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MuhammadYousafKhan
SyedAqeelAhmad
MasoodurRahman
MuhammadShahzad
Introduction
PCIExpressBusI/OTechnology
BriefHistory
ConventionalPCI
InitialPCI1.0proposalbyIntelin1991
IntroducedbyPCISIGasPCI2.0in1993
Version2.1approvedin1995
Recentversion2.3approvedinMarch2002
PCIX
Version1.0approvedinSeptember1999
Version2.0approvedinJuly2002
PCIExpress
Formerlyknownas3GIO
Version1.0approvedinJuly2002
DesignConsideration
Systemdesign
Systemarchitecture,EmbeddedCPUh/wdesign
PCBdesign
Functionaldesign,PCBtiming
PCBphysicaldesign
PCBplaceandroute,designformanufacturing
FPGAdesign
VerilogHDLdevelopment
DSPdesign
Algorithmdevelopment
Embeddedsoftwaredevelopment
WhychosePCIExpress
PCIhaslimitationsuchas
o Multidroptimesharedconcept
o Powerandgroundnoise
o Stubs
o Traceskews
o Skineffect
o Dielectricloss
PCIExpressisdualsimplexpointtopointserial
differentiallowvoltageinterconnect
Bitrateis2.5Gbit/sec/lan/dir
Signalis8bor10bencodedwithembeddedclock
Eachlayerhastwopairofdifferentialsignal
Switchestointerconnectdevices
HotPlugSupport
HighSpeedDesignIssues
Interconnectlosses
Crosstalk
Modeconversion
LayeredarchitectureofPCIExpress
TX RX TX RX
Packetflowthroughlayers
Start Seq.# Header Data ECRC LCRC End
Transactionlayer
TheupperLayerofthearchitectureistheTransactionLayer.
TheTransactionLayersprimaryresponsibilityistheassembly
anddisassemblyofTransactionLayerPackets(TLPs).
TLPsareusedtocommunicatetransactions,suchasreadand
write,aswellascertaintypesofevents.
TheTransactionLayerisalsoresponsibleformanagingcredit
basedflowcontrolforTLPs.
DataLinkLayer
ThemiddleLayerinthestack,theDataLinkLayer,
servesasanintermediatestagebetweenthe
TransactionLayerandthePhysicalLayer.
TheprimaryresponsibilitiesoftheDataLinkLayer
includeLinkmanagementanddataintegrity,
includingerrordetectionanderrorcorrection
PhysicalLayer
ThePhysicalLayerincludesallcircuitryforinterfaceoperation,
includingdriverandinputbuffers,paralleltoserialandserialto
parallelconversion,PLL(s),andimpedancematchingcircuitry.
Itincludesalsologicalfunctionsrelatedtointerfaceinitialization
andmaintenance.
ThePhysicalLayerexchangesinformationwiththeDataLink
Layerinanimplementationspecificformat.
ThisLayerisresponsibleforconvertinginformationreceived
fromtheDataLinkLayerintoanappropriateserializedformat
andtransmittingitacrossthePCIExpressLinkatafrequencyand
widthcompatiblewiththedeviceconnectedtotheothersideof
theLink.
CyclicRedundancyCheck
Whiletravelingacrossalinkdatacanlooseintegrityand
mybepronetoerrors.
Cyclicredundancycodesareusedtopreservetheintegrity
ofdatainstorageandtransmissionapplications.
Itisanerrorcodingtechniquewhichinvolvesadditionofa
certainamountofredundancytothedatainacontrolled
fasion.
InsimplehardwareapplicationsCRCsareimplementedby
simplyusingshiftregistercircuitinwhichonebitis
processedatatime .
AdditionofRedundancy
Followingisanoverviewofhowtheredundancyisadded
givenblockofdata.