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*38. The strut is supported by a pin at C and an A-36

AB. If the
steel guy wire AB. the wire
wire has
has aa diameter
diameter of
of 0.2
5 mm,
in.,
determine how much it stretches when the distributed load A
acts on the strut.

60
60
200 lb/ft
3.4 kN/m

B
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire AB. C
9 ftm
2.7
11
a + MC = 0; FAB
AB cos 60(9) - (3.4)(2.7)(0.9)
cos 60(2.7) (200)(9)(3) = 0= 0 F AB ==3.06
FAB 600kN
lb
22
The normal stress the wire is

FAB 600 3)
3.06(10
sAB = = p p 22 ==19.10(103
) psi = 19.10 ksi
155.84 MPa
AAB 4 (0.2
4 (5 )
)

Since sAB 6 sy = 36
250ksi
MPa, Hookes
, Hookes Lawcan
Law canbe
beapplied
applied to determine
determine the
thestrain
strain
in wire.

sAB = EPAB; = 29.0(10

155.84 =
19.10 200(1033)e
)PAB
AB

PeAB = 0.7792(103
- 3) mm/mm
AB = 0.6586(10 ) in>in

9(12)3)
2.7(10
The unstretched length of the wire is LAB = == 124.71 inThus,
3117.69. . Thus,
thethe wire
wire
sin
sin 60
60
stretches

-3
dAB = PAB LAB = 0.6586(10
0.7792(103 )(3117.69)
)(124.71)

= 0.0821
2.429 mm
in. Ans.

1
(3.4)(2.7) kN
2

0.9 m 1.8 m

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39. The s-P diagram for elastic fibers that make up s (MPa)
human skin and muscle is shown. Determine the modulus of
elasticity of the fibers and estimate their modulus of 0.385
toughness and modulus of resilience.

0.077
P (mm/mm)
1 2 2.25

s (MPa)

0.385
0.077
E = = 0.0385 MPa Ans.
2
1 1 0.077
ut = (2)(0.077) + (0.385 + 0.77)(2.25 - 2) = 0.13475 MPa Ans.
2 2 P (mm/mm)
1 2 2.25
1
ur = (0.077)(11) = 0.077 MPa Ans.
2

Ans:
E = 0.0385 MPa ut = 0.13475 MPa, ur = 0.077 M P a

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*312. The stressstrain diagram for a steel alloy having an

original diameter
diameter ofof 12
0.5mm
in. and
and aagauge
gaugelength
lengthofof502mm
in.
is given in the figure. Determine approximately the modulus
of resilience and the modulus of toughness for the material.

The Modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the stressstrain diagram up to
the proportional limit.

sPL == 290 MPaPPL

60 ksi ePL= =0.002
0.001in>in.
mm/mm

Thus,

1 1 in # lb
(ui)r = C 60(103) D (0.002)
sPLPPL = [(290)](0.001) = 60.0
= 0.145 MPa 3 Ans.
2 2 in

The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the entire stressstrain
diagram. This area can be approximated by counting the number of squares. The
total number is 33.
38. Thus.
Thus,

lb in mm in # lb
C (ui)t D approx[(u
= i)38 c 15(10
t]approx
3
) 2 d MPa]a0.04
= 33[100 b = 132
a 0.05 b = 28.5(103
) MPa3 Ans.
in in mm in

s (ksi) (MPa)

105 500
90 A
400
75
60 300
PL = 290
45
200
30
E
15 100
1
B
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.050 00.100.05/ 0.30 0.350.30/ 0.35/ (mm/m)
0.20 0.250.20/
0.150.08/
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.0040.15/
0.005 0.0060.25/
0.007
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
(a)

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*316. The wire has a diameter of 5 mm and is made from

A-36 steel. If a 80-kg man is sitting on seat C, determine the E
W
elongation of wire DE.
600 mm

D
A B C

800 mm 600 mm

Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in wire DE can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the free-
body diagram shown in Fig. a,

FDE a b(0.8) - 80(9.81)(1.4) = 0

3
a + MA = 0;
5
FDE = 2289 N

Normal Stress and Strain:

FDE 2289
sDE = = = 116.58 MPa
ADE p
(0.0052)
4

Since sDE < sY , Hookes Law can be applied

sDE = EPDE

116.58(106) = 200(109)PDE

PDE = 0.5829(10-3) mm>mm

The unstretched length of wire DE is LDE = 26002 + 8002 = 1000 mm. Thus, the
elongation of this wire is given by

dDE = PDELDE = 0.5829(10-3)(1000) = 0.583 mm Ans.

