(Seoul City Wall Studies Series Vol.2) Traditional Urban Planning Principles and City Wall in Asian Capitals

2
51-6110000-000880-01
2014
STUDIES SERIES VOL.2

SEOUL CITY WALL
2014
SEOUL CITY WALL
CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL

TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND
2
2014
SEOUL CITY WALL STUDIES SERIES VOL.2
2
TRADITIONAL
URBAN PLANNING
PRINCIPLES AND
CITY WALLS TRADITIONAL
in ASIAN CAPITAL URBAN PLANNING
PRINCIPLES AND

CITY WALLS
in ASIAN CAPITAL

94910
9 791156 212027
ISBN 979-11-5621-202-7
ISBN 978-89-92069-68-7()
PROBLEMS RELATING TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND
TO NOMINATING HISTORIC WALLS CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL
1
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
2014
SEOUL CITY WALL
2
TRADITIONAL
URBAN PLANNING
PRINCIPLES AND
CITY WALLS
in ASIAN CAPITAL

Palace and downtown in Seoul City Wall
DoseongdoMap of Seoul
, 18, , 67.6 40.0

Joseon Dynasty 18th century Illuminated manuscripts 67.6 40.0

in Joseongangyeokchongdo Owned by Gyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies
08
CONTENTS PUBLISHING 09
10 PROLOGUE 11
1 1
Problems Relating to Nominating Historic Walls
for World Heritage
/ 16 Raymond BONDIN / MALTA 16
2 2
Urban Planning Principles and City Walls
in Historic Towns in Europe
/ 38 Claus-Peter ECHTER / GERMANY 38
3 3
Xanadu and World Heritage
/ 66 GUO Zhan / CHINA 66
4 4
The Characteristics
( ) and Values of The Asia City Walls
/ 80 (Thang Long and Other City Walls) as World Heritage
OTA Shoichi / JAPAN 80
5
5
/ 112 Traditional Urban Planning Principles
and Form of Seoul City Wall
6 Lee Sang Koo / KOREA 112
132
6
Profile 132
PUBLISHERS NOTE
1. 2 . 1. This book includes the content of 2nd International Symposium on Seoul City Wall
2. . 2. Seoul Metropolitan Government has all copyright and license
3. . 3. Contents and images can not be used in whole or in part without prior permission of the copyright
8 9
600 , .
PUBLISHING Seoul City Wall has served as the fortress of Seoul, the capital of Korea, for
. over 600 years. In East Asia, building a city wall around the capital city for
. protection was a crucial matter. That is why the capital city was referred to
. as the city wall city. Regardless of the East or the West, all cities built city
walls according to urban planning principles that reflected the needs of the
. era. Based on those principles, numerous historical events took place and
longtime culture took root to create the present day cities as we know it, all
. of which have their own distinct characteristics and features.
. 19 Seoul City Wall was built taking into consideration the rivers, the
. mountains, and the terrain. Thanks to this unique urban planning
. principle, Seoul City Wall has successfully maintained its exterior
even to this day. Unfortunately, however, due to rapid industrialization
. and urbanization in the 19th century, many city walls, including those
in Europe, have lost their functions. They have been disregarded as
hindrances, made to give their places to roads and buildings, and
. have slowly disintegrated over the years. Seoul City Wall, on the other
. hand, has preserved its natural and historical landscape, coexisting in
harmony with the modern elements of the urban landscape.
This book is comprised of presentations from the International
Symposium on Seoul City Wall, which was held under the theme
. Traditional Urban Planning Principles and City Walls in Asian
. Capitals. Through case studies on European city walls, we hope to
. examine the differences between Eastern and Western city walls in
terms of architectural concept. Through comparison and analysis of
East Asian City Walls, including those in China, Japan, Vietnam, and
more, we hope to highlight the distinct historic value of Seoul City Wall.
The Seoul Metropolitan Government is making various efforts to
affirm the distinct historic value of Seoul City Wall. We are planning
on expanding the future themes of the International Symposium
on Seoul City Wall to include landscapes, neighboring villages,
humanities, technologies, and more. We ask for your continuous
2014. 5 2014. 5 interest and participation to further develop the International
Mayor of Seoul, Park Won Soon Symposium on Seoul City Wall. Thank you very much.
10 11
2012 . 2013
PROLOGUE Seoul City Wall was listed as a World Heritage tentative list in 2012.
221-22 1 February 21-22, 2013 the 1st International Symposium on Seoul City Wall
. 2013 1114-16 was held on the subject of Historic City and City Walls November 14-
2 . 16, 2013 the 2nd International Symposium on Seoul City Wall was held
() on the subject of Traditional Uran Planning Principle and City Walls in
, . Asian Capitals in succession. These were hosted by Seoul Metropolitan
, . Government, sponsored by Cultural Heritage Administration and
ICOMOS-KOREA, planned and organized by Institute of Seoul Studies.
, The configuration of urban terrain form is represented by city wall
2- . which is determined by topology and planning principles. Seoul City
Wall STUDIES SERIES VOL.2; Traditional Uran Planning Principle
and City Walls in Asian Capitals was published by five papers including
. two papers announced as keynote on the Symposium and three papers
arranged on Asian City Wall.
1980
, The first article is a keynote speech by Dr. Raymond BONDIN who served
, as ambassador to UNESCO in Malta and former President of CIVVIH.
. The title is Problems Relating to Nominating Historic Walls for World
2012 , 2013 Heritage and Dr. BONDIN critically mentioned that City Wall of Valletta
, which was designated as world cultural heritage in 1980s is cut off from
. urban context due to urban growth and change, is commercialized
, by the increase in tourists and is obstructed by a huge cruise ship. In
addition, the article introduced advisory information on the fortress,
. Elvas in Portugal which was designated as world cultural heritage in
2012, Kamakura in Japan which was applied and withdrawn in 2013 and
Diyarbakir in Turkey which is preparing for inscription. The core contents
. is that these fortress and city wall itself are outstanding universal value
however, it is decided whether to inscribe or not depending on how to
, establish the relationship with the surrounding environment.
. The second article is a keynote speech by Claus-Peter ECHTER who is
, Secretary General of CIVVIH, in ICOMOS. The title is Urban Planning
. Principles and City Walls in Historic Towns in Europe. Dr. ECHTER
, gave an overview of the history and form on city wall in Italy and
Germany analyzed the relationship between the urban planning and
. city wall of Germany and other European historical city. And he took
12 13
[] notice of relationship between city wall and urban context and suggested
. 2012 principles of safeguarding. Although the city wall was demolished, urban
. structure and form should be preserved. He also proposed to secure
, green space around the city wall and ensure visual connections between
. the city and the wall. In addition, he focused on the context of land-use
, , , planning, urban renewal planning and monument topographies and
. emphasized the necessity of mapping and recording on the original form
and change process of city wall.
, The third article is a paper under the title of Xanadu and World
. Heritage which is written by GUO Zhan who is Vice President of
ICOMOS. Archaeological remains of Xanadu was listed as a world
heritage in 2012. GUO Zhan compared Beijing which was called
. metropolis in the Yuan Dynasty and Qaraqorum which was the capital
of the nomadic civilization and defined that remains of Xanadu is
, , . interaction and integration of agricultural civilization and nomadic
, civilization. Meanwhile, he explained affinities and differences between
Seoul City Wall and City wall of Ming and Qing Dynasty like Xian,
. (Song Huong) Nanjing, Xingcheng and Jinzhou which are tentatively listed as World
Heritage. And Central Axis of Beijing which is also inscribed tentative
, list as World Heritage was introduced in terms of the historical urban
. landscape. Seoul City Wall and Central Axis of Beijing are different types
of heritage however, he suggested outstanding universal value will be
(Lee Sang Koo) defined through approach to historical urban landscape.
The fourth article is a paper under the title of The Characteristics and
. , , values of the Asian city walls which is written by OTA Shoichi, Associate
, Professor of Kyoto Institute of Technology in Japan. The Professor OTA
majored in architectural studies and Asian cities analyzed citadel of
. Hue, Thang Long, Ho in Vietnam inscribed as World Heritage. These
, three city walls were built influenced by a capital city of the East Asia like
. Beijing in China however, these were completed through coordination
and integration of Vietnamese logic compared to other asian city walls.
. Especially, Hue facing Song Huong has an eclectic form by introduction
, of French Vauban and he described the characteristics and value of
, Vietnamese City Wall can be defined from mixed trends.

14 15
. The fifth article is a paper under the title of Urban Planning Principles
, and Form of Seoul City Wall which is written by Lee Sang Koo,
Professor of school of architecture in Kyonggi University. He defined
. the urban landscape of Hanyang is dynamically integrated landscape
, with Yukjodaero, Gyeongbokgung Palace and Baekak mountain. And
. he tridimensionally analyzed the urban structure focused on location,
topography, city organization and block, palace and main street. And
he also analyzed the genealogy of Wunui city wall, Jolbonseong,
Guknaeseong and Hwandosanseong of Goguryeo as the origin and
Pungnabtoseong and Mongchontoseong of Baekjae. Through the
process, he defined the unique Korean city wall distinguished from
Chinese and proposed the historic criteria on outstanding universal value
of Seoul City Wall.
Presenters explored Seoul City Wall prior to the International Conference.
They recognized the status as a city heritage in Namsan section,
experienced the integrated landscape with natural topography in Baekak
section and enjoyed the urban landscape overlapped with citizens daily
life in Naksan section.
They visited Sungnyemun gate which was restored and reconstructed
and discussed the authenticity of the heritage. Also they visited the
excavation site of Hoehyeon in Namsan and discussed how to preserve
the multi-layered historic evidence. Through the following professional
workshops, participants agreed to the monumental value of Seoul City
Wall as the citys heritage and focused on the distinction as historic urban
landscape.
SONG InHo
Director of Institute of Seoul Studies

01

VALLETTA
01
Problems Relating
to Nominating historic Walls
for World Heritage
Raymond
BONDIN
/
MALTA
(on Insularum MALTA et GOZA, J. B. Homan, 18c)
18 TO NOMINATING HISTORIC WALLS CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL
19
FOR WORLD HERITAGE

ABSTRACT In our modern view of cities, city walls are not given the
, . importance that they deserve. On the contrary many
. are considered a hindrance to development and to the
enlargement of cities. Yet cities that have walls are very
. special: they had walls because they were considered very
, . important in history to be protected and in fact the walls have
normally changed over time and reflect the different historical
periods of the city.
. ,
. But as cities grew the walls have many times lost their
context. They no longer protect the city but on the contrary
[OUV, outstanding universal values] limit development within city walls. The main problem facing
. nominations of city walls for World Heritage is in fact how to
, , consider their OUV [outstanding universal values] when in
? . many cases they have lost their context and their importance.
Should they be treated simply as another monument or
building or how? It is not an easy question to answer.
. In particular cities that have seen modern developments
, outside [but sometimes even inside] city walls find it very
? difficult to protect the view towards the walls as today
requested by UNESCO theory of heritage. Are city walls just
? another monument for tourists or do they truly reflect the
past grandeur of a city? How should they be presented today?
How can we define the OUV of city walls?
Key words
. Walled cities are very special cities.
. City walls often reflect the historical periods of a City.
. Many city walls lost their context as a result of enlarging of City.
. The view towards city walls has often been lost.
. City walls should be more than just a tourist attraction.

21
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
24km . 16 17 (Malta) 1
FULL PAPER I come from a country that has 24 kilometres of city walls. These walls encircle the two large harbours around the Capital
2 3 . city Valletta1, made in the 16th and 17th centuries, and also other smaller cities on the three main islands.
I have lived within Valletta most of my life and have seen how the attitude towards the city
, walls has changed over time. I think that these reflections help us to understand the attitude
. towards the walls of other cities.
, . When I was very young we took the city walls for granted. We saw them every day and we were
. not so impressed with their grandeur. Yes we admired the history of the city but we looked at
. the walls as a monument built by foreigners who had occupied the is lands. The walls hindered
1960 . development and Valletta lost its main entrance Gate in the early 1960s because it was
.2 considered too small for the modern needs of traffic.2

Figure 1 Figure 4
A historic map of Valletta and the two harbours
each side New structures beyond the city walls sold with a
1970 1980 view over city walls of Valletta As the economic situation in the country became better in the 1970s and 1980s many families
. moved out of Valletta to bigger housing units beyond the walls. The population of Valletta
. declined considerably. At the same time however there was an increase in appreciation of our
. heritage and that meant also the walls. As Malta saw that tourism was becoming more and
, more important so the city walls became more and more important.
.3
In this transformation the city walls of Valletta became a monument for the tourists to see.
1987 (Valletta Rehabilitation Office) They had never really formed part of our culture and national heritage as they were designed
Figure 2 . , Figure 5 by foreign architects and built to defend foreign occupiers.3

The fortified harbour of Valletta, Malta New structures next to City Walls
.
. In 1987 the Valletta Rehabilitation Office was established with me as Executive Coordinator.
. , We worked hard over the years not only to restore the city walls but also to try and explain
. to the people that these walls were part and parcel of our heritage and not the heritage of
. foreigners. The interest in the importance of the walls has grown over the years especially
. when they saw the massive restoration project that we have started [and is still going on]. What
is really incredible is the effect that the lightening of the walls had on the people. When many
. saw the floodlit walls [after a very expensive floodlighting project] it is as if they saw them for
Figure 3 , , Figure 6
Fort St. Angelo, Birgu, Malta , 2 . the first time. One single project can really change the perception that the people have about
The beauty of the skyline of Valletta is hampered
. by some tall buildings beyond the city the walls. Many local residents really saw the beauty and massiveness of the Walls when they
. were floodlit.
1 (City of Valletta) 1980 . 1 Capital city Valletta pronounced World Heritage in 1980
2 2012 1964 1964 (2013) (Renzo Piano) . 2 We destroyed this 1964 Gate in 2012 and we are now finalising a Renzo Piano proposal for an open gate.
3 . 16 3 This concept was historically very incorrect. One of the main architects in the 16th century was Maltese and in any case the walls were built by
. Maltese builders who knew how to use the local stone.
23
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
. The walls of Valletta however are very different from Seoul.
(Grand Master Palace) . , They protect a city mainly from attacks from the sea. The
walls surround two natural harbours on both sides of the
. , city. This beautiful natural harbour attracts cruise ships a
. lot. We have seen a tremendous in crease in cruise tourists.
. Of course Government love cruise tourists as they think
.4 it is very positive to see tourist numbers goup. But this has
had three major negative effects. First of all the numbers of Figure 9 6
Figure 7 Renzo Pianos new parliament building behind
Enormous cruise liners hide the City Wall . tourists visiting the m ajor heritage sights has put a lot of City Gate6
4 . pressure on these sites, especially the Grand Master Palace
and the Cathedral in Valletta. Secondly there is an ever increasing demand for retail and banking space so
. 1964 many families prefer to sell their house for shops and banks and leave the city, meaning the population of the
, . 2013 , (Renzo city is going all the time. Thirdly these huge cruise ships end up covering the most important heritage asset, the
Piano) . walls. In reality today you can hardly take a picture of the walls because of the cruise ships that are higher than
. ? the walls and you see tourists can actually look into the inside of homes.4
Tourism is one of the major earners of revenue in Malta and it is not easy to criticise tourism. Tourist arrival
. numbers are four times the population.
Lately there has been another major problem. In 1964 the old Main Gate was destroyed and a bigger door
. 6-10 was put in to allow cars. This was never liked. Today we are at the end of a project, still being monitored by
. ? UNESCO, of a new open gate and parliament building
. - designed by Renzo Piano. The question is: do these new
- ? 56 buildings effect the OUV of Valletta? Is it enough that they are
slightly below the height of the adjacent bastion walls? 56
(conservation) , 3 . Some argue that you can not discuss the effect of one project
on a small part of the walls because the walls have to be
considered in total and not in section. But if this is so then
. how many new buildings should be allowed in the small city
Figure 8 5 . Figure 10 City Walls of Valletta of Valletta?

Renzo Pianos new open gate for the City of
Valletta 5 . .
4 . 4 Which is another reason why families are leaving Valletta
5 . 5 Renzo Pianos new open gate for The City of Valletta, much Discussed in Malta
6 . 6 Renzo Pianos new parliament building behind City Gate, a modern building in a small city, just below Height of fortification seen behind
25
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
. The same argument can be said about the cruise ships. They are not permanent buildings but come for six to
. ten hours. Do they effect the OUV? Certainly they do not help a lot to appreciate the walls of the city. Do not our
. rules state that the view towards the heritage, in this case the city walls, should be protected at all times?
. I personally feel that the UNESCO World Heritage List is based on three main questions: the legal protection of the
.7 heritage, the good state of conservation [including authenticity and integrity] and good visibility of the heritage.
You may ask me: what relevance has the case study of Valletta, in the middle of the Mediterranean, to do with
the city Walls of Seoul in Asia? My answer to this is that the problems faced by City Walls all over the World are
. very similar. They may defer in proportion or in importance but the basic problems are still the same. I think
. 2012 (Elvas)8 therefore the problems being faced by Valletta have a lot to teach us. I will further illustrate this by considering
(Diyarbakir)9. . three other cities and the problems that they face. I have personally been involved in these dossier in a different
way as I will explain. These case studies will help very much to outline the problems that Seoul may face in
, proposing its City Walls for the UNESCO World Heritage List.
In a way these case studies are better than Valletta as their land based and therefore the problems are closer to
(garrison) Seoul than Valletta.7
, .
, (, bulwark) Permit me now to look at two other examples that will help me to illustrate my points of discussion and I think help the
discussion on Seoul as well. In actual fact they are better comparisons than Valletta as they are land based like Seoul.
. One is the city of Elvas8 in Portugal that was approved two years ago and the other is the city of Diyarbakir9 in Turkey the
. , nomination for which is being finalised now. I was the technical advisor to both cities.
. ()
. The problems involved in the evaluation of these two cities are quite similar
, even though the two examples are very different. Both have relevance to the
. discussion on the Seoul walls.

