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ISLimiter
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Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application
3 ParameterSettings
3.1 TriggerLevel
3.2 di/dt
4 References
Introduction
ISlimitersarefaultcurrentlimitingdevicesthatusechemical
chargesandcurrentlimitingfusestointerruptthefaultcurrent
withinthefirstquartertohalfcycle(i.e.beforethefirstpeak).
InatypicalISlimiterdesign,thedeviceiscomposedoftwo
currentpathsconnectedtogetherinparallelonepathisan
elementratedforthefullloadcurrent(whichcanhavehigh
continuouscurrentratings,e.g.3000A),andtheotherpath
providesthecurrentlimitingfunctionviaacurrentlimiting
fuse(whichtypicallyhasacontinuouscurrentratingof<300A
at15kV).
Intheeventofafault,thedeviceoperatesbyphysically Figure1.TypicalISlimiterdesign(imagecourtesy
destroyingthecontinuouscurrentpathusingoneormore of[1])
chemicalchargestriggeredbyanelectronicsensingand
controlunit.Thefaultcurrentisthusforcedthroughthecurrentlimitingfuse.
Application
ISlimitersareusedforfaultreductioninasystem,typicallytolimitthefaultcurrenttowithintheratedcapacityof
downstreamequipment.Thisisusuallynecessaryduetosystemoverexpansionorundersizingofequipmentfault
ratings.ByusingISlimiters,expensiveupgradesorreplacementofequipmentcanpotentiallybeavoided.
Anaturalquestiontoaskiswhycurrentlimitingfusescan'tjustbeusedinlieuofISlimiters?Theansweristhat
theycanbutwithinlimits.Currentlimitingfusestypicallyhavecontinuouscurrentratings<300A[1],soifthe
applicationcallsforcurrentslowerthanthat,thencurrentlimitingfusesbythemselvesarefine.Howeverinmany
applications,thefaultcurrentneedstobelimitedonabusbarwithhighercontinuousloadcurrents.Thisiswhere
ISlimitersorothertypesoffaultcurrentlimitingdevicesneedtobeused.
ISlimitersareofteninstalledatbusties/couplerstolimitthefaultcontributionfromoneormorebussections.
Thiscanallowtheinterconnectionofsystemsthatwouldnormallyhaveprospectiveshortcircuitcurrents
exceedingfaultratings.ISlimiterscanalsobeinstalledatbusincomerstolimittheupstreamfaultcontribution.
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ParameterSettings
ISlimiterstypicallyoperateusingacombinationoftwo
parameters:
Triggerlevel
di/dt
TriggerLevel
Thetriggerlevelisthecurrentmagnitudeatwhichthefault
currentlimiterwillinitiatethetransfertothecurrentlimiting
path(i.e.byactivatingthechemicalcharge).Thetriggerlevel
istypicallydefinedasthe"themaximumshortcircuit
contributionpermittedbyamajorpowersource,sothatthe
totaloverallfaultcurrentsuperimposedfromallshortcircuit
contributionswillnotexceedthemomentaryandinterrupting
ratingsoftheswitchgear"[2].
Thetriggerlevelissetusingtrialanderror,typicallybasedon
aninitialtrialvalueofthedifferencebetweentheswitchgear
instantaneousratingandthepeakinstantaneousfaultcurrent. Figure2.ISlimiterblockdiagram(courtesyof[1])
Whenselectingthetriggerlevel,otherconsiderationssuchas
transformerinrushcurrents,overcurrentprotection
coordinationandbreakeroperatingmarginsshouldalsobeexamined.
di/dt
Thedi/dtparameterisavaluedescribingtheminimumfaultcurrentrateofchange(inkA/s)atwhichthetransfer
willbeinitiated.Thisisusedtoavoidnuisancetrippingforasymmetricalfaultsthatmayhavehighpeakvalues
(abovethetriggerlevel),butrmsvalueswithintheratingsoftheswitchgear.Thetransfertothecurrentlimiting
pathwillonlybeinitiatedifthefaultcurrentexceedsboththetriggerlevelanddi/dtlimit.
Thedi/dtlimitcanbeapproximatedasfollows[2]:
dipeak
= IM
dt
Where isthesystemangularfrequency(radians/s)
IM isthepeaksymmetricalshortcircuitcurrent(A)
References
[1]Chao,T.,"ElectronicallyControlledCurrentLimitingFuses"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arn
umber=404830),1995,Proceedingsof1995IEEEAnnualPulpandPaperIndustryTechnologyConference,
Vancouver,Canada
[2]Wu,Al.,andYin,Y.,"FaultCurrentLimiterApplicationsinMediumAndHighVoltagePowerDistribution
Systems"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=658751),1998,IEEETransactionsonIndustry
Applications,Vol.34,No.1
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