5/24/2017

Modulprfung
(Wed 31st May)
One round: Einlass ca. 11.40; end
ca. 13.45
Language Analysis AudiMax

Lecture 12 Grammar & text Sign up by Wed 24th May (23.59), i.e.
tonight
Sign out before Monday 29th May
(23.59)

TEXT LEVEL Sentence Connectivity

We arrived at the shop just as the butcher was clearing
away. As a result the big dogs enjoyed their unexpected What is a text?
bones, and the little puppies liked the scraps

SENTENCE LEVEL Sentence

the big dogs enjoyed their unexpected bones, and the
little puppies liked the scraps

CLAUSE LEVEL Clause

the big dogs enjoyed their unexpected bones

PHRASE LEVEL Phrase

their unexpected bones

WORD LEVEL Word

un-expect-ed

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What is a text? (1-2) Cohesion

(1) A: Are you ready? Information packaging
B: In a minute. Pronoun reference
Substitution
(2) A: Well, where are you? Ellipsis
B: Coming. Logical connectors
Lexical cohesion

Cohesion information Cohesion information

packaging (3)
Weathering & erosion of rock exposed to
the atmosphere constantly remove
particles from the rock.
These rock particles are called sediment.
As sediments accumulate, the upper layers
press down on the lower ones.
a) They call these rock particles sediment.
b) Sediment is what these rock particles are called.
packaging (4)
We must, therefore, be self-consciously
careful about how we handle this problem.
It is certainly crucial for any satisfactory
solution to propose such self-control.
This has been amply illustrated by various
research experiments such as the one by
Ausubel (1976).
To propose such self-control is certainly crucial for
any satisfactory solution.

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Cohesion information
packaging (5)
A: What did you do with my
book?
B: I gave the book to John.
I gave John the book.
Thematic progression (7)
(7) Absolute poverty is generally
restricted to the Third World
where basic life essentials are
lacking. These life essentials
are food, fuel and shelter.
TOPIC FOCUS
TOPIC FOCUS
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Cohesion information
packaging (6)
He developed a furious hatred
against extreme right-wing parties.
What repelled him most was their
hostile attitude towards foreigners.
Their hostile attitude towards foreigners
repelled him most.
Thematic Progression (7)
Two types of poverty can be seen in
the world today, absolute and relative.
Absolute poverty is generally
restricted to The existence of
relative poverty is determined by
TOPIC FOCUS 1
2
TOPIC 1 FOCUS
TOPIC 2 FOCUS
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Thematic progression (7)
(7) In the earliest times, people
carved or painted on rocks.
Later on, people wrote on pieces
of leather.
TOPIC FOCUS
TOPIC FOCUS
Pronoun reference (8-9)
(8) Look at the sun.
Its going down
quickly.
(9) Its  going down quickly, the sun.
co-reference, co-text
anaphoric ref. / antecedent
cataphoric ref.
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Cohesive devices
Reference: pronouns +
possessives (detve) (10)
A herdsman one day followed his cows across a
hillside, and under a great stone, and so into a
cave. There he was met by a lady. She gave him
food, and led him into a strange, gentle
countryside, where she offered him work as a
gardener. He found the place so enchanting that
he accepted the offer; and for a time he forgot his
home, his family, and the life he had left outside.
The air of that place was always balmy, its food
delicious, its wine like nectar, and its people of
unearthly beauty, since these were fairies.
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Substitution: pro-forms
(11-14)
(11)I offered him a seat. He said he
didnt want one. = NP
(12) Did Mary take that letter? She
might have done. = EVP
(13) Do you need a lift? If so, wait
for me. = clause
(14) She chose the roast duck; I
chose the same. = NP
Ellipsis (16)
(16) John cant speak Spanish but Mary
can (speak Spanish).
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Ellipsis (15)
(15) A: Would you like to come to Paris
with me?
B: Id love to (go to Paris with
you).
Ellipsis (17)
Most students start each term with an
award cheque. But by the time
accommodation and food are paid for,
(by the time) books are bought, (by the
time) trips are taken home and (by the
time) a bit of social life is lived, it
usually looks pretty emaciated.
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Logical connectors (18) Lexical cohesion (19)

(18) a. and, besides, furthermore, in (19) a. pineapple pineapple
addition = Additive = Repetition
b. but, however, nevertheless, b. pineapple the luscious fruit
despite = Adversative = (Near) synonym
c. for, consequently, as a result c. day night = Antonym
= Causal
d. while, previously, after that,
subsequently = Temporal

Lexical cohesion (20) Is cohesion enough? (21)

Wash and core the apples, taking care to remove all pips.
Slice finely. A week has seven days. Every day
Put them into a fireproof dish with the water, and a I feed my cat. Cats have four legs.
tablespoon of the sugar.
Ensuring that the lid is tightly sealed, put the dish into a The cat is on the mat. Mat has
preheated oven, Gas Regulo 6. three letters.
Reduce temperature to 3 after 10 minutes.
Allow the fruit to steam in its own juice for a further 15 mins.
Spoon out the cooked apples and arrange them attractively in
rounds on a serving plate.
Mix juice with the brandy, mulled wine, and rest of the sugar.
Pour over the top, and serve with double cream.

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Coherence (22) Coherence (23)

(22) A: Thats the telephone. (23) A:Shall we stop for a while?
B: Im in the bath. B:If you want.
A: OK. A:The Cows quite good, isnt it?
B:If you say so.
A:We met your friend Jane last
time, didnt we?
B: My mother will be worried.