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AccordingtotheANSI/IEEE946
FromOpenElectrical
Contents
1 Introduction
2 VoltageConsiderations
3 AvailableShortCircuitCurrent
4 CalculationApproach
5 PartialFaultCurrents
5.1 ShortCircuitCurrentfromBatteries
5.2 ShortCircuitCurrentfromDCMotors/Generators
5.3 ShortCircuitCurrentsfromChargers
6 References
Introduction
ScopeoftheIEEE9461992:ThisrecommendedpracticeprovidesguidanceforthedesignoftheDCauxiliary
powersystemsfornuclearandnonnuclearpowergeneratingstations.ThecomponentsoftheDCauxiliarypower
systemaddressedbythisrecommendedpracticeincludeleadacidstoragebatteries,staticbatterychargersand
distributionequipment.Guidanceforselectingthequantityandtypesofequipment,theequipmentratings,
interconnections,instrumentation,controlandprotectionisalsoprovided.
Thisrecommendedpracticeisintendedfornuclearandlarge
fossilfueledgeneratingstations.Eachrecommendationmayor
maynotbeappropriateforothergeneratingfacilitiese.g.,
combustionturbines,hydro,windturbines,etc.TheACpower
supply(tothechargers),theloadsservedbytheDCsystems,
exceptastheyinfluencetheDCsystemdesign,andengine
starting(cranking)batterysystemsarebeyondthescopeofthis
recommendedpractice.
FormoreinformationspleaserefertothestandarditselfIEEE
9461992(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnu
mber=213720&contentType=Standards).
VoltageConsiderations
Thenominalvoltagesof250,125,48,and24aregenerally
utilizedinstationDCauxiliarypowersystems.Thetype,
rating,cost,availability,andlocationoftheconnected Figure1.125VDCsystemkeydiagram
equipmentshouldbeusedtodeterminewhichnominalsystem
voltageisappropriateforaspecificapplication.250VDCsystemsaretypicallyusedtopowermotorsfor
emergencypumps,largevalveoperators,andlargeinverters.125VDCsystemsaretypicallyusedforcontrol
powerfornestrelaylogiccircuitsandtheclosingandtrippingofswitchgearcircuitbreakers.48VDCor24VDC
systemsaretypicallyusedforspecializedinstrumentation.
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Figure2.Recommendedvoltagerangeof125Vand250VDC(nominal)ratedcomponents(fordesignsinwhichthe
batteryisequalizedwhileconnectedtotheload)
AvailableShortCircuitCurrent
Forthepurposeofdeterminingthemaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrent(e.g.,therequiredinterruptingcapacity
forfeederbreakers/fusesandwithstandcapabilityofthedistributionbusesanddisconnectingdevices),thetotal
shortcircuitcurrentisthesumofthatdeliveredbythebattery,charger,andmotors(asapplicable).Whenamore
accuratevalueofmaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrentisrequired,theanalysisshouldaccountfor
interconnectingcableresistance.
CalculationApproach
Asdefinedin"Industrialpowersystemsdatabook"[2],therearetwocalculationwaystoacquirethefaultcurrent:
1.ApproximationMethod:Allthenetworkisconvertedintotheequivalentimpedance(Req,Leqareused
forthetimeconstant)andthesystemvoltageisbeingusedforthefaultcurrentcalculation:
Un
Ishc =
R eq
Leq
=
R eq
2.SuperpositionMethod:Thefaultcurrentiscalculatedforeachsourceindividually,whileother,not
observedsources,arebeingshortedout(withtheirinternalresistances).Thevoltageforeachpartialcurrent
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istheratedvoltageofthesource.Thetotalcurrentisthesumofthepartialcurrents.Thisapproachshallbe
describedinfollowingarticles.