Figure 11 (2012 )
ELVAS, Portugal, world heritage since 2012
The city of Elvas is a very important garrison city on the frontier between
. , (Fort da Grace) Portugal and Spain. It was one of Portugals main military towns. The
(Forte de Santa Luzia) . emphasises of the nomination dossier, not prepared by me, was based mainly
, on the theory that the bastion system of the town was the best example of
.10 . bulwark fortifications. If the final dossier would have been presented on
Figure 12 Fort de Grace in Elvas this main line only it would not have been approved. In the first place there
7 .
8 (Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications) 7 In reality the problems of Valletta are still relevant as I will explain.
9 (The Citadel and the Walls of Diyarbakir) 2000 . 8 Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications
10 [] , . 9 The Citadel and the Walls of Diyarbakir on UNESCO World Heritage tentative list in 2000
27
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
(raison detre) . is always a discussion between countries
. as to which is the best and even though
. Elvas was always considered by military
. . historians to be extremely important not
. everyone considers it to be the best example.
, . The original dossier did not emphasize
. other exceptional qualities of the town
. which were then highlighted after I was

Figure 13 Figure 16 Figure 17
Fort de Grace in Elvas The city within the walls is still in a very authentic The walls of Elvas are in a relatively Good state of
state conservation
asked to intervene.
() One of the main important features of this town is the fact that the ditch around the walls
.11 and the outer works of the fortifications were still there and in quite good condition. Secondly
. there is a strong existing visual link between the city walls and two important Forts outside
the City Walls, Fort da Grace and Fort St Lucia. These Forts were very important in their
own right but the fact that the city still maintained a visual link with them, that is as when
they were originally planned, was a very strong point.10 Thirdly I felt that an important
Figure 14 Figure 15
feature was the fact that it is a border town, that is the military fort had a very important

The City of Elvas is remarkable because many The city within the walls is still in a very .12 2013 and practical raison detre for being there. It is not just another military tower or barrack but
Figure 18
of the military buildings within the City are authentic state
The fortified city of Elvas and the two big Forts
still there . outside the city walls
placed in a very strategic position between Spain and Portugal. And lastly more emphasizes
was made on the fact that Elvas is a garrison town, that is within the walls it has maintained a
. . lot of the original military buildings such as barracks for the soldiers. This is very important because it is quite
. often the case that the walls survive but not the military buildings inside. All these points together made Elvas
. a really exceptional place with a very strong OUV. Because it has strong points one can close ones eyes to some
problems of modern buildings inside the town. The overall authentic feeling of the town is great and these cover
, . the small mistakes that were done in the past.
(historic town) . ,
, I will now discuss the city of Diyarbakir in Turkey. In doing so however I wish also to mention Kamakura in
. Japan.11 Both have some similarities with Seoul.
. I did not mention Kamakura first because it was not nominated for its walls but mainly for the very beautiful
. Buddhist temples and for the mountain passes that still exist.12 Japan this year withdrew the nomination
. . of Kamakura to reconsider as the feeling was that it would be refused. I think that the Buddhist temples of
10 One of these visual links with Fort St Lucia is suffering because of the building of a new high supermarket and this almost ruined the nomination.
11 . 11 I was part of an international team giving advise on Kamakura.
12 . 12 Kamakura is between mountains and the sea.

29
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
Kamakura are exceptional. I also find very exceptional the fact that they have not lost the
contact with the natural elements of the mountains that surround the city. Why therefore was
it going to be refused?
Unfortunately a mistake was done which I had spoken very much against. Kamakura can
not be considered to be a historic town because the temples and gardens are surrounded by
a very modern city. True the heights of the buildings are very much controlled and as I said
Figure 19 , KAMAKURA, Japan the contact, both physical and visual, with the surrounding hills has not been lost but it is a
Figure 22 modern city with some exceptionally beautiful historic buildings.

The mountain passes of Kamakura not
,
monumental but Historically very important
. The problem was therefore in dealing with Kamakura as a historic town which it isnt. But it
. does have an exceptional group of buildings. Now a days we do not like much to talk about groups of buildings
because we think that the historic setting around those buildings is very important. I agree. But there are
, exceptions to the rule.
. , There was another problem with Kamakura and this is related to how you try and explain the importance of
Figure 20 . the Samurai spirit in modern day Japan. It is not easy for someone from the west to understand. It is difficult to
Link between temples and landscape is perfect
, explain it in writing.
. .
. (, Zen) I am saying all this and mentioning Kamakura because though we are not discussing city walls we are
. . discussing what level of importance has to be given to the authenticity and integrity of the buildings, or city
. ? in this case, surrounding an exceptional group of buildings. I feel that not enough was explained as to what
the average Japanese felt when inside one of the temples, that is the integrity inside and in the gardens was to
my mind sufficient to state that these buildings have a very strong authenticity and integrity in spite of what
, there was outside around them. I feel that this element must be given importance. Yes the surrounding city is
. . certainly not historic, and yet yes the visual link between the temples is weak because of the modern buildings
, but this is offset by the sense of peace and authenticity within the Buddhist temples and Zen gardens. In a way
. . this is category VI. Someone visiting the
temples and gardens can feel at peace with
. history and the historic significance. Is this
not also a strong OUV?
. Rules are very important. We have to stick

Figure 21
Describing in words authenticity and integrity of Landscape is not easy . to dealing with all nominations under strict
. , criteria but we must also not ignore specific
. Figure 23 , KAMAKURA, Japan local issues. To my mind the fact that these
31
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
, 40 150 temples have survived in spite of the pressure,
. , .13 enormous pressure, of development, is
exceptional in its own right. The same can be
said of the Seoul City Walls. In lands where
, . . development has really pushed hard to get as
. much land as possible It is quite exceptional
to see that so much heritage still survives.
Figure 24 2013 . Figure 25 ()

. Important details on walls - historic inscriptions
Diyarbakir, Turkey, dossier being prepared now Now let me discuss another problem which is
. however quite similar.
. . Diyarbakir is a really incredible city of Turkey. It has a history going back to many hundreds of years. Its walls
. , started to be built by the Romans. It is a city however that has gone through enormous transformations. It is the
. cradle of Kurdish civilization in Turkey. It is a city that has gone through enormous difficulties in the past and
especially in recent history. It is enough to say that the city has gone from a population of 400,000 to a million
(Citadel) , . and a half in a few years mainly due to the influx of poor Kurdish villagers that were ousted from their villages
. . and had nowhere to go but to the city that offered them protection. The influx of refugees keeps going on and
. now they have a large Syrian refugee problem as well.13
? ,
(modern area) . It is to me quite amazing that a City facing such enormous problems, that has to find accommodation for so
, many people flowing into the city every day, has not pulled down the walls to build more housing. On the
. . contrary the City has the courage to destroy many houses that had been illegally built in the past attached to
. (City Mayor) the city walls. In such a situation this is not easy at all but especially in a city with a population that is exploding
(restore) . one admires the City politicians want to save their heritage and who are in fact removing so many houses.
Yes the City within and outside the walls is rather too modern. There is a core area of historic buildings
.14 including the Great Mosque and some Churches but this small area is surrounded by modern buildings. Trying
to find the OUV of this city was therefore not easy especially because on one side of the city an enormous
modern city has been built outside the City walls. Most of the walls are still there except for a small part in the
. city centre that was destroyed in recent times.
The difficulty in this nomination is therefore that the Walls have a strong OUV, no doubt about this, as is a small
Figure 26 Figure 27 Restoration works area which is called the Citadel. But you can not ignore what is inside the City Walls. In a way it is the same
Removal of hundreds of houses and buildings
attached to the city walls . problem as Kamakura: how can you ignore the modern buildings in the whole area between the temple sites?
My reasoning is backward. If the city walls of Diyarbakir have an OUV then this has to be proofed irrespective
13 .
14 (Hevsel) . 13 They are very close to the Syrian border.

33
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
, (Hevsel of the modern area within the city.
Gardens) The Turkish experts, before I came to advise
. them, insisted they could not nominate the
Walls only but insisted on nominating the
(THE DIYARBAKIR FORTRESS AND City as well. My opinion was very clearly:
THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THE such a nomination would not be approved in
HEVSEL GARDENS). this way. This would be a real pity. As I said
Figure 28 , Figure 29 , Figure 33 , the City Mayor has undertaken a massive

Part of wall that had fell during historic Removing modern buildings too close to the Castle are being restored and will house museums and offices
earthquake will not be reconstructed. City Walls programme to remove illegal buildings and
. restore the walls. This has a lot of value within itself. He should be encouraged by the international community.
. Furthermore on the part of the City which is facing the Tigris River there is no modern city outside the walls.14
So I got the local experts to look at the problem in a different
. way. A bit far from the City is an important old bridge. It is
from this point of the Tigris River that people approaching
the City in the past would see the Walls of Diyarbakir for the
, first time. So what we are now proposing is the whole valley,

Figure 30 Figure 31
Some parts of City Walls will be reconstructed known as the Hevsel Gardens, from this bridge up the Tigris
Large part of Walls still have visual contact with
landscape but elements of modern technology
must be removed
River and the City Walls. The nomination is now called;
THE DIYARBAKIR FORTRESS AND THE CULTUR AL
. LANDSCAPE OF THE HEVSEL GARDENS. So we have one
. , . whole area of the City Walls which have still a very strong
link with the landscape around them and this I feel has a very
Figure 37
. . Small part of Wall removed in modern times. Modern city behind walls strong OUV. The city within the Walls will be a buffer zone
. and the City is committed to lowering the heigh t of some
. buildings and to restore as much as possible parts of the original urban fabric.
. I still have to learn more about the City Walls of Seoul but I know enough to understand that the problem in
. . , trying to find the OUV of these Walls and make it eligible for nomination to UNESCO are quite similar to the
. . case studies that I have presented. To me the fact that a modern City has not only retained its historic Walls but
. . is also restoring what is missing is already a very strong statement of preserving heritage. There is much value
. in this and it should be encouraged.
, . The City Walls of Seoul are very impressive, especially the winding walls that go up and down the three
?
14 As the Wall is on a plateau overlooking the Tigris River and the Hevsel gardens, a very green valley.
35
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
. mountains surrounding the City. Of course the City has far outgrown the original historic Seoul with the Walls
. . but the Walls still define what is the core city of Seoul.
. .
, . . As we have seen in the case studies one of the questions that comes to mind immediately is the view towards
. the City Walls. This is further complicated in Seoul due to the fact that in the mountains they are surrounded
, . by a forest. We can look at this positively and state that the Walls have also been protected by the forest. The
forest becomes part of the landscape of the Walls. Yes of course in areas of thick forest you have to be close to
the Walls to see them. I would strongly suggest that they are floodlit as this would give anopportunity for the
VI . . Walls to be seen more from the City, at least after the sun goes down.
- DMZ -
. , , In the mountains the Seoul City Walls still define the City as it has been for hundreds of years. Down in the
. DMZ . valley a lot of the Wall parts were pulled down but it can still be possible, through archaeology and other
means, to actually map the City Walls.
, . Are these Walls exceptional? Well in South East Asia there are many cities with walls but the Seoul City
. . . Walls are quite unique in that they still define the old Seoul city lines. It is incredible that they also still have a
military function and not just a historic one. This physical link between history and present day is quite unique.
. . 3 2 City Walls everywhere have become a historic monument. In Seoul they are still the defence line of the city. I
. . have not see anywhere, in many years of exploring walled cities, City Walls that are still a military zone. This is
, . , a unique link with history. Some may not like it as are only interested in the historic element of city walls but I
. ? . find this link with history and still present day use quite unique and should be emphasized.
. .
In a way the Seoul City Walls are still very much Category VI in that they define an existing last lien of defence
in history and to today for a country that is unfortunately divided. Of course we all prefer to admire symbols
of peace and not of war but the Walls [and including the DMZ which I would include as some kind of extended
buffer zone] are in a way what keeps peace between the two Koreas. It is a very exceptional case and some
would frown at my arguments, but it is a fact and no one can deny it. If you pulled down the Walls and DMZ you
would get chaos and not peace.
. .
The Seoul City Walls have unique features and it is this uniqueness that must be emphasized. They define the historic
. and the modern city of Seoul. They protect a nation, a culture, a way of living. You may not agree with this but it is a fact.
Cities are not museums. They grow all the time. We know that we are moving towards a situation when two
thirds of the world population will live in cities. This has already happened in some countries. Preserving
. what we can of the historic fabric is not easy and should be encouraged. The international community should
understand how difficult this is and what tremendous effort it takes to preserve city walls. Is this enough to
, proof OUV? Certainly not. A lot more work has to be done but there is a lot of value in preserving heritage in a
Figure 38 Seoul City Wall difficult context.

37
FOR WORLD HERITAGE
. .
, .
. .
. .
Figure 41 Seoul City Wall
In the Far East as in other parts of the globe preserving the heritage in ever growing cities with more and more
demand for residential and retail space is not an easy task. Walls in particular are difficult, also because it is
not always easy to protect the view towards those walls. I think there is a lot of value in cities which managed to
protect the view towards the City Walls.
In dealing with world heritage nominations it is often small details that change the eventual approval or not of a
city. In ones own country we tend to see our heritage as extremely important and unique. The eyes of a foreign
expert can look at it differently and can sometimes find values which are not easily visible to a local. Cities with
Walls have always been unique and important in history. We should do everything to preserve them. It is very
encouraging to note that the citizens of Seoul are giving great importance to their Walls and are re-finding
the historical elements of their City. This is great as the best protection for heritage is not the laws but the
willingness of the local people to protect their heritage. Seoul may be a perfect example of this.
02

02
ELVAS(17c) Urban Planning Principles
and City Walls
in Historic Towns
in Europe
Claus-Peter
ECHTER
/
GERMANY
(Owned by The military archives of sweden, stokholm)

URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND
40 AND CITY WALLS CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL
41
IN HISTORIC TOWNS IN EUROPE
Abstract A city wall in Germany and mostly in Europe is the high
(intra muros) or late medieval fortification of a city and the edificial
. demonstration of privileged municipal law intra muros.
The usually several meters high wall surrounds with other
. . buildings of stone or brick the city, taking into account
, the terrain and natural barriers. It shapes as a massive
. construction the appearance of the city. The city wall was
structurally and legally the city limit, it could only be crossed
by certain gates.
, (, , ) (
, , ) . In the first part of the article the history and characteristics of
City Walls in Europe are described in general and important
, . examples mainly in Italy (Pisa, Florence, Siena) and Germany
(Nrdlingen, Freiberg, Munich) analyzed. In the second part
. of the paper urban planning, urban planning principles and
, principles of safeguarding city walls mainly in Germany but
, , also in other European countries are discussed. It has taken
. a long time until heritage conservation has recognized the
historic value and architectural history of the city walls. It
is the task of the city with historic preservation to register,
to map, to safeguard and to preserve in a clear manner the
course and profile of the city walls, as well as the location and
former function of the other buildings in these areas.

43
1. 1. Definitions of the City
(urban settlement) 1, If one defines city1 as an urban settlement, it is clear that if you regard these settlements historically they may
. (city) (town) have in their early stage village structures. City or Town are thus phenomena as their historical synonyms
(civitas), (oppidum), (urbs), (vicus), (mansion), (castle) civitas, oppidum, urbs, vicus, mansion or castle, which are temporally and spatially subject to change. Other
. , , , approaches are based on definition features, such as shape, physiognomy, function, size or type.
The relevant approach for a planning geographical definition explains the city as a multi-functional settlement
, , of a certain size and stage of development, with a clear spatial density and compactness, but also overlapping
. developments, forms, functions, quarters, hierarchies and central local significance and effect as an
, , , , - , innovation center of the social and technological change. The English term town means closed community
. (town) / development or urban / rural community with an administrative centre. Regarding historic law defining
. . features the municipal law or the town charter is important.
, . Common to cities of all time is the spatial coherence of the settlement, the concentration and consolidation
. , , , of functions, as well as special legal status of the settlement and its inhabitants. This applies to Mesopotamia,
, Greece, the Roman Empire and the Celtic culture. Thus may fortified and permanently occupied royal
. residences of the Celtic period with a central function of local export industry and trade be addressed as cities.
(Colonia) (municipium) The Roman occupation of central Europe led to clear territorial and administrative units as well as to the town
. forms colonia, the founding city taken over by the rulers and municipium, the indigenous settlement with
town status.
, ,
, . , , European urban development built - where given - on the grid patterns of ancient cities, took on the
, (Guelph) (Staufer) (Wittelshach) monumental public buildings, the principle of optimal city size, the principle of spatial planning of cities and
. . transport systems. There arose the medieval civic cities of the territorial state, with market, castle and church
and the founding cities dynasties like the Guelph, Staufer, or Wittelsbach, the residence cities of absolutism
. with fortifications and high demographic segregation, the industrial city of liberalism with designs such as
reform of the garden city settlements and finally the social welfare state with satellite towns developments
and further developments to the metropolitan region.
1 See Volkmar Eidloth, Gerhard Ongyerth and Heinrich Walgern (eds.), Handbuch Stdtebauliche Denkmalpflege. Berichte zu Forschung und Praxis der 1 See Volkmar Eidloth, Gerhard Ongyerth and Heinrich Walgern (eds.), Handbuch Stdtebauliche Denkmalpflege. Berichte zu Forschung und Praxis der
Denkmalpflege in Deutschland, Petersberg 2013, pp. 370 371. Denkmalpflege in Deutschland, Petersberg 2013, pp. 370 371.
45
2. 2 2. History of Town Planning 2
3,000 , , , The first cities on the basis of comprehensive urban planning were founded already about 3000 years ago BC
. in China, India, Mesopotamia and Egypt. In ancient Europe numerous regular scale planned cities were built.
. ( , Some towns founded in the Middle Ages were preceded by planning. To realize the ideals of human interaction
) . (e.g Utopia by Thomas Morus) that were developed in the spiritual awakening of the early modern period,
. (Mannheim) (Karlsruhe), ideal cities were designed in the early modern time. During the Baroque period where princes rebuilt residence
(Ludwigslust) . cities or built new cities as structural and spatial reflection of absolutistic domination (e.g. Mannheim,
Karlsruhe or Ludwigslust).
19 , , , With industrialization, the gradual democratization and the rapid growth of cities in the 19th century, the
, . attention of urban planning has focused mainly on urban expansion and adjustment of the stock toward the
20 (, ). 20 30 rapid economic and social changes, whereby control by the civil authorities with land speculation went hand in
. hand. Furthermore urban models continued to play an important role until well into the 20th century (Garden
City, Athens Charter). Both in East and in West Germany on the drawing board developed satellite towns were
built in the last third of the 20th century.

