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FORM TP 2012176 MAY/JUNE 2012
CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UNIT 1 -Paper 01
90 minutes

f 07 MAY 2012 (a.m.))

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1 . This test consists of 45 items. You will have 90 minutes to answer them.
2. In addition to this test booklet, you should have an answer sheet.

3 . Do not be concerned that the answer sheet provides spaces for more answers than there are items
in this test.

4. Each item in this test has four suggested answers lettered (A), (B), (C), (D). Read each item
you are about to answer and decide which choice is best.

5. On your answer sheet, find the number which corresponds to your item and shade the space
having the same letter as the answer you have chosen. Look at the sample item below.

Sample Item

The interaction of plants and animals with components

such as air and water defines
Sample Answer

(A) a biome (A
(B) a biosphere
(C) an ecosystem
(D) an ecological niche

The best answer to this item is "an ecosystem", so answer space (C) has been shaded.

6. If you want to change your answer, erase it completely before you fill in your new choice.
7. When you are told to begin, turn the page and work as quickly and as carefully as you can. If
you cannot answer an item, go on to the next one. You may return to this item later. Your score
will be the total number of correct answers.

8. You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer items.

_ DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. _

Copyright 2010 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.
 The community formed by lichens and mosses which initially inhabits an exposed rock surface is
described as

(A) pioneer
(B) climax
(C) secondary
(D) ecological

Item 2 refers to the following diagram which represents a simple model of the nitrogen cycle.

Gaseous N, in air

Nitrogenous wastes
remain in soil

NH 3 , NH/ soil

The process occurring at I is

(A) nitrification
(B) denitrification
(C) nitrogen uptake
(D) nitrogen-fixation

Competition is important in an ecosystem Item 5 refers to the following pyramid of

because it energy diagram.

(A) decreases population size 111

(B) provides food in the ecosystem
(C) does not maintain the carrying 11
capacity of the ecosystem
(D) promotes natural selection in the
population

Egrets feeding on the ectoparasites of cattle 5. The organisms found at Level 11 can BEST
represent a symbiotic relationship called be described as

(A) parasitism (A) producers

(B) mutualism (B) secondary consumers
(C) competition (C) primary consumers
(D)
v / commensalism (D) tertiary consumers

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The life existing in all of Earth's water, land Item 9 refers to the following pyramid
and atmosphere is known as diagram.

(A) biome According to Lindermann's ten per cent

(B) biosphere law, about ten per cent of total energy is
(C) community transmitted during energy flow through
(D) population trophic levels, indicating a gradual decrease
in the amount of energy.

Which of the following are examples of ways

in which adaptation in species occurs?

I. Plants that grow thorns t

II. Hibernation of the bear
III. Protective colouration
IV. Exotic plumage Decreasing
rate of
(A) II and IV only energy flow
(B) I, III and IV only
(C) II, III and IV only
(D) I, II, III and IV

Which of the following factors promote

ecosystem stability? 9. The energy of Level II is 1000 kcal. What
would be the energy of Level III?
I. Fluctuating rainfall patterns
II. Interspecific competition (A) 10 kcal
III. High levels of species diversity (B) 100 kcal
IV. High levels of human activity (C) 1 000 kcal
(D) 10 000 kcal
(A) 1 and II only
(B) II and III only
(C) III and IV only 10. Which of the following BEST illustrates the
(D) II, III and IV only process of evolution?

(A) A p o p u l a t i o n of mosquitoes
develops resistance to a pesticide.
(B) A plant loses its leaves in a drought.
(C) A population of frogs increases as
more prey becomes available.
(D) A lizard's colour becomes brown
as it sits on a log.

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Itein I I refers to the following graph which Item 12 refers to the following graph which
shows how an ecosystem changes over time. shows a typical growth curve for a population
of bacteria in a nutrient medium.

Time (months)

11. The rate of population growth is HIGHEST

during the period

0-P 5 6 7 8
(A)
Time (days)
(B) P-Q
(C) Q-R
(D) R-S 12. The MAXIMUM number of bacterial
colonies at the end of the period when
conditions are ideal is

(A) 5.5 x 103

(B) 7.0 x l O 3
(C) 7.5 x 103
(D) 8.0 x 103

Item 13 refers to the following results, which were obtained by students investigating the density and
distribution of three species of plants, A, B and C, in a grassy field using a 1m2 quadrat.

