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5/1/2017 AccordingtotheANSI/IEEE946OpenElectrical

AccordingtotheANSI/IEEE946
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1 Introduction
2 VoltageConsiderations
3 AvailableShortCircuitCurrent
4 CalculationApproach
5 PartialFaultCurrents
5.1 ShortCircuitCurrentfromBatteries
5.2 ShortCircuitCurrentfromDCMotors/Generators
5.3 ShortCircuitCurrentsfromChargers
6 References

Introduction

ScopeoftheIEEE9461992:ThisrecommendedpracticeprovidesguidanceforthedesignoftheDCauxiliary
powersystemsfornuclearandnonnuclearpowergeneratingstations.ThecomponentsoftheDCauxiliarypower
systemaddressedbythisrecommendedpracticeincludeleadacidstoragebatteries,staticbatterychargersand
distributionequipment.Guidanceforselectingthequantityandtypesofequipment,theequipmentratings,
interconnections,instrumentation,controlandprotectionisalsoprovided.

Thisrecommendedpracticeisintendedfornuclearandlarge
fossilfueledgeneratingstations.Eachrecommendationmayor
maynotbeappropriateforothergeneratingfacilitiese.g.,
combustionturbines,hydro,windturbines,etc.TheACpower
supply(tothechargers),theloadsservedbytheDCsystems,
exceptastheyinfluencetheDCsystemdesign,andengine
starting(cranking)batterysystemsarebeyondthescopeofthis
recommendedpractice.

FormoreinformationspleaserefertothestandarditselfIEEE
9461992(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnu
mber=213720&contentType=Standards).

VoltageConsiderations

Thenominalvoltagesof250,125,48,and24aregenerally
utilizedinstationDCauxiliarypowersystems.Thetype,
rating,cost,availability,andlocationoftheconnected Figure1.125VDCsystemkeydiagram
equipmentshouldbeusedtodeterminewhichnominalsystem
voltageisappropriateforaspecificapplication.250VDCsystemsaretypicallyusedtopowermotorsfor
emergencypumps,largevalveoperators,andlargeinverters.125VDCsystemsaretypicallyusedforcontrol
powerfornestrelaylogiccircuitsandtheclosingandtrippingofswitchgearcircuitbreakers.48VDCor24VDC
systemsaretypicallyusedforspecializedinstrumentation.

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Figure2.Recommendedvoltagerangeof125Vand250VDC(nominal)ratedcomponents(fordesignsinwhichthe
batteryisequalizedwhileconnectedtotheload)

AvailableShortCircuitCurrent

Forthepurposeofdeterminingthemaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrent(e.g.,therequiredinterruptingcapacity
forfeederbreakers/fusesandwithstandcapabilityofthedistributionbusesanddisconnectingdevices),thetotal
shortcircuitcurrentisthesumofthatdeliveredbythebattery,charger,andmotors(asapplicable).Whenamore
accuratevalueofmaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrentisrequired,theanalysisshouldaccountfor
interconnectingcableresistance.

CalculationApproach

Asdefinedin"Industrialpowersystemsdatabook"[2],therearetwocalculationwaystoacquirethefaultcurrent:

1.ApproximationMethod:Allthenetworkisconvertedintotheequivalentimpedance(Req,Leqareused
forthetimeconstant)andthesystemvoltageisbeingusedforthefaultcurrentcalculation:

Un
Ishc =
R eq

Leq
=
R eq

2.SuperpositionMethod:Thefaultcurrentiscalculatedforeachsourceindividually,whileother,not
observedsources,arebeingshortedout(withtheirinternalresistances).Thevoltageforeachpartialcurrent
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istheratedvoltageofthesource.Thetotalcurrentisthesumofthepartialcurrents.Thisapproachshallbe
describedinfollowingarticles.

