1221, Ali jone the awsome, InternetArchiveBot, CBSNewsReporter2, Rameez561, Bislama123456, PutItOnAMap, Oghd, Ameri-
caLies, RutherfordCairnes35, Kaleem ullah FASIHI, Narimane sakhri, GreenC bot, Epson Salts, 41tomp, Fuckin Jihads, Aziz Tarak.,
Namarhana, Abukalli, Riyadh hoque, Tee saglam, Cr1258, Kamel Tebaast, The Diaz, Fahad azzi, Fathah Kodag, Wasim Jafor, Bender the
Bot, Frostiga ingor, Angelsi 1989, Saeed7252, Justeditingtoday, Davy Vanovelen, Fahad 9988, Tompop888, Why am 1 h3r3, Nathinestr,
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Anonymous: 1111

13.2 Images
File:Allah-green.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Allah-green.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Converted to SVG from Image:Islam.png, originally from en:Image:Ift32.gif, uploaded to the English Wikipedia by Mr100percent on
4 February 2003. Originally described as Copied from Public Domain artwork. Original artist: ?
File:Beslan_school_no_1_victim_photos.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Beslan_school_no_1_
victim_photos.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Beslan School Number 1 Original artist: aaron bird
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main Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
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File:Global_Terrorism_Index_2015_depicts_death_from_terror_attacks_2000-2014,_p._14.png Source: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Global_Terrorism_Index_2015_depicts_death_from_terror_attacks_2000-2014%2C_p._14.
png License: Public domain Contributors: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf
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3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Angelo De La Paz
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tributors: ? Original artist: ?
28 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
https://web.archive.org/web/20021019052836/http://www.nps.gov/remembrance/statue/index.html Original artist: National Park
Service
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tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
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Original artist: ?
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utors: Own work Original artist: Ibrahim ebi
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Department
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CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Wiki_letter_w.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wiki letter w.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_
letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/
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