Quadrat Throw
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 9 0 1 3 4 2 1 0 1 5
B 6 5 0 0 0 0 7 9 1 0
C 4 4 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 4

13. The mean density, in plants/in2, of Species A in the field is

(A) 2.60
(B) 3.00
(C) 3.25
(D) 3.30

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02120010/CAPE2012
14. A student sampled the number of organisms 16. Which of the following are factors that affect
in a garden. The results are shown below. population growth rate?

Garden Community I. Culture

Species Abundance II. Level of affluence
1 25 III. Social and economic status of
2 10 women
IV. Availability of pension schemes
3 40
4 15 (A) I, II and IV only
What is the species diversity of the garden? (B) I, III and IV only
(C) II, III and IV only
1.61 (D) 1, II, III and IV
(A)
(B) 1.62
(C) 3.24
(D) 3.26 17. The meaning of 'per capita freshwater
consumption' is the average amount of
freshwater consumed by
Item 15 refers to the following graph which
shows the growth rate of bacteria at different (A) the population
temperatures. (B) the population annually
(C) each member of the population
(D) each member of the population
annually

18. The TOTAL annual production of goods and

services within an economy is referred to as
the

(A) annual productivity index (ANP)

(B) per capita product (PCP)
(C) gross national product (GNP)
40 (D) gross production index (GP1)
Temperature (C)

15. Which of the following conclusions is

Item 19 refers to the following diagram which
correct'?
represents a human population.
I. The least growth is in area Y.
Births (B) TOTAL Deaths (D)
II. 16 C to 32 C identifies the Immigration (I) POPULATION Emigration (E)
optimal range
III. 16 C to 40 C identifies the limit
of tolerance 19. The equation which represents an unchanged
IV. Areas X and Z identify the zone of population over a period of time is
intolerance
(A) B+D=I+E
(A) I and II only
(B) B+E=D+I
(B) II and III only
. (C) B=D+E+I
(C) II and IV only
(D) B+ I= D+ E
(D) III and IV only

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 -6-

20. Urbanization is the process which results in 21. Which of the following is NOT a direct
an increase in population control measure?

(A) the number of cities in a country (A) Migration laws

(B) the number of people living in cities (B) Natural disasters
in a country (C) Family planning
(C) migration from rural areas in a (D) Govemment policies
country
(D) industrialization in urban areas in
a country

Items 22-23 refer to the following population pyramid.

Males 1 | Females 65-69

1 60-64
| 55-59
_j 50-54
45-49
1 40-44
35-39
| | 30-34
1 | 25-29
| 20-24
15-19
1 I 10-14
1 1 5-9
|0-4
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Percentage

22. Which of the following conclusions are true for the population pyramid?

I. Birth rate is very high.

II. Death rate is very low.
III. Death rate is very high.
IV. There is low life expectancy.

(A) I and II only

(B) I, II and III only
(C) I, II and IV only
(D) 1, III and IV only

23. Which of the following should be done by a government whose country has a similar population
pyramid?

(A) Spend less on housing.

(B) Increase pension benefits.
(C) Build more retirement homes.
(D) Build more primary and secondary schools.

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24. Which of the following types of charts is 26. If the animal growth rate of Country X is 2%,
NOT ideal for displaying the age structure then the doubling time, in years, for Country
of a population? Xis

(A) Column (A) 35

(B) Pyramid (B) 70
(C) Line graph (C) 105
(D) Inverted pyramid (D) 140

25. Using the following data calculate the 27. Which of the following situations is adhering
percentage growth in population in Country to the concept of sustainable development?
X for the period 2008-2009.
I. Fishing the mature fish instead of
Population Country X the young fish.
11. Using wind power instead of
2008-5,366,219 burning coal for electricity.
2009-6,274,231 111. Monoculture to attain the highest
yield per acre.
(A) 14% IV. The p r o h i b i t i o n of t r a d i n g
(B) 15% endangered species
(C) 16%
(D) 17% (A) I, II and HI only
(B) I, II and IV only
(C) I, III and IV only
(D) I, II, III and IV

Item 28 refers to the following graph, which shows different stages related to the birth and death rates
for a typical human population over time.

% Stage I Stage II Stag

~ ft Birth rate
Iff
u 0
\ \- \ t \ g. - ^

JS ^ \ III Stage \0
IV -

Time^-

28. The rate of population growth starts to slow down at

(A) the end of Stage I

(B) the middle of Stage II
(C) the beginning of Stage 111
(D) the end of Stage IV

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02120010/CAPE2012
 hems 29-30 refer to the following graph which shows the projected world population total up to 2100.