PartialFaultCurrents
ShortCircuitCurrentfromBatteries
Thecurrentthatabatterywilldeliveronshortcircuitdependsonthetotalresistanceoftheshortcircuitpath.A
conservativeapproachindeterminingtheshortcircuitcurrentthatthebatterywilldeliverat25Cistoassumethat
themaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrentis10timesthe1minuteampererating(to1.75Vpercell).Formore
than25Ctheshortcircuitcurrentforthespecificapplicationshouldbecalculatedoractualtestdatashouldbe
obtainedfromthebatterymanufacturer.Thebatterynominalvoltageshouldbeusedwhencalculatingthe
maximumshortcircuitcurrent.Testshaveshownthatanincreaseinelectrolytetemperature(above25C)or
elevatedbatteryterminalvoltage(abovenominalvoltage)willhavenoappreciableeffectonthemagnitudeof
shortcircuitcurrentdeliveredbyabattery.
Theinternalbatteryresistanceiscalculatedusing:
EB
RB =
100I8hrs
WhereEBisthebatteryratedvoltageandI8hrsisthe8hourbatterycapacity.
Themaximum(orpeak)shortcircuitcurrentis:
EB
ipB =
R BBr
RBBristhesumofthebatteryinternalresistanceRBandthelineresistanceRBruptothefaultlocation.
Theinitialmaximumrateofriseofthecurrentatt=0sisasfollows:
di EB
RR = =
dt LBBr
Thetimeconstantiscalculatedas:
LBBr
=
R BBr
Thesustainedshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedusing:
1
IkB = ipB (1 e
)
Andthefaultcurrentfromthebatteryforthetimet:
t
iB (t) = ipB (1 e
)
ShortCircuitCurrentfromDCMotors/Generators
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DCmotors,ifoperating,will
contributetothetotalfault
current.Themaximumcurrent
thataDCmotorwilldeliverto
ashortcircuitatitsterminalsis
limitedbytheeffective
transientarmatureresistance
(r'd)ofthemotor.ForDC
motorsofthetype,speed,
voltage,andsizetypicallyused
ingeneratingstations,rdisin
therangeof0.1to0.15per
unit.Thus,themaximumfault
currentforashortcircuitatthe
motorterminalswilltypically
rangefrom7to10timesthe
motorsratedarmaturecurrent.
Therefore,itisconservativeto
estimatethemaximumcurrent
Figure3.TypicalshortcircuitcharacteristicofDCmotor/generator
thatamotorwillcontributetoa
faultas10timesthemotors
ratedfullloadcurrent.Whenamoreaccuratevalueisrequired,theshortcircuitcontributionshouldbecalculated,
usingspecificrddataforthespecificmotor,oractualtestdatashouldbeobtainedfromthemotormanufacturer.
Foradditionalaccuracy,thecalculationshouldaccountfortheresistanceofthecablesbetweenthemotorandthe
fault.Acompleteexpressionfortheshortcircuitcurrentis:
e0 e0 rd r
a t d f t
ia (t) = e + e0 e
rd r rd r
d d
Where:iaperunitcurrent,e0istheinternalemfpriorshortcircuit(p.u.),rdsteadystateeffectiveresistanceof
machine(p.u.),r'dtransienteffectiveresistanceofmachine(p.u.).Thefrequencyis60Hz.Typically,formotors
e0=0,97p.u.,andforgeneratorse0=1,03p.u.
Themachineelectricalparameteraretobecalculatedincasewhennoadditionaldataisknownforobserved
machine.Normally,itismorepracticaltousetherealmachinedatagivenbythemanufacturer.Themachine
inductanceisderivedfromthefollowingequation:
19.1Cx UM
La =
P nn IM
WherePisthepolenumber,nnnominalspeed,UMnominalvoltageandIMnominalcurrent.Cxdependsonthe
machinetype:Cx=0,4isformotorswithoutpolefacewindings,Cx=0,1isformotorswithpolefacewindings,
Cx=0,6isforgeneratorswithoutpolefacewindings,andCx=0,2isforgeneratorswithpolefacewindings.