PartialFaultCurrents

ShortCircuitCurrentfromBatteries

Thecurrentthatabatterywilldeliveronshortcircuitdependsonthetotalresistanceoftheshortcircuitpath.A
conservativeapproachindeterminingtheshortcircuitcurrentthatthebatterywilldeliverat25Cistoassumethat
themaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrentis10timesthe1minuteampererating(to1.75Vpercell).Formore
than25Ctheshortcircuitcurrentforthespecificapplicationshouldbecalculatedoractualtestdatashouldbe
obtainedfromthebatterymanufacturer.Thebatterynominalvoltageshouldbeusedwhencalculatingthe
maximumshortcircuitcurrent.Testshaveshownthatanincreaseinelectrolytetemperature(above25C)or
elevatedbatteryterminalvoltage(abovenominalvoltage)willhavenoappreciableeffectonthemagnitudeof
shortcircuitcurrentdeliveredbyabattery.

Theinternalbatteryresistanceiscalculatedusing:

EB
RB =
100I8hrs

WhereEBisthebatteryratedvoltageandI8hrsisthe8hourbatterycapacity.

Themaximum(orpeak)shortcircuitcurrentis:

EB
ipB =
R BBr

RBBristhesumofthebatteryinternalresistanceRBandthelineresistanceRBruptothefaultlocation.

Theinitialmaximumrateofriseofthecurrentatt=0sisasfollows:

di EB
RR = =
dt LBBr

Thetimeconstantiscalculatedas:

LBBr
=
R BBr

Thesustainedshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedusing:
1

IkB = ipB (1 e
)

Andthefaultcurrentfromthebatteryforthetimet:
t

iB (t) = ipB (1 e
)

ShortCircuitCurrentfromDCMotors/Generators
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5/1/2017 AccordingtotheANSI/IEEE946OpenElectrical

DCmotors,ifoperating,will
contributetothetotalfault
current.Themaximumcurrent
thataDCmotorwilldeliverto
ashortcircuitatitsterminalsis
limitedbytheeffective
transientarmatureresistance
(r'd)ofthemotor.ForDC
motorsofthetype,speed,
voltage,andsizetypicallyused
ingeneratingstations,rdisin
therangeof0.1to0.15per
unit.Thus,themaximumfault
currentforashortcircuitatthe
motorterminalswilltypically
rangefrom7to10timesthe
motorsratedarmaturecurrent.
Therefore,itisconservativeto
estimatethemaximumcurrent
Figure3.TypicalshortcircuitcharacteristicofDCmotor/generator
thatamotorwillcontributetoa
faultas10timesthemotors
ratedfullloadcurrent.Whenamoreaccuratevalueisrequired,theshortcircuitcontributionshouldbecalculated,
usingspecificrddataforthespecificmotor,oractualtestdatashouldbeobtainedfromthemotormanufacturer.
Foradditionalaccuracy,thecalculationshouldaccountfortheresistanceofthecablesbetweenthemotorandthe
fault.Acompleteexpressionfortheshortcircuitcurrentis:

e0 e0 rd r
a t d f t
ia (t) = e + e0 e

rd r rd r
d d

Where:iaperunitcurrent,e0istheinternalemfpriorshortcircuit(p.u.),rdsteadystateeffectiveresistanceof
machine(p.u.),r'dtransienteffectiveresistanceofmachine(p.u.).Thefrequencyis60Hz.Typically,formotors
e0=0,97p.u.,andforgeneratorse0=1,03p.u.

Themachineelectricalparameteraretobecalculatedincasewhennoadditionaldataisknownforobserved
machine.Normally,itismorepracticaltousetherealmachinedatagivenbythemanufacturer.Themachine
inductanceisderivedfromthefollowingequation:

19.1Cx UM
La =
P nn IM

WherePisthepolenumber,nnnominalspeed,UMnominalvoltageandIMnominalcurrent.Cxdependsonthe
machinetype:Cx=0,4isformotorswithoutpolefacewindings,Cx=0,1isformotorswithpolefacewindings,
Cx=0,6isforgeneratorswithoutpolefacewindings,andCx=0,2isforgeneratorswithpolefacewindings.