3.
3 3. History and Characteristics of City Walls in Europe

A city wall in Germany3 and mostly in Europe is the high or late medieval fortification of a city and the edificial
(intra muros) demonstration of privileged municipal law intramuros. The usually several meters high wall surrounds with
. other buildings of stone or brick the city, taking into account the terrain and natural barriers. It shapes as a
massive construction the appearance of the city. The city wall was structurally and legally the city boundary, it
could only be crossed by certain gates (figure 1).
City walls are the development of enclosures as wooden palisades, simple walls and early wall and moat
. systems which have been especially developed after the invention of artillery with ramparts, battlements,
bastions and massive towers. The ancient walls of Jericho were still an enclosure, the walls of Uruk in ancient
. Sumer already a fortification. Exceptions were few notably, ancient Sparta and ancient Rome did not have
walls for a long time, chosing to rely on their militaries for defense instead. Initially, these fortifications were
Figure 1 City wall of Prenzlan, Germany
. (Figure 1) simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on
top of each other without mortar. In classical era of Greece, the City of Athens built a long set of parallel stone
, , , . , , walls called the Long Walls that reached their guarded seaport at Piraeus. The Romans fortified their cities
2 See p. 391. 2 See p. 391.
3 See pp. 389 390. 3 See pp. 389 390.

47
, . (Jericho) , with massive mortar-bound stone walls. The most famous of these are the largely extant Aurelian Walls of
. , . Rome (271-275 AD.) and the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople (408-413 AD.).
. (Long Walls) The Roman cities of Trier, Regensburg and Cologne had city walls. In Central Europe, the Celts left single,
() (Piraeus) . heavily fortified oppida until the medieval municipal law demanded in conjunction with the territorial
. expansion and the colonization of the East on a regular basis to build a city wall with gates. Medieval towns
(Aurelian Walls, 271-275 AD.) (Constantinople) (Theodosian usually had a town fortification with a wall and bank and ditch earthwork. The walls in medieval Europe are
Walls, 408-413 AD.). being built as a system with walkable wall rings and gates, as reinforcements like moat, gate towers, corner
towers, wall towers, towers, wall, Pre-wall with an outer ward and barbicans of additional obstacles. 4 The
(Trier), (Regensburg), (Cologne) . defensive towers of West and South European fortifications in the Middle ages were often very regularly
and uniformly constructed (e.g. Avila, Spain), whereas Central European city walls tend to show a variety
(oppida) . , of different styles. In these cases the gate and wall towers often reach up to considerable heights, and gates
. , equipped with two towers on each side are much rarer. During the Renaissance era, the Venetians raised great
, , , , , , , (pre-wall) () walls around cities threatened by the Ottoman empire. Among the finest examples are the walled cities of
.4 - Nicosia and Famagusta in Cyprus and the fortification of Candia, which still stand to this day.
, (Avila) -, .
. There were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Hadrians Wall, and the metaphoric Atlantic Wall, which
. (Cyprus) (Nicosia) (Famagusta), extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries.
(Candia) .
In addition to the purely protective and defensive function representation needs and artistic aspects led to an increase of
, (Hadrian), (Atlantic Wall)5 the construction costs of the city walls, to the manifestation of urban self-consciousness, which also included suburbs with
. their set of walls.5 In many cities, the city wall was rebuilt further out if the old wall constrained the growth of the city. The
course of all walls remained visible in the floor plan of the city, sometimes individual gate towers have been preserved.
, Often the outer boundaries of the urban influence area were still secured by militia. The city walls were connected with
.6 the fortifications of nobility or bishop castles in the city. The walls could not withstand the cannons with great firepower in
, , . modern times, so that the city walls were replaced by in front of the city boundaries star-shaped fortifications. The baroque
(course) . fortress of the 17th and 18th century can be distinguished fundamentally in earthworks (Dutch manner) and stoneworks
. . (Italian or French manner) and is to be found both as a naval fortress and inland. Mostly in the baroque era it is about
. 17, fortification cities with outworks, ravelins and/or horn- respectively crownworks. The glacis kept free of buildings and
18 () ( ) vegetation was a vital, distinctive element of the appearance of the fortification cities in the modern era.6
. V () , The remains of the city walls exist often underground or archaeologically traceable. In some cities, moats or
. , encircled city parks and ring roads testify to the former city wall. In the 18th and 19th century replaced such as
4 See p. 390.
4 See p. 390.
5 : 2 , 3860km
. & . () 5 Ibid.
6 Ibid. 6 See p. 206.

49
.7 in Berlin, the customs- or excise wall the city walls. This gave rise to new city gates, such as the Brandenburg
Gate in Berlin or even 1862, the Propylaea in Munich. The customs wall was used to monitor trade.7
, (ring roads) . 18 19
() . (Brandenburg) 1862 4. City Walls in medieval Tuscan Towns

(Propylaea) .8
On the maps of the middle ages cities are illustrated by ring of walls.8 The walls are characterizing the whole
town. The hexagon is the sign of a good and strong city. Hexagon and circle as positive figures were considered
4. as related structures of meaning(Figure 2).9
The city of Rome was founded after Romulus had built his wall. According to Catos legend a white bull and
a cow have pulled the plow, whose orbit showed the place, where the wall should be built. Only the gates were
.9 left out. There the plow was lifted and carried. So the name porta has been explained. The earth was thrown
while plowing inside. The earth described the wall, the furrow the ditch.10
. The consideration of the ring walls of the Tuscan capitals reveals on the basis of the examples Pisa, Florence and
Siena three major types.11 Pisas first and only ring wall is in its essential parts a work of the second half of the 12th
century. There was no older one. Pisa(Figure 3) was like Ravenna and Venice a city of lagoons. As such, they did not
.10 (Figure 2) need the protection of a wall. As the sea moved back, the city was secured through channels and watch towers. 1156
a ringwall wall with wooden towers, moats and palisades has been erected. It was necessary to build a channel to the
Figure 2 Medieval depiction of cities
Left : Utrecht psalter, Right: Egbert-codex marble mountains to get stones for the ashlar masonry.12 In Pisa there was a bye-law regulation to keep the wall free,
(Romulus) inside the wall for a distance of seven meters wide and 20 meters width of outside.13
. (Cato) , The cities in the plain like Lucca (Figure 4), Florence and Pistoia show an other type of the city wall. The point
. . (porta) of origin was the Roman city wall with regular axies and roads.14
. . , Florence15 has three wallrings(Figure 5), one ancient, one of the 12th and one from the turn of the 13th to
.11 14th century. The Roman ringwall was much too large for the city in the early Middle Ages. The second ring
(capital) (ring walls) (Pisa), (Florence), (Siena)

7 See p. 390.
.12 12
8 See Wolfgang Braunfels, Mittelalterliche Stadtbaukunst in der Toskana, Berlin 1953, p. 48.
9 See pp. 45 50.
7 See p. 206. 10 See p. 52.
8 See p. 390. 11 See p. 66.
9 See Wolfgang Braunfels, Mittelalterliche Stadtbaukunst in der Toskana, Berlin 1953, p. 48. 12 See pp. 53 54.
10 See pp. 45 50. 13 See p. 63.
11 See p. 52. 14 See p. 56.
12 See p. 66. 15 See pp. 58 66.

51
. (Figure 3)
(Ravenna) (,
lagoons).
. 1156
, ,
(channel)
.13
[] 7m,
Figure 4 Figure 5
20m Aerial photo Lucca from North Map of Florence with three wall rings
.14
is more irregular than the first. It reveals no generous planning, but follows the natural growth of the city. Its
(Lucca)(Figure 4) , construction covers protectively the suburbs now developed. Someone who tried to overbuilt the second wall,
(Pistoia) had to pay taxes in Florence. In other cities this was forbidden. The third wall built from 1284-1330 was 11.60
, metres high, 2~3m thick and had 73 towers of 23m in height.16

Figure 3 Layout of the city Pisa
.15

Siena (Figure 6) belongs to the third type of city wall the hilltop town.17
16 (Figure 5). , 12, 13
14 . . Its walls were at no time homogeneously planned or very determined and continously
, . completed. Gradually with the growth of the city, the separate quarters were fortified, now
here, now there, broadening the ringwall. The hilly area and the shape of the hill prevented a
. . 1284 1330 uniform fortification. The medieval town has grown together from three hills. The tripartite
11.6m 2-3m 23m 73 .17 division determined to date the history and the urban form of the city. A uniform and
freestanding ring wall was begun in the late 14th century and was completed in the middle of
(Figure 6) .18 the 16th century.18
, . Qualified skilled workers, mason and stonemason masters were given the difficult
, . construction tasks, the gates and towers. The people had to help out in many places on
Figure 6 Siena walls and ditches.19
13 See pp. 53 54.
14 See p. 63.
15 See p. 56. 16 See p. 64.
16 See pp. 58 66 17 See p. 66.
17 See p. 64. 18 See pp. 66 69.
18 See p. 66. 19 See. pp. 71 72.

53
. Particular difficulties made at all times the providing of construction materials. In the early days one took the
. 14 16 building materials from older buildings. The development led from Roman rubble and boulders over broken
.19 irregular stones of the 12th century to the carefully hewn stones of the 14th century.
Walls and their stones, towers and gates had to be not only firm and strong but also beautiful. The beauty had
, , . to be evident in battlements, consoles, embankment slopes, and fully hewn and smoothed rectangular stone
.20 blocks. Only in the 14th century they have learned to meet all these demands.20
, .
12 14 . 5. City Walls in Germany

, . , (consoles), ,
. 14 .21 5.1 Nrdlingen, Bavaria

Nrdlingen (Figure 7) situated in the southern part of Germany on the romantic road is is an
excellent example of medieval architecture that has survived without serious losses. With its
5. citys layout, which in the 13th century is dominated by many small market places, the city wall
with its gates and towers, and the multitude of other heritage buildings and archaeological
5.1 , monuments the town city of Nrdlingen can be regarded as one of the most important historic
(Figure 7) city ensembles in Bavaria and in Southern Germany.21
. 13
, The Nrdlinger fortification was built in several phases. In the 12th century a town wall with
.22 a fortified wall ring and five towers has been erected. The course of the first circular wall is
Figure 8
preserved in the ground plan and in the route of the street, which is documented by the old ditch,
Map Ensemble Nrdlingen (1:5,000)
. 12 5 a circular road along the former fortification.22
. .
.23 The new fortification, a further extending
second wall ring was erected around the city

Figure 7 View on Nrdlingen
, 1327 from 1327 on and until today almost completely
(Figure 8). 16 , preserved (Figure 8). The again circular second
.(Figure 9) ring of walls with five gates, 16 towers and
, . a continuous covered walkway (Figure 9) is
made of roughly hewn stones and bricks. The
main roads are leading from the five gates to

Figure 9
19 See pp. 66 69. City Wall of Nrdlingen with covered walkway and a tower the geometric centre of the town, the market
20 See. pp. 71 72.
21 See pp. 75 85. 20 See pp. 75 85.
22 Cf. Claus-Peter Echter, Die Denkmaltopographie als Erfassungsinstrument und kulturgeschichtliches Unternehmen, Berlin 2006, p. 299. 21 Cf. Claus-Peter Echter, Die Denkmaltopographie als Erfassungsinstrument und kulturgeschichtliches Unternehmen, Berlin 2006, p. 299.
23 Bernd Vollmar, Georg Paula and Catharina Kociumaka, Stadt Nrdlingen. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmler in Bayern, 22 Bernd Vollmar, Georg Paula and Catharina Kociumaka, Stadt Nrdlingen. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmler in Bayern,
Mnchen 1998, p. 2. Mnchen 1998, p. 2.
55
1945 , square, an expanded central street market.
. 1554 1598-99
2 1475 were built outside the city wall outworks, an outer ward, a bank and wide ditch, 1554 and 1598/99 a two-
. 19 storey bastion edified and during the Thirty Years War star-shaped works. These were removed again during
the first half of the 19th century, but they are still readable in the east of the city in the course of the streets.23
.24
5.2 Freiberg, Saxony

5.2 , One assumes that around 1180 the construction of a wall ring was begun in Freiberg (Figure 10). But on the
(Figure 10) scope and building technique of the wall from the earliest period there is no reliable knowledge. From 1392
1180 . to 1395 the second wall with an outer ward and moat was built with rubbles and lime. The main curtain wall
Figure 10
City plan of the town Freiberg by Braun und Hogenberg (1576) comprised 39 wall towers (Figure 11) and five gates. In defense of the city wall from above galleries (wall walks)
, . 1392 from wood or stone were built like in Nrdlingen at the back of this high wall.
1395 . 39
(Figure 11) . In front of this high inner wall was the outer ward, which was closed to the outside by another wall. This wall
. also possessed small towers and loopholes. From this wall the moat in front of it was defended. The eight to ten
(outer ward) , . metres wide moat was partly full of water, partly empty, but could be flooded.
. 8-10m
, . In the 17th century the walls were renewed and strengthened and works in the form of lunettes laid out.
From the city wall with a length of originally 2.7 kilometres 670 metres are still there, from 39 towers
17 , now seven. Ten ponds surrounded the city. In the early 19th century the fortifications were removed and
. 2.7km 670m
, 39 7 .
10 . 19
.
Figure 12 Figure 13
Town plan of Freiberg (1925) Aerial photo Freiberg (2000) (Figure 12 13).25
Figure 11 , Donatsturm, Freiberg 2000/1996
24 Echter (see note 22), p. 305.
25 Manfred Lawrenz, Die Freiberger Stadtbefestigung, in: Yves Hoffmann, Uwe Richter (eds.), Stadt Freiberg, vol.1. Denkmaltopographie
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmale in Sachsen, Freiberg 2002, pp. 242-259. 23 Echter (see note 21), p. 305.
57
converted into green spaces and an alley or later a ring road laid out. The ponds were included in this
development (Figure 12 and 13).24
5.3 Munich, Bavaria

Munich (Figure 14) was founded in 1158 by the duke of Saxony
and Bavaria, Henry the Lion. The salt street, a 400 metres
long east-west axis was cutting through the oval of the newly
laid out market settlement (Figure 15). This shape is still
readable in the city floor plan. To the east in the reconstructed

Figure 14 Depiction of Munich(Michael Wolgemut, 1493)
tower of the old town hall there is still a gate situation easy to
perceive.
5.3 ,
Figure 16 Citymap of Munich (Tobias Volckmer, 1613)
(Figure 14) 1158 . Since the end of the 13th century the entire outer residential
400m (salt street) areas were encompassed through a new, elaborate enclosing wall with towers. In the 15 th century this wall complex
(Figure 15). , was doubled, facing west in a wide semicircle (Figure 16). To the east, there were limits to growth because of the
. terrain traversed by watercourses. An extension of the city wall was here only possible in a wedge shape following
the oldest town oval. The new city wall had four main gates. Three of them are still completely preserved as the Isar
13 gate in the east or in parts like the Sendlinger gate in the south west and the Neuhauser gate in the west. A modern
. 15 (Figure 16) rampart in the Netherlands manner with bastions, earthen walls with palisades, a moat and the glacis was built
Figure 15 , , . between 1619 and 1645 (Figure 17).

Munich, the oldest part of the city, maquette in wood
(Jakob Sandtner, 1570) .
. The fortification with the double ring of medieval city wall and the baroque rampart were demolished from
(Isar), (Sendlinger) , 1791 on. The old removed city wall was superseded in the west by new, wide streets and avenues with a loosened
(Neuhauser) . 1619 1645 arrangement of buildings. In the eastern and southern part of the old city the continuation of this broad street
() , (Figure 17). was not possible because the urban and topographical situation was more complex.
1791 The old town and historic center of Munich is regarded as en ensemble bounded by the main lines of the former
. city wall.25

Figure 17
City plan of Munich (Matthus Merian, 1644) .26
24 Manfred Lawrenz, Die Freiberger Stadtbefestigung, in: Yves Hoffmann, Uwe Richter (eds.), Stadt Freiberg, vol.1. Denkmaltopographie
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmale in Sachsen, Freiberg 2002, pp. 242-259.
26 Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger and Timm Weski, Landeshauptstadt Mnchen Mitte, vol. 1. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 25 Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger and Timm Weski, Landeshauptstadt Mnchen Mitte, vol. 1. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
Denkmler in Bayern, Mnchen 2009, pp. 3 7. Denkmler in Bayern, Mnchen 2009, pp. 3 7.
59
6. 6. Urban conservation principles
(historic urban morphology) Concerning the safeguarding and management of historic cities and towns a main issue of the urban
.27 , , , . conservation is the determination of the historic urban morphology.26 This consists of the founding idea,
, of urban structures, of individual elements and their interactions. This shape has gone through several
. developments, differentiations and redesigns and has preserved in the general dynamics a continuity that gives
it a historical significance.
. ,
( , , ) (, It is then necessary to consider which urban spaces have qualities of ensembles and urban historic areas
, , , , , (), , and what constitutive (like the layout of the city, traditional lot sizes, density of monuments, city wall), and
) . , , , supportive factors (like dominant churches, townhalls, cloisters, castles, historic civic homes, characteristic
. , , squares, water surfaces, green spaces and the landscape within and around the town) are on hand. Cities
, , and Historic Cities in particular must confront a number of changes that affect the natural, human, tangible
, , , and intangible elements of the town: climate change and natural disasters, the introduction of contemporary
. 28 architectural elements, the transformation of the historic space according to the modern requirements, the
need for functional and spatial renewal, the loss and/or substitution of traditional uses and functions, such as
(Denkmal toporphien/Monument topographies) the specific way of life of a local community, the subsequent loss of identity and character for these places, the
, (inventory) , lack of social infrastructure, and the deterioration of historic quarters. 27
/ . 29
New forms of monument description and documents like the German Denkmaltopographien/ Monument
, / topographies as a specific type of inventory and record provide planners and developers in cities and counties
. with cultural history data and information and foster a public awareness of history and the cultural heritage.28
. , . The building conservation is involved in coordinating processes of urban planning, urban renewal with many
different partners, which must be obtained to take over responsibility for the cultural, architectural heritage.
. , The concept model of urban development should be written in favor of safeguarding. Heritage conservation
, conveys fundamental data from the architectural history, the historical significance of the monuments of a city,
. , describes the urban structure, the urban space, in special cases the city itself as monument and proposes the
. . elements to be preserved.
. , , , , , , (), () Heritage conservation is in the urban development process however only one voice among many actors.
If certain urban structures, urban areas or a street lined with houses clearly document past eras, it is
27 Eidloth/Ongyerth/Walgern (see note 1), p. 372. 26 Eidloth/Ongyerth/Walgern (see note 1), p. 372.
28 Claus-Peter Echter, Historic urban landscapes: Challenges and criteria of intervention to manage change. Abstract of the short presentation for the 27 Claus-Peter Echter, Historic urban landscapes: Challenges and criteria of intervention to manage change. Abstract of the short presentation for the
Budapest CIVVIH scientific meeting 2013 (unpublished). Budapest CIVVIH scientific meeting 2013 (unpublished).
29 Echter (see note 22), p. 13. 28 Echter (see note 21), p. 13.
61
.30 the objective of historic preservation to safeguard and to make aware these values as the basis of future
developments to preserve historical buildings and urban patterns, thereby to convey local history, settlement
patterns, retain as many historical traces when changes are evolving, so that historical identity in urban
7. spaces can be experienced.
To preserve historic quarters, streets, rows, or individual houses in their nature, these objects should not be
(urban planning)31 . evaluated individually but in context. Together with these buildings street trees, urban green spaces, parks,
(structure) , . 1960 alleys, city walls, fences, stairs, small streets, road profiles form a structural interaction that constitutes the
. historically significant urban area.29
(town planning) , .
7. Urban planning principles

. , (,
), , ( , ) Urban planning30 is a means to solve problems of urban development and urban development policy. It consists
, , , , , in allocating the uses in the area of a community and its structural development and design. Since 1960, the
. / Federal Republic of Germany has on hand with the Federal Building Act a city planning law.
/ .
In the presence town planning is understood as a process in the interest of the economic, social and political
, (statements) (maps) . development of a community. The planning authority is the municipality that operates urban planning within
, , the framework of the guiding principles of regional planning and urban development with the help of the tools
, , , of the Federal Town Planning Law, that is to say the land use planning and the particular urban law (for
. example rehabilitation planning, preservation statute) and the countrys legal building regulations (for instance
, . design regulations) and the informal planning (e.g. Urban Design Framework Plan). Thus, processes such as the
urban conservation, urban rehabilitation, urban renewal and internal development urban expansion, land use
through land allocations, the development of the transport network, infrastructure and parks and other green
8. spaces are controlled. Almost always, the architectural and structural tradition of historical urban development
is affected directly or indirectly by the city planning.
. 19
. [ ] The urban conservation supports in terms of planning guiding principles the municipality and contributes in
(Rothenburg ob der Tauber) (Feuchtwangen), (Dinkelsbhl), (Nrdlingen) the plannings by means of statements and maps, based specifically on the content and purpose of the relevant
, (Ludwig) 1 . planning process, as part of the inventory survey findings about the citys history, about the importance of
, , . historic structures and premises, about monuments and ensembles and their meaning, about their spatial
, (Rhineland) , effects and mutual spatial and historic relationships. Subsequently the urban conservationists evaluate the
. impact of proposed policies and regulations on by planning influenced historic traditions that deserve to be
30 Eidloth/Ongyerth/Walgern (see note 1), p. 372. 29 Eidloth/Ongyerth/Walgern (see note 1), p. 372.
31 See pp. 391 392. 30 See pp. 391 392.