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318. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy (MPa)

specimen having a diameter 12 mm and gauge length of 50 mm.
The resulting stressstrain diagram is shown in the figure. If 280
the specimen is stressed to 210 MPa and unloaded, determine
245
the permanent elongation of the specimen.
210
175
140
105
70
35

0 (mm/mm)
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

Permanent Elongation: From the stressstrain diagram, the strain recovered is

along the straight line BC which is parallel to the straight line OA. Since
91 - 0
Eapprox = = 45.5(103) M Pa, then the permanent set for the specimen is
0.002 - 0
210(103)
PP = 0.0078 - = 0.00318 mm> mm.
45.5(106)

Thus,

dP = PPL = 0.00318(50) = 0.159 mm. Ans.

Ans:
dP = 0.159 mm.

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319. The stressstrain diagram for a bone is shown, and P

can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the yield s
strength assuming a 0.3% offset.

P 0.45(106)s + 0.36(1012)s3

P P

P = 0.45(10-6)s + 0.36(10-12)s3,

dP = A 0.45(10-6) + 1.08(10-12) s2 B ds
ds 1
E = 2 = = 2.22(106) kPa = 2.22 GPa
dP 0.45(10 - 6)
s=0

The equation for the recovery line is s = 2.22(106)(P - 0.003).

This line intersects the stressstrain curve at sYS = 2027 kPa = 2.03 MPa Ans.

Ans:
sYS = 2.03 MPa

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322. The two bars are made of polystyrene, which has the P
stressstrain diagram shown. Determine the cross-sectional 1.2 m
area of each bar so that the bars rupture simultaneously C
when the load P = 13.5 kN. Assume that buckling does B
not occur.
1m

(MPa)

175

FBA a b - 13.5 = 0;
1
+ c Fy = 0; FBA = 21.06 kN 140
1.56
105
compression
.06 a b = 0; FBC = 16.2 kN
+ 1.2
: Fx = 0; -FBC + 21.06 70
1.56
35 tension
For member BC:
0 (mm/mm)
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
FBC 16.2 kN
(smax)t = ; ABC = = 462.85 mm2 Ans.
ABC 35 MPa

For member BA:

FBA 21.06 kN
(smax)c = ; ABA = = 120.34 mm2 Ans.
ABA 175 M Pa

Ans:
ABC = 462.85 mm2 , ABA = 120.34 mm2

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324. The wires AB and BC have original lengths of 0.6 m

and 0.9 m, and diameters of 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively. If C
these wires are made of a material that has the approximate
stressstrain diagram shown, determine the elongations of
the wires after the 6750-N load is placed on the platform.

Equations of Equilibrium: The forces developed in wires AB and BC can be A

determined by analyzing the equilibrium of joint B, Fig. a, 0.9 m

+
: Fx = 0; FBC sin 30 - FAB sin 45 = 0 (1) 45 30
0.6 m

+ c Fy = 0; FBC cos 30 + FAB cos 45 = 6750 (2) B

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),

FAB = 3494.07 N FBC = 4941.36 N

Normal Stress and Strain:

FAB 3494.07
sAB = = = 494.56 MPa
AAB p
(3)2
4
s (MPa)

FBC 4941.36
sBC = = = 251.78 MPa 560
ABC p 2
(5)
4 406

The corresponding normal strain can be determined from the stressstrain diagram,
Fig. b.

PBC = 0.00124 mm0> mm.

251.78 406
= ; P (mm/mm)
PBC 0.002 0.002 0.01

PAB = 0.0066 mm> mm.

494 .56 - 406 560 - 406
= ;
PAB - 0.002 0.01 - 0.002

Thus, the elongations of wires AB and BC are

dAB = PABLAB = 0.0066(600) = 3.96 Ans.

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.00124(900) = 0.1116 Ans.

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326. The thin-walled tube is subjected to an axial force of

40 kN. If the tube elongates 3 mm and its circumference
decreases 0.09 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity, 40 kN
900 mm
Poissons ratio, and the shear modulus of the tubes
material. The material behaves elastically.