Thebaseresistanceofthemachineisderivedfrom:

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UM
RM =
IM

ThenthetransientresistanceinOhmsisderivedfrom:

R = r RM
d d

ThepeakshortcircuitcurrentinAmps:

IM
ipM =

r
d

Orinp.u.:
e0
i =
pM

r
d

Theinitialrateofriseofthecurrentis:

di UM e0
RR = =

dt La

Thefirst2/3timeconstantofriseis:

2La
1a =

3r
d

Andthesecond1/3timeconstantofriseis:

La
2a =

3R
d

Thetotaltimeconstantis:

La
a = 1a + 2a =

R
d

Thearmaturecircuitdecrementfactoris:

r 2f r
d d
a = = 377
Cx Cx

Thefieldcircuitdecrementfactoris:

Rf
f =
Lf

ShortCircuitCurrentsfromChargers
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Themaximumcurrentthatachargerwilldeliverintoashortcircuit,coincidentwiththemaximumbatteryshort
circuitcurrent,isdeterminedbythechargercurrentlimitcircuit.Thecurrentlimitsettingisadjustableinmost
chargersandmayvaryfrommanufacturertomanufacturer.Thus,themaximumcurrentthatachargerwilldeliver
onshortcircuitwillnottypicallyexceed150%ofthechargerampererating.

Theinitialsustainedshortcircuitcurrent(or
quasisteadystatecurrent)isgivenby:

K2
Ida = ID
zc

ThefactorK2istakenfromthediagramof
sustainedfaultcurrentfactorversusrectifier
terminalvoltage,zCisthecommutating
impedanceperunitandIRistheratedrectifier
current.Thecommutatingimpedanceincludes
ACsideimpedancewithtransformer(RCand
Figure4.Peakfaultcurrentfactorasafunctionofsystemconstants
XC).Ifthecommutatingimpedanceisinper
unitvaluethenitshouldbeconverted.

ConversionofzC(p.u.)toZC(Ohms):

Caseofdoublewayrectifier,equationis:

ED
Zc = zC 0, 6
ID

Caseofdoublewyerectifier:

ED
Zc = zC 2, 3
ID

ThecurrentIdaisusedtodetermineequivalent
rectifierresistanceandinductanceontheDC
side,whicharethengivenby:

(ED Eda )
RR = Figure5.Sustainedfaultcurrentvsrectifierterminalvoltage
Ida

WhereEdaistheassumedvoltageattherectifierterminalsduringthefaultandequalse0(p.u.)xSystemVoltage
(Volts).

Ifthefaultcurrentiscalculatedusingthesuperpositionmethod,thenthefollowingrelationsareused:

0, 75 ID 1, 7 zC ED
When:Idc > Then:RR =
zC 1, 02 ID

0, 75 ID 1, 08 zC ED
When:Idc < Then:RR =
zC 1, 27 ID

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zC ER
LR =
367, 2ID

Thesustainedvalueofthefaultcurrentis:

ED
Idc =
R R + R Br

Therectifierterminalvoltageis:

Edc = ED Idc R R

Therateofrisefaultcurrentis:

di ED
RR = =
dt LR + LBr

Thepeakcurrentisgivenas:

ipR = K1 Idc

WherethefactorK1istakenfromthediagramandisinfunctionofK3andK4,whicharecalculatedasfollows,for
thefullwavebridgeconnectedrectifier:

XRBr
K3 =
2XC

1
Rc + R RBr
2
K4 =
XC

Note:ThevalueEda=edaEDshouldbewithin10%ofthecalculatedvalueEdc,therectifierterminalvoltage
undersustainedshortcircuitcurrent.Theiterativeprocessisrepeateduntilthedesiredtoleranceisachieved.

K1peakfaultcurrentfactor
K2sustainedfaultcurrentfactor
K3reactanceconstant(usedtodetermineK1)
K4resistanceconstant(usedtodetermineK1)
Index"RBr"referstothecombinedresistanceoftherectifierandthebranchuptothefaultlocation

References

1.IEEE9461992:IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCAuxiliaryPowerSystemsforGenerating
StationsFormoreinformationspleaserefertothestandarditselfIEEE9461992(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/arti
cleDetails.jsp?arnumber=213720&contentType=Standards).

2.Industrialpowersystemsdatabook,GeneralElectric,1956AttheIowaDigitalLibraryGeneralElectric
IndustrialPowerSystemsDataBook(http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uidb/id/10895).

Relatedtopics:
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ShortCircuitCalculation

accordingtotheIEC61660

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