63
. . protected, by raising requirements in the heritage conservation interest and formulating doubts, suggestions,
, . recommendations or advice.
. . 8. Principles of safeguarding city walls

. ,
, 18, 19 .32 It has taken a long time until heritage conservation has recognized the historic value and architectural history
, (monument topography) of the city walls. Especially in the 19th century there were too many demolitions e.g. for road construction.
, It is due to the preservation regulation of King Ludwig I of Bavaria that the walls of the city monuments
, .33 Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Feuchtwangen, Dinkelsbhl or Nrdlingen situated on the so called romantic road
are preserved. Walls, gates and towers have dominated the city structure sustainably.
But also several other small towns in southern Germany, in the Rhineland region and in other European
countries have almost completely preserved its medieval defense walls. If the buildings no longer exist,
their traces in the city layout and urban morphology are still readable and have to be conserved. The course
of the Wall is a defining element in the urban fabric. Inconspicuous open spaces can have a high historical
significance, which is taken into account in development plans.
One of the action fields of urban conservation is to keep clear green spaces in front of the preserved or removed
city wall. Well worth protecting are also visual links to the city and its silhouette. The areas inside the walls
and in front differ in the building density and plot structure. A major concern of urban conservation is the
preservation of the remains of the city wall as a historical document of the cities and the preservation of the
green belts, which followed the fortification, with its typical peripheral buildings that were created in the 18th
and 19th centuries.31 It is the task of the city, with historic preservation for example in the context of land use
planning, urban renewal or elaboration of a monument topography to register, to map, to safeguard and to
preserve in a clear manner the course and profile of the city walls, as well as the location and former function of
the other buildings in these areas.32
32 See p. 206. 31 See p. 206.
33 See p. 391. 32 See p. 391.

65
BRAUNFELS, Wolfgang, Mittelalterliche Stadtbaukunst in der Toskana, BRAUNFELS, Wolfgang, Mittelalterliche Stadtbaukunst in der Toskana,
Bibliography Berlin 1953. Picture Credits Berlin 1953, pp. 48, 55: 2, 5
BRAUNFELS, Wolfgang, Abendlndische Stadtbaukunst. Herrschaftsform BRAUNFELS, Wolfgang, Abendlndische Stadtbaukunst. Herrschaftsform
und Baugestalt. Kln 1976. und Baugestalt. Kln 1976, pp. 53, 56, 60: 3, 4, 6
ECHTER, Claus-Peter, Die Denkmalltopographie als Erfassungsinstrument ECHTER, Claus-Peter, Die Denkmalltopographie als Erfassungsinstrument
und kulturgeschichtliches Unternehmen, Berlin 2006. und kulturgeschichtliches Unternehmen, Berlin 2006, pp. 234, 235: 7, 8
EIDLOTH, Volkmar, ONGYERTH, Gerhard, WALGERN, Heinrich (eds.), EIDLOTH, Volkmar, ONGYERTH, Gerhard, WALGERN, Heinrich (eds.),
Handbuch Stdtebauliche Denkmalpflege. Berichte zu Forschung und Praxis Handbuch Stdtebauliche Denkmalpflege. Berichte zu Forschung und Praxis
der Denkmalpflege in Deutschland, Petersberg 2013. der Denkmalpflege in Deutschland, Petersberg 2013, p. 390: 1
HABEL, Heinrich, HALLINGER, Johannes, WESKI, Timm, Landeshauptstadt HABEL, Heinrich, HALLINGER, Johannes, WESKI, Timm, Landeshauptstadt
Mnchen Mitte, vol. 1. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Mnchen Mitte, vol. 1. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
Denkmler in Bayern, Mnchen 2009. Denkmler in Bayern, Mnchen 2009, pp. XIX, XXII, LVIII:14 17
HOF F M A N N, Yves, R ICHT ER , Uwe (eds.), Stadt Freiberg, vol.1. HOF F M A N N, Yves, R ICHT ER , Uwe (eds.), Stadt Freiberg, vol.1.
Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmale in Sachsen, Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmale in Sachsen,
Freiberg 2002. Freiberg 2002, pp. 184, 242, 247, 255: 10 13
Manfred Lawrenz, Die Freiberger Stadtbefestigung, in: Yves Hoffmann, Uwe VOLLMAR, Bernd, PAUL A, Georg, KOCIUMAK A, Catharina, Stadt
Richter (eds.), Stadt Freiberg, vol.1. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Nrdlingen. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmler
Deutschland. Denkmale in Sachsen, Freiberg 2002. in Bayern, Mnchen 1998 p. 16: 9
The Valetta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management of Historic
Cities, Towns and Urban Areas. Adopted by the 17th ICOMOS General
Assembly on 28 November 2011.
VOLLMAR, Bernd, PAUL A, Georg, KOCIUMAK A, Catharina, Stadt
Nrdlingen. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Denkmler
in Bayern, Mnchen 1998.

03
Xanadu
and World Heritage
Guo
Zhan
/
Vice president
of ICOMOS
03
Xanadu,
ICOMOS
XANADU AND WORLD HERITAGE TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND

68 CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL
69
2012 36 (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) . In 2012 during the 36th session of World Heritage Committee meeting, Xanadu was inscribed into the World
1995, . Heritage List under the criteria: (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi). Actually, back in 1995, I have proposed the idea of nominating
, , , , , . this ancient city site deep in the grassland for world heritage. Here are the nature, history, significance,
functions and characteristics of Xanadu and the process of its world heritage nomination:
, . ,
. , Xanadu locates at the southern edge of Mongolian Plateau, the bordering area of nomadic civilization and
. . , agricultural civilization. The soil, vegetation and climate are unfavorable for large-scale farming. Even worse,
. . if the turf were dig out for crops for one year, the grassland would turn into desert in the second year and
hard to be restored, because it was sandy soil underground. Only grasses can grow out of sandy soil. Thats
. why this place could only remain as grassland and people could only lead a nomadic life in history. Fighting
. against nature by transforming the land would cause desertification and human beings would have to bear the
. . punishment.
. The construction of Xanadu was due to political and historical reasons as well as ethnic customs. One feature
, . , of Mongolian nomads life and production was that they live where the water and grass flourished. But after the
. () unification of the large Central Plains with agricultural civilization, some of the Mongolian leaders advocated
. to kill all the peasants in the occupied territory and turn the farmland into meadow, as could be exemplified
by the saying that Farmer people are useless. Wed better kill them all and turn this area into a pasture. Then
(Outstanding Universal Value) , , the Mongolian leaders took the advice of some advisors from the agricultural civilization area and retained the
. . agricultural culture as a result. But meanwhile, they stuck to the Mongolian traditions, customs and their close
? relation with their hometown. Thats the background where Xanadu came into being and where it declined
. along with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty. Without the need to control from the Mongolian grassland, Xanadu
could never thrive as a large capital. Without the necessity, there would be no support.
. World heritage must have OUV, authenticity, integrity and reliable and sustainable conservation and
management. Besides, related full comparative analysis is required. Then what is the OUV of such remains of
an ancient capital in specific environment?
It seems that for an archeological site located deep in wilderness and undiscovered for hundreds of years; its
authenticity should not be an issue. As to the integrity, its highly identifiable.
E.g. Thanks to its location in the grassland sparsely populated and unsuitable for reclamation and cultivation,
the site of this splendid capital can be retained in the wilderness and for a long time. There is no doubt about its
authenticity and integrity.
In terms of conservation and management, ICOMOS once demanded to list some more of the affiliated
Figure 1 Xanadu components of the ancient city as state priority protected cultural heritage sites when back then they had not
71
yet this legal status. The state party replied and committed to follow it. (In
2013, the released 7th batch of state priority protected cultural heritage sites
proved that China has followed through the commitment.)
Given the well-developed protection laws and regulations, institutions,
measures and monitoring and management mechanisms, the conservation
and management of the site of Xanadu didnt make an obstacle in the
nomination process.
Figure 2 Xanadu
So the core issue is the criteria of OUV. The international communitys final
(ICOMOS) definition of OUV for Xanadu is :
. .
(2013 7 ).
, , Outstanding Universal Value

.
Criterion (ii): The location and environment of the Site of Xanadu exhibits
. influence from both Mongolian and Han Chinese values and lifestyles. The
. city site exhibits an urban planning pattern indicative of integration of the
two ethnicities. From the combination of Mongolian and Han ideas and
Figure 3 Xanadu institutions the Yuan Dynasty was able to extend its control over an extremely
(Outstanding Universal Value) large part of the known world at that time. The Site of Xanadu is a unique example of an integrated city plan
involving different ethnic communities.
(ii): .
. Criterion (iii): The Site of Xanadu is exceptional testimony to the supreme rule of the Yuan conqueror
Kublai Khan, the assimilation and conversion to the culture and political system of the conquered, and the
. determination and effort of the conqueror in adhering to and maintaining the original cultural traditions.
. Criterion (iv) : T
he site location and environment of the Site of Xanadu together with its urban pattern
demonstrates a coexistence and fusion of nomadic and farming cultures. The combination of a Han city plan
(iii): , with the gardens and landscape necessary to the Yuan dynastys Mongolian lifestyle at Xanadu resulted in an
outstanding example of urban layout that illustrates a significant stage in human history.
. Criterion (vi) : The city of Xanadu hosted the great debate between Buddhism and Taoism in the 13th century,
an event that resulted in dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism over North-east Asia.
(iv): And, no problems with the Integrity, authenticity, conservation, protection, management, etc.
Figure 4 Landscape of Xanadu In my humble opinion, in the simplest and most understandable words to conclude the value of Xanadu being
73
world heritage, that is, it is the fruit of the interaction and integration of two civilizations, namely the nomadic
civilization and agricultural civilization. It is a significant historical event impacting the course of world history
and the only intact witness among all ancient legacies from the Yuan Dynasty.
It is also a unique archeological site known to the world. The legacies of the city site include many elements. The once
erratic nomadic people settled down and established a large capital. This was the symbol of Central Plain Culture in
ancient China.
But its not all the same as traditional ancient cities in the Central Plain region because it retained large space inside
Figure 5 , Figure 6 Landscape of Xanadu
Morden Xanadu, Motorcycle and Grazing the city for nomadic peoples gathering and horse-riding. The city came into being not because of production and living
conditions, but of politics and history. Accordingly, with the huge political and historical transformation, the ancient
. city was reduced to an obsolete wilderness.
(vi): 13 . There is also a comparison between the Xanadu and Qaraqorum, the cradle and first capital of Mongolian Empire,and
. now as a part of the World Heritage site of Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape of Mongolia. Through this the city of
, , , , . Xanadu shows its distinctive characteristic of having two civilizations co-existing and merged with each other. While
Qaraqorum presents itself more as a grassland city of nomadic people, feathured by a large percentage of population
, , , being mobile, instead of settled.
. , ()
. The city is associated with so many unforgettable historical events: the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty; the
battle between Buddhism and Taoism; the visit by western envoys of popes; inner fight among Mongolian royal
. . members; which all left impact on the development of world history. Please have a look! The site of the city, material
, (Central Plain Culture) combinations, unearthed cultural relics, historical records together made this vivid picture, didnt they?
. .
. Even worldwide documents, legends and cultural products tell the influence and value of Xanadu, from Travels
. of Marco Polo to the mind wandering of an English poet to Xanadu in the 18th century, even to the popular
song of the Swedish band Abba, Abba Xanadu made in 1980s :
(Orkhon Valley Cultural
Landscape) (Qaraqorum) .
. , , .
. () , ,
, . . ,
, , .
18 1980 Figure 7 Landscape of Xanadu

75
A place where nobody dared to go
, The love that we came to know
. They call it Xanadu
World heritage is immovable cultural heritage. Movable relics and intangible heritage do not belong to the
scope of world heritage we are discussing. However, intangible heritages usually are related to the value Criteria
and of world heritage. And movable cultural relics usually represent the evidence of the era, nature,
characteristics, significance and implications of world heritage. Its especially so for archeological sites. Those
features are evident in the case of Xanadu.

Figure 8 The Eastern Wall, Xanadu Figure 9
Xanadus Gravestone .
engraved dragon pattern
Xanadu is a well-preserved and grand-in-scale city site, with splendid historical background enshrined. Its
. (), () . experience of world heritage nomination may not prove all useful for Seoul City Wall.
, , , . .
. Another property on the Chinese World Heritage Tentative List might stir the interest of us, the Chinese
Ancient City Walls of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
. The principal part of the serial property is city wall. It was in the later years of the 2000 years of Chinese
city history that all walls were started to be built with bricks. The planning, layout, components, size and
. functions of city wall entered a mature and standardized phase. The city wall
became a witness and masterpiece of Chinas feudal dynasty and the era of
. 2000 the cold weapons. After Qing Dynasty, the construction of city wall basically
. , , , . grounded to a halt.
[ ] (cold weapon) . .
Regretfully, the magnificent city wall in Beijing as an integral part has vanished
. . permanently. Only a few sections and some city gates have been retained and
. restored. Among the selected and generally well-preserved city walls, only that
Figure 10 Jingzhou City Wall in Xian is roughly on a par with that in Beijing before in terms of scale.
Figure 11 Birds eye view of Xian City Wall Figure 12 Xian City Wall, side of East-South Figure 13 Xian Changlemen Figure 14 Nanjing City Wall
77
Besides the Xian city wall in Shaanxi province,as components of such a tentative project, they are:
Nanjing city wall in Jiangsu province,
Jinzhou city wall in Hubei province,
Xiangyang city wall also in Hubei province,
Taizhou city wall in Zhejiang province,
Xingcheng city wall in Liaoning province,
Shouxian city wall in Anhui province,
and Fengyang city wall also in Anhui province as well.
Figure 15 Taizhou City Wall Figure 16 Xingcheng City Wall Another case in point is one in the mountain fortress city which is built alongside the mountains, the
Diaoyucheng Castle in Hechuan County, Chongqing City.
() () It is strategically located alongside the hills and therefore of crucial military and transportation importance.
. Constructed in the Song Dynasty, Diaoyucheng Castle is both ancient and of military characteristics. More
importantly, it is related with major historical event that has changed the course of world history in some aspects.
- () () As in the first half of the 13th century when the Mongolian army swept across the Eurasia Continent, Mongka, the
- () () Khan of Mongolia, led the main force to attack Diaoyucheng Castle of Song Dynasty and died there. His sudden
- () () death sent Mongolian ruling class into fierce inner struggle for power. Finally, when Kublai became Khan and
- () () consolidated his regime, he was intent on conquering south and east of the Mongolian Plateau. Some scholars
- () () argued that the Mongolian army since then halted the conquest to the west. Chinese colleagues are also interested
- () () in considering the possibility of nominating Diaoyucheng Castle for world heritage.
- () () Figure 17 Diaoyucheng Castles Remains
And you might be interested in my last case.
() () (). That is the motion to make world heritage
. nomination for the Beijing Central Axis
C u lt ura l L a nd sc ape. The pr inciple of
. U NESCOs new concept and system of
. 13 (Mongka) Historic Urban Landscape is to provide
. . bra nd new, systemat ic, power f u l a nd
. effective conservation means and tools.
. Some counterparts are worried that this

Figure 18 Figure 19
. Diaoyucheng Nanyizicheng The Top of Diaoyucheng may be utilized to drive historical landscape
Nanyizicheng
in the cities to be a new category of world
. heritage. Although this proposition especially
() . highlighted that this was not the case, undeniably, some cases concerning existent world heritage sites will incur
. suspicion of such a connection, so may the landscape along the central axis in Beijing.

