Article 3/2 System Isolation and the Free-Body Diagram m write the appropriate equations of equilibrium, which can then be analyzed, Modeling the Action of Forces Figure 3/1 shows the common types of force application on mechani- cal systems for analysis in two dimensions. Each example shows the force exerted on the body ta be isolated, by the body to be removed. New- ton’s third law, which notes the existence of an equal and opposite reac- tion to every action, must be carefully observed. The force exerted on ‘the body in question by a contacting or supporting member is always in the sense to oppose the movement of the isolated body which would occur if the contacting or supporting body were removed. ‘MODELING THE ACTION OF FORGES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS Type of Contact and Foree Origin ‘Action on Body to Be Isolated 1. Flexible cable, bel, chain, 0 rope { = Force exerted by Weight ofeable a flexible cables flways a tension away regligible —_ % y in = From the body in the Weight of eable direction ofthe ele, not negligible Z 2, Smooth surfaces XS Contact force ia << compressive nd is N normal tothe surface, 8, Rovgh surfaces Rough surfaces are capable of supporting 2 tangential eompo <7 nent F fretional ~ Taree) as well as 8 normal component Notte resultant contact free “4. Roller support at Roller, rocker, or ball ul support transmita a Lo ieee G Gat : 5, Freely aliding guide mm Collar or sider free to ‘move along smooth 5 ‘puides; ean support force normal to guide wloow only, Figure 3/1112 Chapter3 Equilibrium ‘MODELING THE ACTION OF FORGES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS feont) ‘Type of Contact and Force Origin ‘Action on Body to Be Isolated 6.Pin connection Pin free to turn A freely hinged pin ‘connection is capable OS Seay con inthe ‘ 4 plane porinal to the Ry, Pin axis. We may fither show fora [Pin not fre to turn components Rand R, ora magnitude R sd dleedion 1A pin nt free to tura also Be V VM Supports eouple i lr, 7, Built-in or fixed support ‘A builtin or fixed ‘support is capable of A A A % ‘sopporting an axial F ro sehen y (ending moment) to provent rotation. 8, Gravitational attraction "The resultant of gravitational @ P ee mass m is the weight Weng and acts toward the center of Weme the earth tarough the center maze C. 9. Spring action ‘Spring foreois tensile Noalinear ifepring i stretched Neutral F land compressive if Position [Hardening op comprested: Fora sf linearly clastic spring i Koa themes inthe | 7 Softening — force required to * deform the spring a “ ‘unit distance Figure 3/1, continued In Fig. 3/1, Example 1 depicts the action of a flexible cable, belt, rope, or chain on the body to which it is attached. Because of its flexibility, a rope or cable is unable to offer any resistance to bending, shear, or com- pression and therefore exerts only a tension force in a direction tangent to the cable at its point of attachment, The force exerted by the cable on the body to which itis attached is always away from the body. When the ten- sion T is large compared with the weight of the cable, we may assume that, the cable forms a straight line, When the cable weight is not negligible compared with its tension, the sag of the cable becomes important, and the tension in the cable changes direction and magnitude along its length, ‘When the smooth surfaces of two hodies are in contact, as in Exam- ple 2, the force exerted by one on the other is normal to the tangent to the surfaces and is compressive. Although no actual surfaces are per-