10 mm

40 kN
12.5 mm

Normal Stress and Strain:

P 40(103)
s = = = 226.35 MPa
A p(0.01252 - 0.012)

d 3
Pa = = = 3.3333 (10-3) mm>mm
L 900
Applying Hookes law,

s = EPa; 226.35(106) = E [3.3333(10-3)]

E = 67.91(106) Pa = 67.9 GPa Ans.

Poissons Ratio: The circumference of the loaded tube is 2p(12.5) - 0.09 =

78.4498 mm. Thus, the outer radius of the tube is

78.4498
r = = 12.4857 mm
2p

The lateral strain is

r - r0 12.4857 - 12.5
Plat = = = -1.1459(10-3) mm>mm
r0 12.5

= -c d = 0.3438 = 0.344
Plat -1.1459(10-3)
n = - Ans.
Pa 3.3333(10-3)

E 67.91(109)
G = = = 25.27(109) Pa = 25.3 GPa Ans.
2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.3438)

Ans:
E = 67.9 GPa, v = 0.344, G = 25.3 GPa

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327. When the two forces are placed on the beam, the C
diameter of the A-36 steel rod BC decreases from 40 mm to P P
39.99 mm. Determine the magnitude of each force P.
1m 1m 1m 1m

A B

0.75 m

Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in rod BC can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the
free-body diagram of the beam shown in Fig. a.

FBC a b (3) - P(2) - P(1) = 0

4
a + MA = 0; FBC = 1.25P
5
Normal Stress and Strain: The lateral strain of rod BC is

d - d0 39.99 - 40
Plat = = = -0.25(10 - 3) mm>mm
d0 40

Plat = -nPa; -0.25(10-3) = -(0.32)Pa

Pa = 0.78125(10-3) mm>mm

Assuming that Hookes Law applies,

sBC = EPa; sBC = 200(109)(0.78125)(10-3) = 156.25 MPa

Since s 6 sY, the assumption is correct.

FBC 1.25P
sBC = ; 156.25(106) =
A 0.042 B
ABC p
4

P = 157.08(103)N = 157 kN Ans.

Ans:
P = 157 kN

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329. The friction pad A is used to support the member,

which is subjected to an axial force of P = 2 kN. The pad is
made from a material having a modulus of elasticity of P
E = 4 MPa and Poissons ratio n = 0.4. If slipping does not
occur, determine the normal and shear strains in the pad.
The width is 50 mm. Assume that the material is linearly 60
elastic. Also, neglect the effect of the moment acting on
the pad.

A 25 mm

100 mm

Internal Loading: The normal force and shear force acting on the friction pad can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the pin shown in Fig. a.
+
: Fx = 0; V - 2 cos 60 = 0 V = 1 kN

+ c Fy = 0; N - 2 sin 60 = 0 N = 1.732 kN

Normal and Shear Stress:

V 1(103)
t = = = 200 kPa
A 0.1(0.05)

N 1.732(103)
s = = = 346.41 kPa
A 0.1(0.05)
Normal and Shear Strain: The shear modulus of the friction pad is

E 4
G = = = 1.429 MPa
2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.4)

Applying Hookes Law,

s = EP; 346.41(103) = 4(106)P P = 0.08660 mm>mm Ans.

t = Gg; 200(103) = 1.429(106)g g = 0.140 rad Ans.

Ans:
P = 0.08660 mm>mm, g = 0.140 rad

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330. The lap joint is connected together using a 30 mm P

diameter bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a 2
P
shear stressstrain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the shear strain developed in the shear plane of
P
the bolt when P = 340 kN. 2
t (MPa)

525

350

Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be g (rad)
0.005 0.05
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
+
: Fx = 0; 340 - 2V = 0 V = 170 kN

Shear Stress and Strain:

V 170
t = = = 240.62 MPa
A 302 B
A p
4

Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear
stressstrain diagram, Fig. b.