79
. . You could perceive what the great Chinese scholar, prof. Mr. Liang Sicheng was said: Although the ancient
, Beijing city has been changed so much The Central Axis Landscape of Beijing City is really still there
. Some international colleagues strongly support such a motion to nominate this Axis Landscape.
() . ()
. However, there are still many possibilities of the potential World Heritage nomination in Beijing, and the
. idea of this potential nomination project of the Central Axis Landscape has certain reasonable logic and
implementation.
, Just for your reference all these cases.
Figure 24 Central Axis of Beijing
Figure 20 Figure 21 Diaoyucheng Castle

Top of Diaoyucheng Nanyizicheng(aerial photograph)
Figure 22 Diaoyucheng Castle Figure 23

Diaoyucheng Castle, Restoration Drawing of Battle
situation Figure 25 Central Axis of Beijing
04
( )
HUE
04
The Characteristics
and values
of the Asian city walls
(Thang Long and other city walls)
as World Heritage
OTA
Shoichi
/
JAPAN
THE CHARACTERISTICS AND VALUES TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND
82 OF THE ASIA CITY WALLS CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL
83
( ) (Thang Long and other city walls)
AS WORLD HERITAGE
(Imperial capital) Abstract The imperial capital city planning is inherited in East Asia
. from ancient time, and Vietnam also has its own genealogy
. (Thang Long, ), (Ho, of the capitals. In Vietnam, Three citadels such as Thang
), (Hue, ), Long, Ho citadel, and Hue, are recognized as World heritage.
. Among them, Thang Long started its history in Tang period
(Tang, ) . , under direct rule of the Mainland China. After independence
. symbolism of the monarch, following Chinese ideas, was
overlaid on to the initial figure. The latter two citadel were
. constructed as ideal city, even there double layers of local
19 . logics and imported Chinese concept. Especially Hue has
. unique character as it was constructed in 19thcentury, the
. modern era. At that time some other countries in East Asia
also revived the imperial capital planning. Ancient imperial
capital idea was such effective still in the modern period.
. , , Recently the imperial capital planning is reconsidered then
. besides Chinese ones, Indian-origin capital planning is
, rediscovered. In this manner, wider vision to reconsider the
. ideas of ancient urban planning in East, Southeast, or South
, . Asia. As Vietnam is located at the crossroad of the Sinocentric
sphere and the continental Southeast Asia, its urban form
. reflects the nature of both origins. Because of this location,
. it is possible to compare them with neighboring Champa or
Angkor. Hiring Chinese civilizations, Vietnamese dynasties
had sorted out each element of the ideas. It is where we can
find Vietnamese originalities.
Key words
, , capital city, vietnam, urban idea

85
AS WORLD HERITAGE
. Forward Ancient Capital City image was once invented in China and
. spread over East Asia. Many cities were constructed here

- - Toward
and there after the Chinese examples. Up to now, these
a comparative study
. of imperial cities have attracted academic concern how far the Chinese
() ( capital cities models influenced to its neighboring countries, referring to
) . an authentic great model of Changan in Tang dynasty, or
. . their conceptual source of Zhou li Kao gong ji().
However, there are some fundamental questions, we can put,
, to these discussions.
. () () First of all, was the model of Changan really influential to
others as much as we now imagine? From Japanese point of
. view, this idea is dominant as we have the genealogy of capital
. cities from Heijo-kyo to Heian-kyo, which precisely copied
. Changan. On the other hand in another East Asian countries,
no other city graphically hire this model as precise as the
, () Japanese capital cities did. They followed more or less this
. idea only in partial design or concept.
. ()
() . Next, it is also doubtful how far Zhou li was respected.
, Even in Chinese capital cities, none agrees to this text
. completely. Among them Da dou in Yuan is supposed to be a
() () cordial adoption, but with reservations that it resulted from
. , inflexible transplantation by Outsiders, or that it insisted its
() . authenticity all the more for its peripheral origin. Zhou li was
in the first place quoted by Wang Mang in West Han dynasty
. when he modified the structure of Changan, and then finally
he usurped the throne. The aftermath of this turmoil was the
. [] , transfer of capital to Luo yang. The reason of quoting Zhou
. li here is to justify the location of capital city other than the
. land of Changan. This ubiquitous idea of capital city, the
authenticity of imperial capital lies not only in its location but
also in the qualification endorsed by Confucius text, would
. be useful manner especially for those in periphery countries.
If not theres iconographical common feature among them,
. it would be possible that some influence would be admitted

87
AS WORLD HERITAGE
, , there. If so, comparative study of royal capital cities between
. China and surrounding countries would have significant
, (regional meanings.
city) . ,
Third question is addressed to discourses for comparative
. studies of royal capitals, which would always go at the
. same level, namely one capital city to another capital city.
, Basically in the Sinocentric concept, sole imperial capital
. can be founded under the heaven and no comparative city
() . can exist. In Chinese hierarchical order, imperial capital
. is at the summit and numbers of local centers such as
provincial cities, prefectural cities, or county cities will follow.
Regarding this sovereign position of imperial capital, royal
. () capital cities of another surrounding countries could be
() comparative to regional cities in the mainland China. Once
. 10 , nominated to a royal capital, the city is decorated as Kings
. seat in Chinese authentic manner, normally following the
() . guidance of Zhou li. Yet its plan or structure as a single city
. would sometimes match to a Chinese local city. Under the
Sinocentric hierarchical order, each and every periphery
country is categorized and its capital will have appropriate
scale and decoration according to the countrys position in the
order. Otherwise its scale would be decided due to its national
wealth. It is necessary to widen examples of comparative
studies based on as much possibility as we can take.
In the course of East Asian capital city studies, Vietnamese
case can introduce novel points in dispute. The Vietnamese
nation had been directly ruled by China since West Han era,
when local base was built in the vicinity of Hanoi. When they
got independence in 10cAD, it was the time of building race of
capital city in East Asia. Hereafter this nation has had rivalry
with China and brought minor Sinocentiric idea of its own.
Vietnamese royal citadels are their presentation stage of these
national ideas.
89
AS WORLD HERITAGE
Genealogy of Vietnamese citadel
(Co Loa Citadel, ) Co Loa Citadel()

() Co Loa is the forerunner of Vietnamese history of citadels, located in the northern vicinity of Hanoi across the Red
. 214 () River. It is estimated that this citadel was built when legendary An Duong Vong built Au Lac country against Qins
() () .1 invasion in BC 2141. It has triple walled structure. The inner most one is rectangular shape of laminated earthen
, () . wall, 1730m in circumferences, 5m in height, with one gat eat the center of south side. The middle and outer wall
1730m 5m, . is irregular shape and outer one is 7780m in circumferences. Co Loa citadel is a great construction in scale and the
7780m. biggest one in Vietnam up to the present. It has also symbolic setting with north-south axis of the inner wall.
. As Co Loa had symbolic meaning against China, the first independent king Ngo Quyen chose this site for his
royal capital in 939.
,
Figure 1 Co Loa Citadel(Nishimura, 2011) () 939 . Long Bien citadel()
Under direct rule of Han dynasty, Jiao zhi county center() is supposed to be set at Lung Khe site in Bac
(Long Bien citadel, Ninh province2. This citadel is formed in rectangular shape, with 680m of north side, 520m of south side, 320m
() ()2 () (Lung Khe) of east side, and 328m of west side. Only single wall is detected for the moment, but outer wall going parallel to
.3 680m, 520m, 320m, 328m. south side is also estimated3. In its neighbors, Dau temple, one of the oldest Buddhist temples in the Red River
.4 delta, is located, and along the Duong River bank in its northern vicinity is excavated a port village site. These
(Dau setting show that Lung Khe site was functioned as a ruling basement of this region.
temple)
(Duong) In the mainland China, Qin cheng citadel in Guang xi is Lung Khes contemporary construction, with irregular
(port) . rectangular shape. Its construction method has common features with Co Loa or Lung Khe. Regarding these
, facts, Long Bien citadel is ordinary structure as Chinese regional center.
. An nan Dou hu fu (: An nan periphery governance agency)

The earliest citadel founded in present Hanoi was dated back to AD. 6th century as a military station, subject to
() Long Bien. The first full-scale citadel in Hanoi, named as Zi cheng()or minor citadel, was built by governor of
() Jiao zhou()in 681 as his regional administrative headquarter. During Sui-Tang era Jiao zhou was reorganized
as An nan Dou hu fu (An nan periphery governance agency). Regarding Chinese citadels at that time zi cheng
. Figure 2 Lung Khe site(Nishimura, 2011) was accompanied by luo cheng (la thanh in vietnamese) or surrounding citadel, however, An nan Dou hu fu had
it as late as in 767 according to the historical record. After successive modification, Cao Ben reconstructed and
1 Nishimura, 2011.
2 (). . () ()
, () , () (). () 1 Nishimura, 2011
3 Ibid. 2 Ibid.
4 Ibid. 3 Ibid.
91
AS WORLD HERITAGE
. , enlargeed its surrounding wall, named as Dai La Thanh() or greater surrounding wall, which was reused
. as the outer wall of Thang Long imperial capital. In the historical record, Dai La Thanh, 5830m in circumference,
was a firm defensive citadel, equipped with 55 observatories, 5 gates, 3 water docks, etc.
(An nan Dou hu fu, : An nan periphery governance agency) Dai La Thanh itself was large in scale in local context, while in its contemporary Tangs standard it would be an
AD. 6 . ordinary citadel, with double walls. Examples in An nans neighboring Ling nan dao area are Gui zhou, Yong
( (minor citadel) , 681 () zhou, or Rong zhou. Comparing with Rong zhou with its scale of 7020m in circumference, even Dai La Thanh is
. () [ ] . rated to modest one in its scale.
(, ) (surround citadel) .
767 . , (Cao Ben) , Hoa Lu()

( . , Succeeding royal regime from Ngo dynasty in Co Loa, Dinh dynasty got power and set their capital in Hoa Lu
, 5830m 55 , 5 , 3 . in Ninh Binh province, south of Hanoi. This area was , so to speak, natural fortress, characterized by limestone
, . rock mountain. Constructing walls, from 65m to 500m in length, in between of mountains, it was consisted of a
() (), (), () . 7020m defensive citadel, having double zoning of inner wall and outer wall. Due to geographical restriction, south side
. of this citadel was closed by mountains and open to the north.
Despite these outstanding defensive features, Hoa Lu site was cramped for governing head quarter. When Ly
(Hoa Lu, dynasty was established, its capital was transferred to Hanoi area, then Hoa Lu was named as Truong An Phu (
() () : Changan city).4
(Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh)
. Thang Long()
. 65m, 500m After successive short-lived dynasties, Ly Thai To could finally established long-term regime in 1009. His
. new capital city was set in Dai La Thanh, and renamed as Thang Long , meaning Ascending Dragon. In his
. Declaration of Setting Capital City, this site was said as a crossroad of traffic routes to four directions, having
cerebrated geographical features of coiled dragon and sitting tiger() and opening toward river
. () and mountains on back().5 On the other hand, at the beginning of the declaration, it referred to ancient
Figure 3 Hoa Lu(Vu, 1998)

(: Changan city)5 Chinese affairs in Shang period, conscious of Sinocentric authenticity.
As for the structure of the citadel, it hired double or triple wall with forbidden city (Kinh Thanh:) and
(Thang Long, surrounding wall (La Thanh : ), and its layout was west-inner city and east-outer city type, having civil
, 1009 () [ zone in eastern part. Despite palaces in the inner city were put southward, eastern front was still prominent as
]. () . (), . main approach to the city was To Lich river coming from east side, and it was the cardinal axis to divide civil
(Declaration of Setting Capital City) [] zone into left and right blocks. These features are regarded as remnants of preceding form. Actually, Thang
, [] .6 Longs fundamental structure was succeeded from preceding Dai La Thanh.
() , . In the reign of Ly Thai Tong, the second emperor, Thang Long vividly wore Chinese taste. He additionally built
5 i Vit s k ton th, Bn K Q2, Nh L ( ) 4 i Vit s k ton th, Bn K Q2, Nh L ( )
6 Ibid. 5 Ibid.
93
AS WORLD HERITAGE
() () . many palaces, renamed main hall as Tien An Den()after palace in Luo Yang.6 Also in this period, Thien
, . , Khanh Den()in octagonal shape was installed behind Tien An Den so that they were consisted of tree
(To Lich) . zones, which were indispensable composition for royal palace in Chinese classic idea. Outside of the palace,
. . Alter of Land and Harvest()was built in 1048 and Alter of Southern Suburb (, Alter of Heaven) was
set, so as to follow Chinese Confucius idea of imperial capital.
2 () .
() () .7 In Tran dynasty, the successor of the throne, most of the structure of the city was inherited. When Yuan
() occupied Thang Long, they were surprised to see Thang Longs magnificent palaces with nine-spanned
. () 1048 () . structure or five gates, which were regarded the symbol of royal city.
() () . 9
5 . Regarding the naming of Thang Longs palaces, many followed the cases in Luo yang and Kai feng. Also from
historical event that Hoa Lu was renamed as Changan when Thang Long was founded, Thang Long was then
() . , compared with the two Chinese capitals. It was natural that the two cities were targeted by Thang Long as the
. () contemporary Chinese capital city then was Kai feng of Northern Song dynasty, and Kai feng took its model from Luo
. () yang. On the other hand, about actual geographical disposition of the city, Thang Long had many common features
() () . with Jian kang of Southern dynasties, present Nan jing. Notation of geographical features of coiled dragon and
, . sitting tiger, or physical structure and plan of the city wall also have much resemblances. It could be said that the city
. had fundamental common basement with Nan jing, and the up-dated Chinese model of Luo yang and Kai feng was
overlaid there. The specific feature of Thang Long can be found in this adaptation of mulch-layered Chinese models.
Figure 4 Thang Longs palaces in Ly Thai To period (Yao, 2007) Figure 5 Thang Longs palaces in Ly Thai Tong period (Yao, 2007)
7 Pham, 2012, pp.34-38. 6 Pham, 2012, pp.34-38.

95
AS WORLD HERITAGE
(Ho citadel, Ho citadel()

() Ho Quy Ly, who usurped the throne from Trans, constructed outstanding citadel in Thanh Hoa province, 200km
200km (Thanh Hoa) south of Hanoi. This citadel had well-shaped square plan, 877m in length of east-west side and 880m of north-south
. side, built with precisely cut stone. At the center of each side had city gate and its axis lay at 45 degree from north to
877m, 880m west. Inside the city was laid out with grid streets beside outside of the city had geographically-laid outer wall.
In terms of Chinese model, it would have five gates on the axis and on its prolongation set Alter of Southern
. Suburb, 2.5km south of the citadel. Inside the citadel it equipped Eastern Mausoleum, which was dedicated
45 . to Hos ancestors, and Wesvtern Mausoleum, to the preceding dynasty.7 This layout shows left for ancestor,
right for ancestor, instead of authentic left for ancestor, right for land and harvest(). This alteration
Figure 6 Figure 7
Ho citadel (Kikuchi, 2005) City wall of Ho citadel
. might come from specific mentality of usurper, insisting on legitimacy of their monarchy. These setting had a
5 significant meaning for this sake.
, 2.5km . (Ho)
() () .8
, () ()[] . Modification of Thang Long citadel

. .
For the ostensible reason to punish the usurper, Ming troop attacked Vietnam to occupy the nation, and
renamed Thang Long to Dong Quan city(). Since 1407, direct rule by Ming dynasty lasted for 20 years.
At that time the city was described to have square-shape with gates on each four side, which means only inner
wall then remained.8
() , () . After sweeping Ming away of the land, Le dynasty recovered the capital. In 1490 when Le Thanh Tong was
1407 20 . on the throne, Thang Long was greatly modified to be enlarged the middle wall westward. The Les appealed
. .9 to revive Ly and Trans capital plan to have triple walled structure. Reusing Dai La Thanh as the outer wall,
() . 1490 () its inside was called as Kinh Thanh() or capital city including civil inhabitant area, with most of the
. area remaining farm land. The middle wall, called as Hoang Thanh() or imperial city, and its inside was
. () , () . reserved for mandarins. Its shape would be square before Le Thanh Tong, and would be enlarged westward as
. (), above mentioned. The inner wall called Cung Thanh() or palace city was square shaped, slightly larger than
. . () Hanoi citadel rebuilt in 19th century. Alter of Southern Suburb was also revived at that time to form left for
19 . . ancestor, right for land and harvest.
. . () Later in Le period, emperors got lost power, so that he could not manage the city. Thang Long was mostly
() . abandoned. Later in Nguyen period, capital city was transferred to Hue so that Thang Long was demoted to
19 . a provincial city and renamed as Hanoi (inside of river). Even in this trend, its palace city still survived to
1833 . () preserve the former structure up to 19th century.
8 i Vit s k ton th, Bn K Q8, Nh Trn 7 i Vit s k ton th, Bn K Q8, Nh Trn
9 Yao, 2007 8 Yao, 2007.

