Nursing

As by the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN, 1973) as

written by Virginia Henderson: The unique function of the nurse is to
assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health. Its recovery, or to a peaceful death
that the client would perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge.
Help the client gain independence as rapidly as possible.
Conceptual and Theoretical Models of Nursing Practice

Theorist Description
Developed the first theory of nursing.
Focused on changing and manipulating
FLORENCE the environment in order to put the patient in the best
NIGHTINGALE possible conditions for nature to act.
Introduced the Interpersonal Model.
She defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal
process which strives to develop a nurse-patient
HILDEGARD relationship in which the nurse serves as a resource
PEPLAU person, counselor and surrogate.
Defined nursing as having a problem-solving
FAYE approach, with key nursing problems related to health
ABDELLAH needs of people; developed list 21 nursing problem areas
Developed the three elements client behavior,
nurse reaction and nurse action compose the nursing
situation. She observed that the nurse provide direct
IDA JEAN assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to
ORLANDO avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.
Described the Four Conservation Principles.
1. conservation of energy
2. conservation of structured integrity
3. conservation of personal integrity
MYRA LEVINE 4. conservation of social integrity
 Developed the Behavioral System Model.
1. Patients behavior as a system that is a whole
with interacting parts
2. how the client adapts to illness
DOROTHY 3. Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client
JOHNSON can move more easily through recovery.
Conceptualized the Science of Unitary Human
Beings. She asserted that human beings are more than
different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive
MARTHA properties of the whole are significantly different from
ROGERS those of its parts.
Emphasizes the clients self care needs; nursing care
DOROTHEA becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill
OREM biological, psychological, developmental or social needs.
IMOGENE Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal
KING process between nurse, client and health care system.
Stress reduction is a goal of system model of
BETTY nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary,
NEUMAN secondary or tertiary level of prevention
Presented the Adaptation Model. She viewed each
person as a unified bio-psychosocial system in constant
interaction with a changing environment. The goal of
nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in
SISTER physiological needs, self-concept, role function and
CALLISTA ROY interdependent relations during health and illness.
Introduced the notion that nursing centers around
three components: person (core), pathologic state and
LYDIA HALL treatment (cure) and body(care).
Conceptualized the Human Caring Model. She
emphasized that nursing is the application of the art and
human science through transpersonal caring transactions
to help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which
generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and self-
JEAN WATSON healing.
 Introduced the Theory of Human Becoming. She
emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating to
value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in
ROSEMARIE exchange with the environment and contranscending in
RIZZO PARSE many dimensions as possibilities unfold.
Developed the Transcultural Nursing Model. She
advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific
mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring
MADELEINE processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to
LENINGER improve or maintain a health condition