10

T"":"""T"T"
e !"4~t
t tt --
*+-> U444-
-s 5
3
a.
o
a.
44.4 tthi:

I"1I Developed countries

1950 2000 2050 2100

Time (years)

29. In 2025, the population in developing 30. The projected increase in the population of
countries is projected to surpass that of developed countries, in billions, between the
the developed countries by a factor of years 2000 and 2075 is
approximately
(A) 0.4
(A) 1.8 (B) 1.6
(B) 3.6 (C) 2.4
(C) 6.4 (D) 3.6
(D) 8.0

31. Toxic pesticides can re-enter the food chain 32. Which of the following terms refers to the
via intensive search for compounds of medicinal
value in organisms that were not previously
(A) erosion used for such purposes?
(B) transpiration
(C) groundwater contamination (A) Biopiracy
(D) sedimentation of water bodies (B) Bioproduction
(C) Bioprospecting
(D) Biopersistence

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33. An example of consumptive use of forest is 37. Human populations historically have settled
in floodplains because
(A) logging
(B) ecotourism I. the soil in floodplains is usually
(C) agroforestry fertile
(D) bioprospecting II. the terrain in floodplains tends to
be flat
III. floodplains are close to rivers for
34. What agricultural practice of the indigenous transportation
people of the Caribbean preserves nutrients?
(A) I only
(A) Monoculture (B) I and III only
(B) Intercropping (C) II and III only
(C) Crop rotation (D) I, II and 111
(D) Slash and burn activities

38. Which of the following is MOST likely to

35. A National Environmental Policy Act would occur in a forested region that recently has
MOST likely require all agencies responsible been cleared by cutting?
for a major project that could significantly
affect the quality of the environment to (A) The concentration of nutrients
submit in streams running through the
region will increase.
(A) a cost-benefit analysis (B) The average depth of topsoil will
(B) an environmental impact statement increase.
(C) a geographic information system (C) The water temperature in streams
report running through the region will
(D) a mitigated negative declaration decrease.
(D) The volume of run-off after rains
will decrease.
36 Which international environmental agreement
deals specifically with wetlands?

(A) Kyoto Protocol

(B) Ramsar Convention
(C) Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD)
(D) Specifically Protected Areas and
Wildlife (SPAW)

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ttem 39 refers to the following table which shows a management function for each of four categories
of protected areas.

Category of Protected Area Management Function

1 Strict nature reserve
II National park
III Managed resource protected
area
IV Natural monument
Only for science
For ecosystem protection and recreation
Mainly for conservation through management
intervention
Mainly for conservation of specific natural
features

39. The category of protected area that is INCORRECTLY matched to the given management function is

(A) I
(B) II
(C) 111
(D) IV

Item 40 refers to the following pie chart which shows the estimated world arable land loss together
with the causes, for the period 1985-2000.

Estimated world arable land loss between 1985 and 2000

Desertification (25 million ha)

Road building,
urban development, Salinisation (60 million ha)
industry
(150 million ha)

Erosion (50 million ha)

40. Based on the information shown on the pie chart above, the loss of arable land would be MOST
effectively slowed by

(A) reducing urban development

(B) using more extensive irrigation systems
(C) increasing the efficiency of erosion control
(D) increasing the efficiency of desalination processes

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 -11 -
41. Measures used in the conservation of natural resources include

I. sustainable yield management

II. use of appropriate technology
III. reduction and minimization of wastes
IV. physical conversion of vegetation and land

(A) I and III only

(B) II and IV only
(C) III and IV only
(D) I, II and III only

42. Two MAJOR natural resources found in Guyana are

(A) tar and forest

(B) bauxite and forest
(C) oil and natural gas
(D) bauxite and beaches

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Itenis 43-45 refer to the following graph which shows the production of marine fish in a Caribbean
country over the period 1950 to 2000.

10000

9000

3
a.
o
5000

| 3000

1000

0^
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year

43. The MOST significant change in fish 45. Which of the following statements is
production occurred over the period CORRECT about marine fish production?

1950-1960 (A) The annual marine fish production

(A)
1970-1980 for the period 1950 to 2000 was at
(B)
1980-1990 its maximum in 1964.
(C)
1990-2000 (B) The annual marine fish production
(D)
in 1990 was 50% of the maximum
production.
44. The first decline in fish production was (C) In 2000, the annual marine fish
observed over the period production was 500 tonnes below
the annual production in 1950.
(A) 1960-1970 (D) For the period 1980 to 2000, the
(B) 1960-1980 marine fish production declined
(C) 1964-1970 at an average rate of 200 tonnes
(D) 1964-1976 annually.

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

02120010/CAPE 2012