97
AS WORLD HERITAGE
In the plan of Hanoi citadel made in 1833, palaces were stood in a row on the axis line. Here the main hall, Kien
Tien Den(), solely stood on the base, not following the contemporary example of Beijing, where the main
hall in the palace city formed the central palace complex by three prominent buildings, stood on shaped
triple layered basement. The courtyard between Doan Mon gate and Kien Tien Den palace was the imperial
ordinance court. The unique feature here was that the both wings of Doan Mon() gate stretched northward.
Normally these wings of the gate should be put southward to welcome (or disperse) visitors, dividing its inside
and outside. In Hanois case this distribution would resulted from the attitude to put stress on the consistence
of ordinance court. Behind Kien Tien Den, royal screen was erected to enclose the consort area, which
was composed by authentic courtyard housing units. Kien Tien Den itself followed this composition to be
accompanied by attached buildings on both left and right sides.
Likewise, the central axis area was divided into three zones by Doan Mon gate and royal screen, which
would follow Chinese Confucius idea of imperial city. This structure was different from its contemporary
example of Beijing, but followed classic idea. This attitude would show their original color or distortion as
an independent dynasty.
Hue -the last imperial capital in East Asia

Figure 8 Thang Long(c.1490, Hng c bn ) Figure 9 Thang Long in Le Dynasty (Nishimura, 2008)
In 1802, Nguyen dynasty was inaugurated by Emperor Gia Long. He then set the capital in Hue, where the
. Nguyens had been settles for centuries. Gia
. () (). Long remodeled their previous citadel, Phu
(wing) . Xuan city(), so as to be suitable to
. imperial city.
. () , H u e s o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e w a s i t s
. . surrounding wall, constructed by French
, military engineering. Nguyen Phuc Anh,
. . later he became Emperor Gia Long, asked for
. French support to conquer the land, and for
military construction some French engineers
joined h is t roop. 9 G eomet r ic pat ter n

(Hue), planning of Nguyens citadel was based on
this engineering practice. In the theory of
1802 () . . Vauban style citadel, the most comprehensive
() (remodeling) . Figure 10 Hue Capital city (i Nam nht thng ch) method of this sort, citadel was to be planned
. ()
9 Phan,1999.
99
AS WORLD HERITAGE
in polygonal form and several ramparts were layered around the citadel to defend from artillery attack,
however, Hue hired square shape, mostly useless figure to make many dead angles for its defense. It is because
.10 this plan had a priority to symbolic representation as the imperial seat to follow Chinese classic idea of earth in
. (Vauban) square. One exception was Mang Ca rampart at its northeast angle, to defend from riverin eattack.
, The layout of palaces in Hue city considerably reflected Chinese imperial city planning concept. The citadel had
triple walls, such as Kinh Thanh (: Capital city), Hoang Thanh (: Imperial city), and Tu Cam Thanh
(: Purple Forbidden city). The outer wall of geometrically shaped rampart enclosed Capital city, and the
. inner moat demarked Imperial city, with its main gate of Ngu Mon(). Tu Cam Thanh was appointed to the
. area inside of Dai Cung Mon gate() stood behind the main hall of Thai Hoa Den(). This title of Tu
() Cam Thanh was adopted during the reign of Ming Mang, the second emperor. Initially this area was called as
Cung Thanh() or Palace city. This alteration was made by the order of Ming Mang, who devoted himself to
Figure 11
. Hue imperial city after Minh Mang era(i Nam nht thng ch)
Chinese taste. He even sent couriers to Beijing to observe the actual situation of the Forbidden City. Ngo Mon or
(Mang ca) the Noon Gate was also altered at that time, following the Beijings, despite its size and position, as Beijings one
(rampart) . is the main gate of the Forbidden City (of the proper meaning).
. , (), (),
() . , On the other hand, city walls were described in historical document with meaningful notation, In Thn Kinh
(. ( () . Nh Thp Cnh (: Twenty scenes of the divine city), a picture and poem book of sceneries of Hue
() . () , city, the outer wall of Kinh Thanh was described in irregular shape, while Hoang Thanh was in well-arranged
. . () rectangular shape. This picture would show the notation of that time that inner wall should be carefully
. , arranged whilst the outer wall left in ambiguous figure. This manner was common to the composition of Thang
( ) . Long citadel.
. The layout of the Hue city had outstanding feature that civil and commercial zone was put outside the walled
() . city. Trading hamlet, such as Gia Ngu, a Chinese commercial area, or Thanh Ha, a preceding commercial
, , center, located on the riverbank and outside the city. Here Kinh Thanh was just the inner part along with
. outer part of commercial area. Nevertheless, civil zone was also reserved within the citadel including three old
, . villages existed prior to the citadel. Two official markets, east one of Dong Ha and west one of Thay Loc, were
. also in the city. The restriction of commercial activity inside the city would reflect Confucius idea to reserve the
intramurals for imperial administration.
. (Gia Ngu) One of symbolic figures of Nguyens citadel was flag tower, elected at the center of the south side. Hues one was
(Thanh Ha) a simple flag pole stood on the mighty basement. In other citadels, brick made observatory was put instead.
. Referring to Chinese principle of traditional city planning, the south side of the city was mostly important
Figure 8 Hue in Thn Kinh Nh Thp Cnh ()
face, normally equipped with well decorated gate. The unique setting of Nguyen citadels would represent the
significant meaning of the flag tower, the symbol of military headquarter. Actually in the initial phase of the
dynasty, the Nguyen court set Dinh() or military and administrative center in every region of their territory,
10 Phan,1999.
101
AS WORLD HERITAGE
. (Dong Ha) (Thay Loc) () and the capital city was regarded as the supreme one of Dinh, Chinh Dinh().
(). Between Hue and Other cities

. .
. Hue is the final form of Vietnamese imperial city planning, and it was the contesting space between Chinese
. () classic concept and Vietnamese original idea.
( . Comparing with Thang Long, a prominent preceding form of Vietnamese city planning, common feature can
be found in the planning of palaces. Three courts composition, the outer court in front of the main gate, the
ordinance court between the main gate and the main hall, and the consort court behind the royal screen, was
equally hired in two cities. Furthermore, the third court was consisted of three consecutive units of courtyard
house. It could be said that Hue almost completely imitate Thang Longs example. As above mentioned, this is
. the initial scene of Hue in Gia Long period, and it was altered afterwards.
. With another preceding case of Hue, Ho citadel, two points, well-arranged square planning and walled city as
, , , inner city, are the common features. About the setting of the Alter of Southern Suburb, Ho citadel placed it on
. , the prolongation of the cardinal axis line, while Hue placed it on the southward line, other than its cardinal
. . axis. On the other hand, the cardinal axis in both cases is directed toward the screen mountain. In Hos case,
. the Alter was set to the screen mountain, which reflects rather Southeast Asian character of sacred place set
on terrace on mountainous foot. Inside of the citadel, the disposition of east and west mausoleum was the
prototype of Hues case. Generally Hue follows Zhou li s idea of left-mausoleum and right-alter, placing the alter
. on the southwest corner of Kinh Thanh, whilst Thai Mieu or mausoleum of ancestors and successive emperors
, was placed in Hoang Thanh on east side and The Mieu or mausoleum of ancestors prior to the dynasty was on
, the west side.
. In terms of city planning, Hue realized triple wall structure, which was hired here from the beginning as the
imperial capital. Compared with Beijing, naming of each walled area was in discord. Even Hue imitated and
. renamed the Beijings naming as above mentioned, their function were mismatched. Purple Forbidden City
of Beijing was not equivalent to the same named one in Hue, but to the Imperial city in terms of its function.
. In the same manner, the position of The Noon Gate agreed between the two cities, as it enclosed the imperial
. audience area.
(), As for Beijings model, the disposition of palaces of Beijings case was not introduced to Hue. In Beijing, the
. three great halls on the shaped triple stepped basement was imposed on the palace city composed with
() . courtyard house unit. This plan was hired since Yuan period in Beijing, while Hues main hall, The Great
, Harmony Hall, was solely stood on its basement, even its naming came from Beijing.
, . The layout of the Hue city has similar feature with Da dou, Beijings previous form in Yuan period. At the initial
Figure 13 Hue and its surroundings phase of its planning whole surface of the capital city was divided in 9 squares, and one of them, center one on
103
AS WORLD HERITAGE
, . the south side, was assigned to the imperial city, consequently northern part of the city remained vacant room.
. In Da dou this area was reserved for yurt style housing site for Mongolian use. In Hue, this vacant area mostly
. remained not in use, so that it was once used to accommodate French concession, race course, or airplane field.
. In this layout, on the other hand, remnant of ancient capital city image could be found. The land piece out of 9
. . squares assigned to the imperial city included the back yard. The similar figure was also found in Heijo-kyo(
() . )and Heian-kyo(), both of which had North garden on the back of Daidairi(), equivalent to the
imperial city. These would succeed an image of back garden of Luo yang in Tang period. Of course these could
() . not be comparative in scale, but they would be preserved because of custamay idea for imperial consort space.
9 . . Even so they are too small for leisurely and exercise use, only having a meaning for buffer zone in its function.
. , , Through these cases, Hue hired two trends, revivalism (or succession of preceding cases) and Chinese
, . authenticity. Reference of preceding examples was utilized to appeal the succession of the business of previous
. . dynasties, which assured the succession of the throne in Confucius idea. Chinese model, namely the contemporary
() . () Beijings example, was quoted to decorate the Nguyens presence. As the Nguyen dynasty successfully united the
. nation, which had been divided in the north and the south for centuries, it required outstanding symbols. At that
. time in Vietnam, they recognized themselves as the southern center against the north center of Beijing. This is a
. sort of minor- Sinocentrism, and the imperial capital was an arena for these presentations.
, [ ] On the other hand, Hue stuck to its originality. One of the great differences between Hue and Beijing is the
. direction of the cardinal axis. According to historical record, Hues axis was set to direct to the Royal screen
. , , mountain, Ngu Binh Son. But in reality, it is not true. Ngu Binh Son was actually targeted by the axis, not
. of Hue citadel, but of Phu Xuan city, a preceding form at the same location. As the city was enlarged in four
. . times larger from Phu Xuan to Hue, the axis was slightly moved. Reason to put this article in this historical
. document, i Nam nht thng ch(), would lie that it required a reason to justify the direction of the
cardinal axis of the imperial capital. Also in a historical record, the emperor Ming Mang asked the Engineering
, . . minister Since ancient time, the capital city must face to the south. Then the answer was It is allowed to
, (Ngu Binh) . regard from southeast to southwest as the south.10 Then the axis of Hue city was directed almost in southeast.
(Phu Xuan) . 4 It can be said that this story was quoted to justify the disposition of the city by Confucius idea. True reason
. () of this disposition would be very simple, that the city was laid according to the river stream. This is resulted
. from the local tradition that also followed by preceding cities in the Hues region. Regarding other citadels in
. Vietnam, none has its axis north-south ward, except Co Loa. This sort of arrangement, beside consciousness to
.11 China, is essential in Vietnamese historical scene in every aspect.
. [] .
. .
11 Phan, 1999., . 10 Phan, 1999., .

105
AS WORLD HERITAGE
Imperial capital city in modern era
19 . Hue has specific feature of imperial capital built in modern era in 19th century. That was the time when the
. concept of royal capital city planning revived in some other Asian countries.
() In Japan, the study of Japanese classical culture arose in late Tokugawa shogunate period, and reconstruction
() . , () study of Heian-kyo was done by Uramatsu Kozen. His outstanding work, a reconstruction study of Daidairi (the
1885 . . imperial city) was actually adopted to reconstruct the Imperial palace in 1885, after it had been burnt down.
, . 1877 Therefore the palace, present Kyoto imperial palace, was built in revival style. After Meiji emperor moved to
() () . Tokyo, accompanied by courtiers and aristocrats, their living quarter, surrounding area of the palace, was remain
. vacant and abandoned. From 1877, the preservation work of this area, Ouchi(), was started, then the area was
() . ( enclosed and preserved as Kyoto Gyoen garden. The core of the ancient capital was preserved in this way.
) () (12
. In Meiji period, on remodeling of this old capital was spotlighted, Kyoto was overlaid with image of Heian-kyo.
. () A reconstruction plan of Sakaimachi-suji street facing to the south face of the palace, or other plan of install a
. . . axis street connecting old Rajomon Gate() and Suzakumon gate()11, namely revival of old cardinal
() . 1873 axis street, both aimed to revive the image of Heian-kyo.
1888 . . () On the other hand, in Tokyo, revivalism of the imperial capital was also imposed to this city. When Meiji
.13 . government initiated, Edo castle was converted to a vessel of modern capital city. In this way central
19 1865 . administrative area was planned, however, the concrete image of this area was inspired by the one in
. Heian-kyo.
. Emperors zone was assigned to old Western residence of Shoguns castle, and it renamed Kojo()or imperial
.14 city in literary meaning. In 1873, it was burnt down, and reconstructed in 1888. This Meiji palace was designed
. (Konbaun) (Mandalay) in revival style, referring to the imperial palace in Kyoto, facing to south. At the same time, Kojo was renamed
1860 () . Kyujo()or palace city, which followed the layout of Changan12. Revivalism of specific image of ancient
.15 imperial capital can be observed here.
. In Chosun dynasty in 19th century. Gyeongbokgung was reconstructed by Heungseon Daewongun in 1865
to restore the old scene of Hanseong. In Deahan Jeguk period, the main hall was named Taegeukjeon and
Wongudan was found.13
Through these cases, revivalism of imperial capital showed relation between the monarch and the capital. Even
in modern era, Zhou li was the only articulated idea of imperial capital city.
The same sort of story could be found in Southeast Asia. In Burma, the royal capital of Konbaun Dynasty,
Mandalay was built in 1860, designed in well-arranged square plan embodying mandara world as the capital
12 Shimizu, 2007.
13 Tokyo shishikou, Kyujo-hen, p.1003. 11 Shimizu, 2007.
14 Ri, 2006, pp.518-519. 12 Tokyo shishikou, Kyujo-hen, p.1003.
15 Funo, 2013. 13 Ri, 2006, pp.518-519.

107
AS WORLD HERITAGE
? city of the King. Behind the scene, the dynasty relied on this view as a counter to British invasion.14 That was
why the city purely represented the image of the royal capital city, introduced from India.
.16 ,
. . .
. , What is the imperial capital planning rethinking of its concept

.
. . (Ochi The definition of imperial capital city has been changing according to recent studies.15 Hitherto it must satisfy two
Toshiaki)17 . . points: seat of the monarch, and surrounding city wall. However, the latter is not always satisfied, especially in
. . Japanese cases. Also in Chinese cases, city wall was not always solid presence. In Changan in West Han period,
, . many citizens lived outside of the city wall, and Changan in Sui period the city wall was not completed at its
, inauguration. Compared with the city wall in west Asian examples, Chinese city wall in general has rather not so
. , . firm function to divide inside-outside. By reason of these facts, it was required to reconsider the concept of the
. (Arthasastra) (Mana sara) . capital city planning. One novel idea was submitted by Ochi Toshiaki,16 responding this situation. Undoubtedly the
(Angkor Thom) . imperial capital needs a device to enclose its intended territory, but it is not necessarily made by physical form, but
. . spiritual one. That is a concrete graphical image of the capital. Accordingly it should be accompanied by specific
documents to assure enough reason for the image of the city. The suitable one is Zhou li after East Han era.
, . In this way, the royal capital city planning is not any more limited to the ones in East Asia. It will be possible to find it
19. 2 out of other region in the world. One distinctive region is India, where well-arranged geometrical planning was adopted
. . to ancient urban planning. The source of this plan is ancient texts, such as Arthasastra or Mana sara. This Indian origin
. urban plan concept was brought to Southeast Asia, to be applied for the planning of Angkor Thom and other cities.
Such attempt to expand the target is animating the discourse of imperial capital city. Still now on, the East
. 19 Asian capitals are in the course of re-examination.
. Again, over viewing the genealogy of capital city planning in Vietnam, it is surprisingly deep-routed in the
. history. It was in 19th century that the last one was built in Hue, so that this idea of the city was continuously
. . influential more than two thousand years to the actual capital city planning. But once carefully inspected its
. reality, Zhou li had only limited influence. The one principle of left-mausoleum for anceste, rightalter for land
and harvest had been persistently realized, yet the cases of Ho citadel or Hue could make it relative.
: , , Through the exchange of imperial envoy, Vietnamese side could continuously witness the real Chinese capital
cities. Nevertheless, it was not until 19thcentury that Vietnamese earnestly imported Chinese examples. Behind
, , . this fact would lay footsteps of Western power, and Vietnamese side expected a role of counter culture to the
14 Funo, 2013.
16 Seo grasps royal capitals in Eurasian scale (Seo,2013). 15 Seo grasps royal capitals in Eurasian scale (Seo,2013).
17 Ochi, 2011. 16 Ochi, 2011.

109
AS WORLD HERITAGE
1993 . . West, appealing Asian tradition. In this context Hue in MingMang period could be comparative to Hanseong in
. . HeungseonDaewongun period or Kyoto in late Tokugawa shogun ate period.
. , . The imperial capital planning is a sort of symbolism, summoned by the rulers of the time. It could reflect
, . . various affairs in the name of the emperor. Once the ideal standard was set, its deflection could show each
. . circumstance of the time.
. ().
. 2003 Vietnamese imperial capitals in the present time - Hanoi, Hue, Ho citadel
. .
2010 1000 To conclude this paper, the present situation of imperial capitals, Hue, Thang Long, and Ho citadel, will be
. . introduced here. All three were already recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage site.
. The citadel of Hue was firstly registered to World Heritage in Vietnam in 1993. The old city was managed by
. Hue Monument Conservation Center. During Vietnam War, Hue citadel was a severe battlefield so that many
. . palaces were lost at that time. Presently, reconstruction of the old palaces is a main concern there. As for
. , , architectural preservation, old court offices or residents of mandarins or merchants are also targeted outside
. . of the citadel. Now the big hazard for the preservation is serious flood, which occurs year after year. In every
2011 . . autumn, whole city is inundated and heavily damaged the heritage. To conquer this problem is a big issue for
. the government. It will be necessary to settle the issue of river management across the border.
, .
Thang Long citadel was occupied by French army in the colonial period. At that time its city wall was
demolished only to remain some structures such as flag tower and gates. After the independence Vietnamese
army was stationed in the citadel, which turned it again the forbidden city, excluded the citizens. This situation
was changed in 2003 after the army moved out and the citadel was placed under civilian control. Archeological
excavation was started and naturally many artifacts were found. Regarding its cultural value, it was soon
appointed as National monument, and registered to World Heritage in 2010, the commemorative year of the
millennium of city s foundation. The citadel was open to the public and accepted many citizens.
Unfortunately, the excavated site covers only partial area of the old imperial city. More excavation is highly expected,
however, its neighbor area is full of urban development. Now Thang Long embodies the difficulty of preservation of
archeological site at the heart of the city. Furthermore, reconstruction of the old main hall is aggressively in dispute.
For this sake the existing French military structures will be removed. When it was registered to World Heritage List,
Thang Long citadel was highly recognized as layers of history from feudal time, colonial time, and war time. More
careful research and discussion are required instead of inpatient reconstruction.
Ho citadel is registered to World Heritage List recently in 2011. Due to its relatively minor presence and the
location in the remote area, not many visitors are accepted here. Ho citadel is located on the Ho Chi Minh route,
the historic strategic supply route during Vietnam War. As the government is promoting the development of the
inner land area along this route, so that tourism development of this site will be targeted hereafter.
111
AS WORLD HERITAGE
i Vit s k ton th (Daietsu shiki zensyo), 1984-1986, Tokyo daigaku Toyo Ri Seimo, Kin Youken, 2006, Chosen ochoshi, Nihon hyoronsha. (
References bunka kenkyuujo huzoku Touyougaku bunken senta.( 2006)
198419861479)
Shimizu Shigeatsu, 2007, Matsumuro Shigemitsu to koshaji hozon, Journal
Funo Shuji, 2013, Tenrinjoo no outo-mandara toshi no keihu, in Tamai of Architeture and Building Science, Architectural Institute of Japan, No.613,
Tetsuo ed., Azia karamiru Nihon toshishi, Nihon hyouronsha.( pp.219-225(613
2192252007)
2013)
Seo Tatsuhiko, 2013, Higashi Asia no tojojidai to koutuumou no keisei, in
K i k uchi Seiichi, 2005 , Betona mu Kochojo no ken k y u I, K aga k u Tamai, op.cit.((x)
kenkyuuhihojokin Kiban B-2Kenkyuseika houkokusho(
I((B)(2)2005) Thn Kinh Nh Thp Cnh, 1997, TTBTDTC Hu, NXB Thun Ho.
Matsumoto Nobuhiro Hen, 1941, Dainan ittoushi, Indoshina kenkyukai.( Tokyo shishikou, Kojo-hen, 1918, No.4, Tokyo-shi.(4
1941) 1918)
Nishimura Masanari, 2008, Vietnam santo monogatari Zenpen Tanron no V Tam Lang, 1998, Kin truc c Vit Nam, Nha Xut Bn Xy Dng.
rekishi, Tonan azia maizo bunkazai tuushin, No.9-10, 2008, pp.5-22.(
2008 Yao Takao, 2007, Vetonamu Reicho zenki Tanronjo kenkyu shokou,
pp.5-22.) Hiroshima toyoushigakuho, No.12.(
122007)
Nishimura Masanari, 2011, Betonamu no kouko-kodaigaku, Douseisha,
2011(2011)
Ochi Toshiaki, 2011, Tojo no keihu, Kyoto daigaku gakujutu shuppankai,
2011(2011)
Phm L Huy, 2012, nh Hng M Hinh Lc Dng v Khai Phong n Qui
Hoch Hoang Thanh Thng Long Thi Ly-Trn, V Khu Trung Tm Hoang
Thanh Thng Long, Qu Tin Thac UNESCO-Nht Bn, 2012.
Phan Thun An, 1999, Kinh Thanh Hu, Nha Xut bn Thun Hoa.
Quc s qun triu Nguyn, 2012, i Nam nht thng ch in trong Tng tp
d a ch Vit Nam. Nxb Thanh Nin.