240.62 350
= ; g = 3.43(10-3) rad Ans.
g 0.005

Ans:
g = 3.43(10-3) rad

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*332. A shear spring is made by bonding the rubber P

annulus to a rigid fixed ring and a plug. When an axial load
P is placed on the plug, show that the slope at point y in
the rubber is dy>dr = -tan g = -tan1P>12phGr22. For small
angles we can write dy>dr = -P>12phGr2. Integrate this h
expression and evaluate the constant of integration using
the condition that y = 0 at r = ro. From the result compute
y
the deflection y = d of the plug. d
ro ri
r
y
P
Shear StressStrain Relationship: Applying Hookes law with tA = .
2p r h

tA P
g = =
G 2p h G r

= -tan g = -tan a b
dy P
(Q.E.D)
dr 2p h G r

If g is small, then tan g = g. Therefore,

dy P
= -
dr 2p h G r

P dr
y = -
2p h G L r

P
y = - ln r + C
2p h G

At r = ro, y = 0

P
0 = - ln ro + C
2p h G

P
C = ln ro
2p h G

P ro
Then, y = ln
2p h G r

At r = ri, y = d

P ro
d = ln Ans.
2p h G ri

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333. The aluminum block has a rectangular cross section 37 mm

and is subjected to an axial compressive force of 36 kN. If 50 mm
the 37-mm side changed its length to 37.5033 mm, deter- 36 kN
mine Poissons ratio and the new length of the 50-mm. 36 kN
Eal = 70 GPa. 75 mm

P 36
s = = = 19.45 MPa
A (50)(37)

s - 19.45
Plong = = = -0.0002778
E 70000

37.5033 - 37
Plat = = 0.00008918
37

-0.00008918
n = = 0.321 Ans.
-0. 0002778

h = 50 + 0.00008918(2) = 50.000178 mm. Ans.

Ans:
n = 0.321, h = 50.000178 mm.

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337. The rigid beam rests in the horizontal position on 80 kN

two 2014-T6 aluminum cylinders having the unloaded
x
lengths shown. If each cylinder has a diameter of 30 mm.
determine the placement x of the applied 80-kN load so
that the beam remains horizontal. What is the new diameter A B
of cylinder A after the load is applied? nal = 0.35. 220 mm 210 mm

3m

80x
a +MA = 0; FB(3) - 80(x) = 0; FB = (1)
3
80(3 - x)
a +MB = 0; -FA(3) + 80(3 - x) = 0; FA = (2)
3

Since the beam is held horizontally, dA = dB

P
P s A
s = ; P = =
A E E

P
d = PL = a bL =
A PL
E AE

80(3 - x) 80x
3 (220) 3 (210)
dA = dB; =
AE AE

80(3 - x)(220) = 80x(210)

x = 1.53 m Ans.

From Eq. (2),

FA = 39.07 kN

FA 39.07(103)
sA = = = 55.27 MPa
A p
(0.032)
4

sA 55.27(106)
Plong = = - = -0.000756
E 73.1(109)
Plat = -nPlong = -0.35(-0.000756) = 0.0002646

dA = dA + d Plat = 30 + 30(0.0002646) = 30.008 mm Ans.

Ans:
x = 1.53 m, dA
= 30.008 mm

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342. The pipe with two rigid caps attached to its ends is ri
subjected to an axial force P. If the pipe is made from a ro
material having a modulus of elasticity E and Poissons
ratio n, determine the change in volume of the material. L
P Section a a
a

P
Normal Stress: The rod is subjected to uniaxial loading. Thus, slong = and slat = 0.
A

dV = AdL + 2prLdr

= APlong L + 2prLPlatr

Using Poissons ratio and noting that AL = pr2L = V,

dV = PlongV - 2nPlongV

= Plong (1 - 2n)V
slong
= (1 - 2n)V
E

Since slong = P>A,

P
dV = (1 - 2n)AL
AE

PL
= (1 - 2n) Ans.
E

Ans:
PL
dV = (1 - 2n)
E

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343. The 8-mm-diameter bolt is made of an aluminum

alloy. It fits through a magnesium sleeve that has an inner
diameter of 12 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm. If the
original lengths of the bolt and sleeve are 80 mm and
50 mm
50 mm, respectively, determine the strains in the sleeve and
the bolt if the nut on the bolt is tightened so that the tension A
in the bolt is 8 kN. Assume the material at A is rigid.
Eal = 70 GPa, Emg = 45 GPa.
30 mm

Normal Stress:

P 8(103)
sb = = p 2
= 159.15 MPa
Ab 4 (0.008 )

P 8(103)
ss = = p 2
= 39.79 MPa
As 4 (0.02 - 0.0122)

Normal Strain: Applying Hookes Law

sb 159.15(106)
Pb = = = 0.00227 mm>mm Ans.
Eal 70(109)

ss 39.79(106)
Ps = = = 0.000884 mm>mm Ans.
Emg 45(109)

Ans:
Pb = 0.00227 mm>mm, Ps = 0.000884 mm>mm

181