Thebaseresistanceofthemachineisderivedfrom:
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UM
RM =
IM
ThenthetransientresistanceinOhmsisderivedfrom:
R = r RM
d d
ThepeakshortcircuitcurrentinAmps:
IM
ipM =
r
d
Orinp.u.:
e0
i =
pM
r
d
Theinitialrateofriseofthecurrentis:
di UM e0
RR = =
dt La
Thefirst2/3timeconstantofriseis:
2La
1a =
3r
d
Andthesecond1/3timeconstantofriseis:
La
2a =
3R
d
Thetotaltimeconstantis:
La
a = 1a + 2a =
R
d
Thearmaturecircuitdecrementfactoris:
r 2f r
d d
a = = 377
Cx Cx
Thefieldcircuitdecrementfactoris:
Rf
f =
Lf
ShortCircuitCurrentsfromChargers
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Themaximumcurrentthatachargerwilldeliverintoashortcircuit,coincidentwiththemaximumbatteryshort
circuitcurrent,isdeterminedbythechargercurrentlimitcircuit.Thecurrentlimitsettingisadjustableinmost
chargersandmayvaryfrommanufacturertomanufacturer.Thus,themaximumcurrentthatachargerwilldeliver
onshortcircuitwillnottypicallyexceed150%ofthechargerampererating.
Theinitialsustainedshortcircuitcurrent(or
quasisteadystatecurrent)isgivenby:
K2
Ida = ID
zc
ThefactorK2istakenfromthediagramof
sustainedfaultcurrentfactorversusrectifier
terminalvoltage,zCisthecommutating
impedanceperunitandIRistheratedrectifier
current.Thecommutatingimpedanceincludes
ACsideimpedancewithtransformer(RCand
Figure4.Peakfaultcurrentfactorasafunctionofsystemconstants
XC).Ifthecommutatingimpedanceisinper
unitvaluethenitshouldbeconverted.
ConversionofzC(p.u.)toZC(Ohms):
Caseofdoublewayrectifier,equationis:
ED
Zc = zC 0, 6
ID
Caseofdoublewyerectifier:
ED
Zc = zC 2, 3
ID
ThecurrentIdaisusedtodetermineequivalent
rectifierresistanceandinductanceontheDC
side,whicharethengivenby:
(ED Eda )
RR = Figure5.Sustainedfaultcurrentvsrectifierterminalvoltage
Ida
WhereEdaistheassumedvoltageattherectifierterminalsduringthefaultandequalse0(p.u.)xSystemVoltage
(Volts).
Ifthefaultcurrentiscalculatedusingthesuperpositionmethod,thenthefollowingrelationsareused:
0, 75 ID 1, 7 zC ED
When:Idc > Then:RR =
zC 1, 02 ID
0, 75 ID 1, 08 zC ED
When:Idc < Then:RR =
zC 1, 27 ID
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zC ER
LR =
367, 2ID
Thesustainedvalueofthefaultcurrentis:
ED
Idc =
R R + R Br
Therectifierterminalvoltageis:
Edc = ED Idc R R
Therateofrisefaultcurrentis:
di ED
RR = =
dt LR + LBr
Thepeakcurrentisgivenas:
ipR = K1 Idc
WherethefactorK1istakenfromthediagramandisinfunctionofK3andK4,whicharecalculatedasfollows,for
thefullwavebridgeconnectedrectifier:
XRBr
K3 =
2XC
1
Rc + R RBr
2
K4 =
XC
Note:ThevalueEda=edaEDshouldbewithin10%ofthecalculatedvalueEdc,therectifierterminalvoltage
undersustainedshortcircuitcurrent.Theiterativeprocessisrepeateduntilthedesiredtoleranceisachieved.
K1peakfaultcurrentfactor
K2sustainedfaultcurrentfactor
K3reactanceconstant(usedtodetermineK1)
K4resistanceconstant(usedtodetermineK1)
Index"RBr"referstothecombinedresistanceoftherectifierandthebranchuptothefaultlocation
References
1.IEEE9461992:IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCAuxiliaryPowerSystemsforGenerating
StationsFormoreinformationspleaserefertothestandarditselfIEEE9461992(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/arti
cleDetails.jsp?arnumber=213720&contentType=Standards).
2.Industrialpowersystemsdatabook,GeneralElectric,1956AttheIowaDigitalLibraryGeneralElectric
IndustrialPowerSystemsDataBook(http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uidb/id/10895).
Relatedtopics:
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ShortCircuitCalculation
accordingtotheIEC61660
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