05
05
Urban Planning
Principles
and Form
of SEOUL CITY WALL
LEE

Sang Koo
CHANGUIMUN Gate /
of Seoul City Wall
Republic of Korea
TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND
114 AND FORM OF SEOUL CITY WALL CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL
115
(), ( Introduction The existing Sejongno was called Yukjodaero(),
), () . Yukjodaeroga(), or Yukjoga() during the Joseon
, dynasty and it was the biggest road in the country. If one stands
up here on the central space of Hanyang(present-day Seoul) and
. Joseon to look at north side, one can see dignified mountain ridge
of Baegak mountain over the eaves of Gwanghwamun Gate and
[--] Gyeongbokgung palace. Scenery of Sejongno extending over
[Yukjodaero- Gyeongbokgung-baegak] has always represented
. the nation covering the period from Hanyang as the capital of
Joseon to Seoul as the present capital of Korea, and it contains
characteristics of capital city construction form layer upon layer.
. , Expression of containing layer upon layer does not mean that
, such scenery is regarded as a integrated completion but it means
, , that the scenery is to be regarded as an assembly composed of
different histories and backgrounds. In other words, the familiar
. Sejongno scenery consists of mountain ridge of baegak being a
background of the whole, Sejongno being located in front of it, and
Seoul City Wall urban area extending alongside it and therefore,
. the scenery should be considered as a dynamic assembly of such
three elements with history of different formation and changes.
. A city is not such a completed thing as the relationship between
the chicken and the egg which is borne with all the future
. plans to be realized after growth inside its gene upon its birth.
It sometimes creates different elements inside itself like cell
, division but in most cases, it is a dynamic assembly to combine
. exterior elements, which are independently created, to one body.
One more phenomenon of adding dynamic is that formation of
. elements and power of change act in the civilization of East Asia

-
Location-Topography crossing over the Korean Peninsula.
-
Namely, the capital city form of Korea being finalized as Seoul
City organization-Division
City Wall itself is an dynamic assembly of various elements,
and such elements are an assembly made with innate elements
created inside or outside Korea and those to be seen from the

-
Urban structure-Palace and central street viewpoint of East Asia. To add, one can find out realities of
Figure 1 - / - / -
Location-Topography / City organization-Division / Urban structure- Korean capital city only from such a standpoint.
Palace and central street of Seoul City Wall (LEE Sang Koo)
117
1. - 1. Location - topography
, The grand-looking baegak 1 mountain standing as a background of Gyeongbokgung 2 palace, is peculiar
. , , , , characteristics of capital city form of Korea made inside and outside the Korean Peninsula. City wall was built
. , along the ridge of 4 Inner Mountain composed of baegak in the north, Naksan in the east, Inwangsan in the
. , west and Namsan in the south, and became boundary of the city. Such a peculiar form came from the Three
. . , Kingdoms Period3 and it is a unique feature of Korean capital city among the East Asia world sharing base of
. capital city system. The peculiar form expanding natural topography of 4 inner-mountain to a city wall itself
is the core historical scene of Seoul City Wall. Korean characteristics to make natural topography as boundary
. remain same as before. The boundary of Seoul, the capital of Korea with a population of 10 million is also
. drawn on the ridge same as that of Seoul City Wall.
. Topographic space created by natural topography became the
most important factor of forming the urban structure and
urban organization inside and outside the capital city. Steep
shape of 4 Inner Mountain becomes to a gentle slope and
changes its face with hills and passes and then, permeates
into the capital city. Korean tradition forming the urban

North
structure and urban organization which conform to the order
of natural topography was produced on the base of such
West East affluent topographic space. The topographic space created by
natural topography becomes urban space with diverse sense

South
Figure 4 3D
3D Reproduction of Seoul City Wall (LEE Sang Koo) of place.
Figure 2 Topography of Seoul City Wall (LEE Sang Koo) Figure 3

Jolbonseong, Gungnaeseong + Hwandosanseong of Goguryeo
Seoul City Walls Naisasan & topography of Seoul boundary (LEE Sang Koo)
The distinctive way of using natural topography applied to Korean capital city started from Jolbonseong fortress,
the first capital city of Goguryeo.4 ... arriving at Jolboncheon, we found that the soil was fertile, that mountains and
streams were rugged; we intended to set up a capital there; we did not have time to build a palace so that we only built houses
, + near Biryu waterside; and, we settled down there calling the country Goguryeo.. (Progenitor Dongmyeongseongwang,
. ...
...( 13, ) BC 37 1 Baegak() : northern mountain of Seoul City Wall
, 820m . 2 Gyeongbokgung() : main palace palace of Joseon Dynasty
. 3 Three Kingdoms Period of Korea() refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean
peninsula and parts of Manchuria. The Three Kingdoms period ran from 57AD until Sillas triumph over Goguryeo in 668.
4 Goguryeo (BC37 AD668) was one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea,
119
40 AD 3 . , Goguryeobongi, Samguksagi5
(22) . Vol 13). Along with foundation
. 676m . of Goguryeo in BC37, the first
. capital Jolbonseong was built on
. basalt rock located at an altitude
of 800m among fertile soil and
rugged mountains. And, the
history of Korean capital city
continuing to Seoul City Wall
began from the rugged land on
the rock.
I n A D 3 , 40 y e a r s a f t e r
establishment of the
G og ur yeos f irst c apita l
Jolbonseong, they moved the

Figure 5 Jolbonseong, Goguryeos first capital city (LEE Sang Koo)
capital to Aprokgang6 river Figure 6
Gungnaeseong + Hwandosanseong of Goguryeo (GoogleEarth satellite picture / LEE Sang
area. Samguksagi says that Koo)
+ the King Yuri transferred
+ the capital to Guknae region and built Winaamseong fortress (22th year of King Yuris reign). In
. Guknae region located at Amrokgang river waterside, there still remain the Gungnaeseong , a city wall
. and the Hwandosanseong , a mountain fortress including valleys. The Hwandosanseong is a complete
-- -- mountain fortress including valleys. It was constructed using the ridge of Hwandosan mauntain at an altitude
. of 676m. From the Hwandosanseong, a mountain fortress including valleys was set up utilizing the ridge of
Figure 7
Baekjes Pungnaptoseong + Mongchontoseong (GoogleEartha satellite picture / Scenery of
mountains surrounding valleys. Since then, Goguryeo established a unique capital city system forming a pair
Hanseong -Seoul Baekje Museum)
of the Gungnaeseong, a city wall and the Hwandosanseong, a mountain fortress including valleys.
Pungnaptoseong + Mongchontoseong of Baekje

-- , The same system of a city wall + a mountain fortress as the Goguryeo one was also maintained along the
. . Hangang during Hanseong Baekje period.7 Baekje was situated in the south since it confronted with Goguryeo
. to the north. Sequence of Aprokgang river-a city wall-a mountain fortress from the south side in the case of
. 427(15) 1 Goguryeo was turned to Hangang river-a city wall-a mountain fortress from the north side.
, 586(28) . ,
. - ,
5 History of the Three Kingdoms
.
6 Aprokgang is a river on the border between North Korea and China.(called the Yalu River in China)

7 BC 18~ AD 475
121
Baekje Sabidoseong and Goguryeo Janganseong

At the Baekjes Sabidoseong, a construction method appeared to build a fortress, which used
a river winding up around north-west-south as the border and linked many ridges of hills on
the east. Through such a method, they could secure larger urban land inside a capital city. The
same method was applied to Outer City Wall in Gaegyeong(or Gaeseong) of Goryeo8 and Seoul
City Wall of Joseon9 which was built by connecting the ridge of 4 Inner Mountains.
Gogur yeo moved south f rom A mrokgang r iver Guk nae region to Daedonggang
river Pyeongyang region. In 427 (15th year of King Jangsus reign), they first built
Pyeongyangseong in eastern area of present Pyeongyang and in 586 (28th year of King
Figure 9 3D Figure 10 3D Pyeongwons reign) they moved again to Janganseong located in present Pyeongyang
Reproduction of Baekjes Sabidoseongs topography (Buyeo 1918 Reproduction of Gaegyeongs topography (Gaeseong 1918 1/25,000
1/25,000 topographic map + 3D Reproduction of topography : LEE topographic map + 3D Reproduction of topography : LEE Sang Koo) region. Pyeongyang region, especially Janganseong positively used a river for defence
Sang Koo)
purpose as Baekjes Sabidoseong did and then, formed boundary of a capital city.
. Daedonggang river flows east-south; Botongang river flows to the west; hilly districts are
, . [] + [] 2 [ located to the north; and thus, it has an excellent topographical condition. Taking advantage
Figure 8
Goguryeos Janganseong (Pyeongyang 1916;
] [] [ ] . [()] [()] + [()] , Janganseongs wall of such topographic condition, they could form central facility district in the north and could
and gates on 1/10,000 topographic map: LEE
- Sang Koo) use the fast flatland between Daedonggang river and Botongang river in the south as urban
. 7 land. They could largely expand the size of a capital city.
. A big change occurred in Goguryeos Janganseong and Baekjes Sabidoseong. From the separated dual
composition of [a city wall] plus [a mountain fortress], [integrated capital city system] was established by
combination of [a city wall] and [a mountain fortress]. This showed quite different development from the
2. - Chinese capital city system, which set up a structure of east-west symmetry with the central axis of north-south
direction as the center after the simple [inner city wall] structure had been expanded to [inner city wall] + [outer
city wall] connection structure or from the Japanese one which introduced the Chinese system completed only
in the second part of 7th century.
. 2. City Organization - division

17
() Objects from which street system and city division of Korean old capital city can be presumed are limited
, 1930 to Goguryeos Janganseong, i.e. present Pyeongyang, and Sillas10 Gyeongju. A trace of grid-type division
() which is the common feature of East Asia can be discovered from these two old capital city. There is a grid-
. type division called Gijajeongjeon in outer wall area of Goguryeos Janganseong in Pyeongyang
. 7

8 9181392
,
Figure 11 9 1392-1910
Restoration Map of Sillas Roral Capital (Fujisima Kaijiro)
10 Silla (BC57 AD935) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
123
, which was investigated by Han Baekgyeom in early 17th century while there
is a trace of grid-type division over wide district of Gyeongju downtown, of
which presumption drawing was reported by Fujisima Gaijiro. Different from
(14) . 7 general grid-type division of East Asia, they have a layout structure with direct
entrance from outer road according to the excavation result on the east side
, division of Hwangnyongsa Temple site presumably formed in the 7th century,
. and among them, a house (No. 14th house) is seen to which an entry is made
through an alley because direct approach from outer road is difficult. An alley,
a 7th century alley, and a closed alley at that, was found within grid-type
division of old capital city. It is of different nature from grid-type division of

Figure 12
Excavation data of east area in Hwangnyongsa temple site, Gyeongju (Excavation report Figure 13
on Silla Royal Capital, Gyeongju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2002) Goguryeo Pyeongyang & Janganseong (GoogleEarth + old East Asia capital city which evenly divides inside of a division and thus, it
+ Han Inho, Lee ho, Regarding Goguryeo Ribang
near Anhakgung ruins, Joseon Archaeology Research, 1991 : LEE shows that organizing logic of grid-type division was not consistently applied
Sang Koo)
. to arrangement structure inside the division.
BC 57 AD 935 . According to Samguksagi, Gyeongju was the capital of Silla for about 1,000 years without change from its
. foundation in BC.57 to AD.935. We do not know yet the initial status prior to influence of Chinese capital city
, , system but influence of Gyeongjus original urban composition and urban organization structure strongly
. remain even after reorganization into grid-type system due to influence of Chinese system, which is believed that
. composition method appeared in grid-type division different from Chinese or Japanese old capital city. We have
, to consider that based on the form of capital city matrix created within and without Korean Peninsula on an about
. B.C., Korean old capital city accepted influence of the form of East Asian old capital city originated from China.
Seeing from the difference in formation process, it is quite natural that another aspect is found from Korean old
, () capital city different from Chinese capital city system which produced the old East Asian system or Japanese old
. capital city system which introduced a completed form.
In addition to grid-type division, north-south main street is common feature of the old East Asian capital
( ) ( ) city system; it was called Jujakdaero but the real street has not been discovered yet from Korean old capital
city. Accordingly, at his stage we have to consider another Korean old capital city which has grid-type division
. 581 . without Jujakdaero in topographical condition quite different from that of China or Japan.
494.
It is difficult to trust the estimated drawing presented in North Korea. Because early Pyeonyangseong(AD 427)
has grid-type division and north-south central axis but late Pyeongyangseong(Goguryeos Janganseong, AD
3. - 586) has not it. It is closed to the Chinese capital city system. Sui&Tangs11 Janganseong(in China) completed
.
11 Sui Dynasty(581618) and Tang Dynasty(618907)
125
Chinese capital city system which was built in 581. And Northern Weis12 Nakyangseong completed north-south
central axis of Chinese ancient city which was built in 494.
3. Urban structure - Palace and Main Street
With definitely different shape from that of ancient era, Jujakdaero appeared in Gaegyeong and Hanyang
Figure 14 [ - - ]
View of [Yukjodaero-Gyeongbokgung-baegak] (LEE Sang Koo)
capital cities in the middle age.
In front of palaces of Hanyang, wide streets went which was unbelievably large for a city in the middle ages.
Width of Hanyangs main street was enormous. Width of Yukjodaero in front of Gwanghwamun gate, the
present Sejongno, was about 55.4m just in front of Gwanghwamun gate and it was over 58m for the widest point
in the middle of the street. Donhwamunno in front of Donhwamun gate was 34.8m just in front of Donhwamun
gate; 21.2m for entrance to Jongno direction; about 18-26m between them; and, the width was over 30m for wide
point of Jongno. And, Haengrangs13 of existing Sejongno, Donhwamunno, Jongno and Namdaemun-ro were
lined up along both sides of the wide street. Central space of Hanyang was arranged as follows; Namdaemun
and Dongdaemun as main gates stood dignifiedly at the final point of capital city; Gwanghwamun, Donhwamun
Figure 15 / 3D ( )
and Heunghwamun also stood solidly as gates of palaces; and, gates with Hangrangs and space surrounded by
Gaegyeongs central street Songdo Travel Book / 3D reproduction(LEE Sang Koo)
Hangrangs were lined up
. . along both sides of the main
, 55.4m, 58m . street.
34.8m, 21.2m, 18-26m,
30m . , , , Hae ng r a ng of Ha ny a ng
. , , succeeded in Jangrang14 of
, Gaegyeong, Goryeos capital
. c i t y. G o r y e o s a [
History of Goryeo] recorded
() . 1208(4) 7 construction of Jangrang
1,008() , 73 ... as follows; in July 1208(4th
. year of King Huijongs reign)
left-right Jangrang is built

Figure 16
() , Urban structure of Jangrang, Gaegyeongs main street (GoogleEarth) in the big market extending
.,
...
12 Northern Wei / / Bi Wi (386535)
.
13 Haengrang(or jangrang) : long building facing the road
1208 (: 1153-1215)
14 Jangrang(or Haengrang) : long building facing the road
127
(: from Gwanghwamun gate to Crossroad with 1,008 pillars; and, 73 pillars are erected including Namrang of big
1368-1420) warehouse and Yeonghyumun gate ....
. Recording that they built hundreds of Janagrang from Gyeongsisa to Heungguksa bridge and from
1403, Gwanghwamun to Bongseongo storage and that it was because they wanted to cover shabbiness resulting from
1408, disorder and uncleanness of peoples dwelling, there was no Bangsi(market block) in kings palace from the
beginning and they hid peoples dwelling with long Jangrangs from Gwanghwamun gate to government office
1419, and lodging...., Goryeodogyeong15 gave a realistic description of the then situation that Jangrangs formed
1420, central space by surrounding main street of Gaegyeong and covered rear urban area.
2. Gaegyeongs Jangrang was built in 1208 when Zhongdu(1153-1215) of Jin dynasty16 was the capital of China while
Joseons new capital city Hanyang was built when Nanjing(1368-1420) of Ming dynasty17 was the capital of China. Ming
changed Yuans Dadu to Beijing in 1403; it started construction of palace in 1408; it expanded capital city to the south
. in 1419; and, transfer of capital to Beijing was done in 1420, i.e. the 2nd year of Joseons King Sejong. Therefore, Beijing,
- the capital of Ming, and Hanyang, the capital of Joeson, were built at almost the same time. While construction of
Figure 17 . T Hanyang was carried out in earnest during King Taejong - Sejong period, similar incident was done in Beijing.
T-type space in front of Bejiings Forbidden City (a part of , 1750 /
)
.
In May 1413(13th year of King Taejongs reign), saying that upon completion of Janghaengrang,18 it reaches to
1413 5(13) , , Gyeongbokgung palace from the bell tower to the northwest; it reaches to Changdeokgung palace and the tower
, , 1360... gate of Jongmyo to the northeast; it reaches near to Sungnyemun gate; and, total number of completed Haengrang
. T 1419 is 1360...., the Annals conveys completion of Haengrang in front of Gyeongbokgung palace and Changdeokgung
palce. T-type central space of Beijing was located outside southern wall of Yuan Dynastys Dadu city wall and fell
. . under newly transferred area by expanding the wall to the south in 1419 and therefore, it must have been developed
. after expansion of Ming Dynastys period. Accordingly, Hanyang was a little earlier to complete form of space frame
. through Haengrang construction. However, such form of space was already completed prior to Beijing.
() () () T () . T Such space surrounded by gates and Haengrangs is discovered not only in Hanyang and Gaegyeong but also in
() () Chinese capital city. It is the T-type Jangrang space from the front of Tiananmen, a main gate of Beijing palace
() . () in the Qing dynasty, to Daqingmen, the front gate of the capital. There were two gates of Changanzuomen
and Changanyoumen at the end of the east and the west wings of T-type Jangrang space in front
. of Tiananmen; Daqingmen was located in the south being opposite of Changanmen; Qianbulang lined up
both in the east and west between Tiananmen and Daecheongmun; as such, the space was surrounded by gates,
( Rangs and walls; and, outside area of Cheonborang and the wall was central government office area where the
) government offices lined up east to west like Hanyangs Yukjodaero.
,
15 visiting record of goryeo in 1123

16 Jin dynasty(11151234) / Jurchen: Anchun Gurun
Figure 18 T
Chanancheng royal palace and T-type space (, 2, 1986. / Organization of Changans 17 Ming dynasty(13681644)
Imperial City_Heng Chye Kiang, Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats, University of Hawaii Press, 1999.)
18 Janghanrang/Hangrang/Jangrang
129
. In the formation process of Chinese capital city covering the period from Yecheng of Jowi to Luoyang
. T of Northern Wei, the change that they had set up main street axis in the due south of the royal palace and had
. , , , arranged central government offices was evolved to Sui and Tangs Changancheng capital structure which
. completed old Chinese capital city, in other words, a royal palace was laid to the end of north and Jujakdaero
. with north-south axis was developed in front of the palace, which had east-west symmetry structure. A
royal palace became located in the center of a capital city since Changancheng of Sui and Tang and therefore, the
distance between a royal palace and an outside wall was closer and also the aspect of central axis line of a capital
4. city became changed. Thus, such a form was created that central government offices were laid out behind T-type
central space as the one of Beijing. Namely, a change was made from a formation of the old capital city represented
by Changancheng of Sui and Tang to a formation of capital city in the middle age continuing to Kaifeng, Nanjing
. 1392 2 ( and Beijing. And, the central street axis with Haengrang in front of Gyeongbokgung palace and Changdeokgung
) , 1394 9 , , , palace of Hanyang exactly expresses such tradition and change, i.e. East Asias long tradition of capital city form
, . and the trend of the times in the middle age.
. 4. Peculiar capital city form of Korea

. ,
. It is very difficult to specifically determine in which plan the King Taejo Lee Sung-gye built the city when he
founded Joseon and moved the capital to Hanyang. According to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, in February
1392, a plan called Sindo jongmyo sajik Gungjeon jo si Hyeongse jido(Map) was made; and in September
, 1394, they fixed sites of Jongmyo, Sajik, palace, market and road at the jobsite where a new capital city was to
. be constructed and then, they drew the drawings. However, such drawings have not come down at present and
. therefore, we do not know the details at all.
But construction experience of capital cities has been accumulated within and without the Korean Peninsula from
. the period around BC. The planning of capital city Hanyang also has to be grasped on the history foundation of
capital city construction. They selected location of capital city based on use method of peculiar topography and
. then, established a unique capital city form. On the basis of such ceaselessly flowing peculiar experience and
, [ unique capital city form, influence of Chinese capital city system was placed. They had peculiar experience as well
- - ] as actual capital city so that result of effect thereto was different from the Chinese one which was the origin of East
Asias capital city system and also different from the Japanese one which adopted almost completed form. Seoul
. City Wall is the final result. Therefore, Seoul City Wall reveals both characteristics formed within and without
Figure 19 _
Seoul City Wall_Seouls Topography and Urban Structure (LEE Sang . the Korean Peninsula and influence of East Asias capital city system. A new unique capital city system was made
Koo)
under such influence and that was the very Seoul City Wall. The scenery of Joseons Yukjodaero, central space
of Seoul City Wall, which runs from existing Sejongno to the north extending over [Sejongno - Gyeongbokgung -
Baekak] demonstrates establishment of Korean-style capital city form, i.e. Seoul City Wall on the basis of peculiar
experience in capital city construction and influence of East Asias capital city system.
131
() History of Korean capital city (LEE Sang Koo)
BC37~AD668 BC 18~AD660 BC 57~AD935 Goguryeo BC37~AD668 Baekje BC 18~AD660 Silla BC 57~AD935
BC18 (?)
Hanam Wiryeseong BC18 (?)

BC37
Jolbonseong BC37
( : ) B.C
(Onyeosanseong; Huanren, Liaoning, China)
1 1st
century
AD3
Gungnaeseong AD3
( )
(Jian, Jirin, China)
Gyeongju was the
2 BC5 (?)

2nd
Hansan BC5 (?)
century capital of Silla
for about 1,000
() AD209 Hwandoseong(Winaamseong) AD209 years until it was
(: )
3 3rd (Sanseongjasanseong : Jian, Jirin, China) integrated into
AD247 century
Pyeongyangseong AD247
( ? ) Goryeo
(Jian, Jirin, China?)
AD342
Hwandoseong AD342
(: )
4 4th (Dongguseong)
AD343 century
Pyeongyandongwangseong AD343
( ? )
AD371(?) (Jipanhyeon, Jirin, China?)
Hansan AD371 (?)
5
AD427
5th Pyeongyang AD427
( ) AD475 century (East Pyeongyang) Ungjinseong AD 475
()
(Gongju)
6
AD586 AD538
6th Janganseong AD586 Sabiseong AD538
() () century (Pyeongyang) (Buyeo)
7 7th Integration
century of Three
AD668 AD660 AD668 Ruin AD668 Ruin AD660 Kingdoms AD668
AD918~1392 : 919 () Goryeo AD918~1392 : Gaegyeong 919 (Gaeseong)

AD698~926 : 756~926 ( ) Balhae AD698~926 : Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu 756~926 (Ningan, Heilongjiang, China)
AD1392~1910 : 1394 () Joseon AD1392~1910 : Hanseong 1394 (Seoul)
06
Profile

Former President of CIVVIH , ICOMOS Secretary General of CIVVIH, ICOMOS
Raymond BONDIN Malta
Claus-Peter ECHTER Germany
EDUCATION and DIPLOMA(S) (conservation) , EDUCATION and DIPLOMA(S) -
2003 Ph.D. in Conservation, University of Reggio . 1987 2007 Studies in sociology, Diploma of Johann Wolfgang . 2007 ,
Calabria 7 . 25 Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (CIVVIH), (SBH)
1999 M.A. in Baroque Studies, University of Malta (preservation) , Post graduate studies of urban planning and . 16( , 2011), 17( , 2008)
1977 B.A. (Hons) in History, University of Malta . 3 . 9 heritage conservation at the Technical University . (Europa Nostra)
1974 Diploma in Social and Political Science, (ICOMOS) , 8 (ICCROM) Munich (Certificates) , 2009 , 2012
Claver College, London , 7 (CIVVIH) , Ph.D. in engineering (architecture) at the .
(ICOFORT) Technical University Berlin: title of Dr.-Ing. .
CAREER . .
Former Ambassador and Permanent Delegate of CAREER Dr. Claus-Peter Echter is a scientific Heritage Consultant in private practice
Malta to UNESCO Dr. Raymond Bondin has a Ph. D. in Conservation and has specialised in the From 1981 to 2007 senior researcher at the since 2008, based in Munich, Germany. He works on a European and
Manager, EU and International Programmes management of historic cities. Between 1987 and 2007 he was responsible for German Institute of Urban Affairs, department international level. He is a member of ICOMOS (International Council
Office, Heritage Malta [Old University Building, the seven most historic cities of Malta including the World Heritage city of Cologne with the main tasks Heritage on Monuments and Sites) since 2007, Secretary General of International
Merchants Street, VALLETTA, Malta] Valletta. He has a 25 year career in heritage preservation and has held many Conservation and History of Urban Architecture Scientific Committee on Historic Towns and Villages (CIVVIH), ICOMOS
important positions. For three years he was the Ambassador and Permanent and Bureau member of International Scientific Committee on Shared Built
Delegate of Malta to UNESCO. He was Member of the ICOMOS Executive for Heritage (SBH), ICOMOS. He was a delegate of ICOMOS Germany at the 16th
9 years, Member of the ICCROM Council for 8 years, President of CIVVIH for and 17th General Assembly of ICOMOS in Quebec, Canada (2008) and Paris,
7 years, and co-founder of ICOFORT which held its first meeting in Valletta. France (2011). Furthermore he is also a member of Europa Nostra, the Voice
He is a visiting lecturer in many Universities. of Cultural Heritage in Europe (2007), Vice-President of Europa Nostra
Germany since 2009 and Council member of Europa Nostra since 2012. He is
specialized in urban conservation and has published many books and articles
on Architectural History and (Urban) Monument Preservation.

Vice president of ICOMOS Assistant Professor, Kyoto Institute of Technology
GUO Zhan China
OTA Shoichi Japan
, . 1982
, ,
. ,
, .
EDUCATION and DIPLOMA(S) , , EDUCATION and DIPLOMA(S)
1979-1982, Masters in Mongolian History and March 2001: University of Tokyo Doctor in .
Yuan Dynasty History, Department of History, . Engineering ,
Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social March 1995: University of Tokyo Master in .
Sciences 1 982 - present: Working with the State Administration of Cultural Heritage Engineering , ,
1973-1976, Archaeology Department, Peking in the protection, management and research of ancient architecture, historic 1991-1993: Dept.of Architecture, Faculty of ,
University cities and archeological sites, successively acting as project manager, deputy Engineering, University of Tokyo Bachelor in .
division chief, director of the General Office, director of the Cultural Relics Engineering
Division, director of the Division of World Heritage, and commissioner of the 1986-1991: Dept.of Oriental History, Faculty of 2010 present: Center for Cultural Heritage, Kyoto Institute of Technology
CURRENT POSITION Department of Cultural Heritage Protection Letters, University of Tokyo B.A. Associate Professor (Kyoto)
ICOMOS Vice President, first elected by the 15th O

n the ICOMOS Evaluation Missions to Historic Monuments of Ancient 2004 2010: Visiting scholar, Yale University (New Haven, USA)
General Assembly in 2005 Nara, Shrines and Temples of Nikko, Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of 2009 2010: Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Assistant
Vice Chairman and Secretary-General of the Kingdom of Ryukyu Professor (Tokyo)
ICOMOS China H
ave been engaged in the protection of ancient architecture and 2001- 2004: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo Assistant
Director, World Heritage Expert Committee archaeological management in China, organized a variety of important Professor (Tokyo)
of China, a non-governmental professional cultural heritage protection projects, par ticularly the emergency 1998 2001: Hanoi University of Civil engineering Assistant Lecturer (Hanoi,
consultant institution designated by the State reinforcement project of the Potala Palace, the protection of the Dunhuang Vietnam)
Administration of Cultural Heritage (SACH) Mogao Grottoes and the investigation into the ancient Silk Road. Made 1998- 2000: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas researcher
Director of IICC-Xian 21 trips to Tibet, initiated and promoted the activities of knowing Tibet (Tokyo)
Senior Researcher on history and archaeology and helping Tibetan counterparts to strengthen the protection of cultural
(equivalent to Professor) heritage, and helped Tibet establish close ties with inland provinces and the
Concurrent Professor, Chinese Academy of international community
Governance

, ,

Professor, Kyonggi University
LEE Sang Koo Korea
SONG Inho Korea Professor, Program in Architecture, School of Architecture
and Architectural Engineering, The University of Seoul
Director, Institution of Seoul Studies
Secretary general, ICOMOS Korea
EDUCATION AND DIPLOMA(S)
1982-1990 Ph.D. in Architecture, Seoul National University
Professor LEE Sang Koo received his doctorate degree on the geographical features 1980-1982 M.S. in Architecture, Seoul National University
, of the cities of Joseon Dynasty. He has worked as an expert in urban planning and 1980: 1976-1980 B.S. in Architecture, Seoul National University
. the history of cities. His research was on preservation and utilization of historical and 1982:
. cultural sites. Recently, his research interest was on finding the characteristics of Seoul 1990: CAREER
in light of the citys topography. He was the dean of the Graduate School of Architecture, 1988 - 1996 Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Hannam
. Kyonggi University. Now, he is a full professor of architecture at the university. University
. 1988-1996: 1994 - 1995 Ospite Ricercatore, Facolta di Architettura, Universita degli
studi di Firenze, Post-Doctorial Fellow of Korea Science and Engineering
1994-1995: Foundation
PUBLICATIONS 2001 Research Fellow, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Seoul
, , , ICOMOS + , 2013.05 2001: Development Institute
() , , + ICOMOS, 2012.01.
2010 , , , 2010.11. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
, , + , 2009.03. 2012 2012 C lassification according to Characteristics and Tendency of
, 7, , 2008.12. ( ), OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) Evaluation Criteria of World Heritage
: , 33 , 2008.11. :v.30 n.4 (2012-12) of Walls in East Asia (Kim young soo, Song In-ho), Korea Institute of
, , , 1993.12. 2012 [ Traditional Landscape Architecture journal : v30 n.4(2012-12)
, , , , 2005.12. () ] (: 2012 Study for Inscribing Seoul Hanyang City-wall as Tentative List of World
, 20 , +, 2000. 5. () ), , 2012.12 Cultural Heritage. (with Lee Sang-hae, Jung Suk, and Kim Young-su)
, 2009. 3. () 2012 () (), 2012 Illustration of My Places of Work (Sukcheonjeado ) (co-
, , 2002. 2. () 11, , 2012.2 author), Harvard-Yenching Library Studies, No. 11, Minsokwon, 2012.2
, 1998. 12. () 2007 - 2007 Living in Hanok-the Story of Re-designing Hanok(co-author),
, , 1994. 12. () (), Dolbaegae press
, , 1993. 2. 1990 :1930~1960 1990 A Study on the Types of Urban Traditional Housing in Seoul from
, 23/3, 1988. , 1930 to 1960, Ph.D. Dissertation, Seoul National University

141
143
Nightscape of Seoul City Wall

2014
SEOUL CITY WALL
2
TRADITIONAL
URBAN PLANNING
PRINCIPLES AND
CITY WALLS
in ASIAN CAPITAL
2014. 5. 30
15
()
( )
, , ()
, ()
()
http://seoulcitywall.seoul.go.kr
leehyojoon@seoul.go.kr
PUBLICATION DATE May 30. 2014
PUBLICATION Seoul City Wall Division
Seoul City Hall Seosomun Building, 15, Deoksugung-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-738
PUBLISHER PARK WonSoon (Mayor of Seoul)
DIRECTOR KWON Ki Hong (Seoul City Wall Division)
PROOFREADINGTEXT EDITOR KIM Seo Ran, SHIN Young Moon, LEE Hyo joon (Seoul City Wall Division)
PARK Hee soung, SEO Ju Yeon (The Institute of Seoul Studies)
DESIGNED BY Yemac Design company
PRINTED BY Printing Part of Sales Support Association for Disabled Products
HOMEPAGE http://seoulcitywall.seoul.go.kr
E-MAIL leehyojoon@seoul.go.kr
ISBN 979-11-5621-202-7
978-89-92069-68-7()
copyright2014 by Seoul Metropolitan Government

(Seoul City Wall Studies Series Vol.2) Traditional Urban Planning Principles and City Wall in Asian Capitals

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

(Seoul City Wall Studies Series Vol.2) Traditional Urban Planning Principles and City Wall in Asian Capitals

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

2

STUDIES SERIES VOL.2

CITY WALLS in ASIAN CAPITAL

, 18, , 67.6 40.0

Joseon Dynasty 18th century Illuminated manuscripts 67.6 40.0

for World Heritage

/ 16 Raymond BONDIN / MALTA 16

in Historic Towns in Europe

/ 38 Claus-Peter ECHTER / GERMANY 38

/ 66 GUO Zhan / CHINA 66

( ) and Values of The Asia City Walls

/ 80 (Thang Long and Other City Walls) as World Heritage

OTA Shoichi / JAPAN 80

and Form of Seoul City Wall

6 Lee Sang Koo / KOREA 112

. of which have their own distinct characteristics and features.

. mountains, and the terrain. Thanks to this unique urban planning

. principle, Seoul City Wall has successfully maintained its exterior

even to this day. Unfortunately, however, due to rapid industrialization

in Europe, have lost their functions. They have been disregarded as

hindrances, made to give their places to roads and buildings, and

. hand, has preserved its natural and historical landscape, coexisting in

harmony with the modern elements of the urban landscape.

This book is comprised of presentations from the International

. Traditional Urban Planning Principles and City Walls in Asian

. Capitals. Through case studies on European city walls, we hope to

. examine the differences between Eastern and Western city walls in

terms of architectural concept. Through comparison and analysis of

The Seoul Metropolitan Government is making various efforts to

on expanding the future themes of the International Symposium

on Seoul City Wall to include landscapes, neighboring villages,

humanities, technologies, and more. We ask for your continuous

2014. 5 2014. 5 interest and participation to further develop the International

() on the subject of Traditional Uran Planning Principle and City Walls in

, . Asian Capitals in succession. These were hosted by Seoul Metropolitan

, . Government, sponsored by Cultural Heritage Administration and

ICOMOS-KOREA, planned and organized by Institute of Seoul Studies.

, The configuration of urban terrain form is represented by city wall

2- . which is determined by topology and planning principles. Seoul City

Wall STUDIES SERIES VOL.2; Traditional Uran Planning Principle

. two papers announced as keynote on the Symposium and three papers

arranged on Asian City Wall.

, as ambassador to UNESCO in Malta and former President of CIVVIH.

. The title is Problems Relating to Nominating Historic Walls for World

. urban context due to urban growth and change, is commercialized

, by the increase in tourists and is obstructed by a huge cruise ship. In

addition, the article introduced advisory information on the fortress,

. Elvas in Portugal which was designated as world cultural heritage in

Diyarbakir in Turkey which is preparing for inscription. The core contents

however, it is decided whether to inscribe or not depending on how to

, establish the relationship with the surrounding environment.

. The second article is a keynote speech by Claus-Peter ECHTER who is

, Secretary General of CIVVIH, in ICOMOS. The title is Urban Planning

. Principles and City Walls in Historic Towns in Europe. Dr. ECHTER

Germany analyzed the relationship between the urban planning and

. structure and form should be preserved. He also proposed to secure

, , , planning, urban renewal planning and monument topographies and

. emphasized the necessity of mapping and recording on the original form

and change process of city wall.

. Heritage which is written by GUO Zhan who is Vice President of

ICOMOS. Archaeological remains of Xanadu was listed as a world

heritage in 2012. GUO Zhan compared Beijing which was called

of the nomadic civilization and defined that remains of Xanadu is