1.

The definition of entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, and islamic

entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneur : Someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to

take benefit of an opportunity and, as the decision maker, decides what,
how, and how much of a good or service will be produced.
An entrepreneur supplies risk capital as a risk taker, and monitors and
controls the business activities. The entrepreneur is usually a sole proprietor,
a partner, or the one who owns the majority of shares in an incorporated
venture.

Entrepreneurship : The capacity and willingness to develop, organize and

manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a
profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new
businesses.
In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources
and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by
innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential part of a nation's ability to
succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive global
marketplace.

Islamic entrepreneurship : Islam is a complete way of life. There is no

separation between business and religion. Islam has its own
entrepreneurship culture and guiding principles based on al Quran and
Hadith to guide bussines operation.

2- The main role of entrepreneur in Islamic social entrepreneurship.

The role of Islam in entrepreneurship is based on the interlink age between

the textual sources and contextual setting. The primary sources are the
Quran and Sunnah. For Muslims the Quran contains the words of God in 114
surah (chapters) with over 6000 ayat gradually revealed over a period of 23
years around 600 AD. The Sunnah is the deeds, sayings and silent or tacit
approvals of the prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Secondary sources and
practices are Ijma (Consensus) and Qiyas (Analogy). Ijma is the unanimous
agreement amongst a certain group of people like religious scholars or the
entire Muslim community depending on the Madhhab, that is the specific
school of jurisprudence. Qiyas is a form of analogical reasoning, somewhat
contested amongst scholars. For some scholars, there exist potentially
certain tertiary sources such as the value of public good. These sources may
affect extensively the various levels of entrepreneurship shaping the
entrepreneur, the organization and its immediate and wider ecosystem. At
the micro-level, the individual entrepreneur may be motivated by religion
with a distinct entrepreneurial pursuit potentially as someone who may be
termed a homo islamicus in contrast to the homo economicus. For such an
entrepreneur, success is not defined simply by material reward, although
business success is an integral part, but also a socio-economic and
metaphysical achievement which is both in this world as well as in the
hereafter. This achievement is sometimes termed falah, implying a state of
both material and spiritual well- being.

3- The definition of environment in islamic perspective based on islamic scholar.

4- Types of environment based on islamic perspective.

1. Nature

Nature in general. There are more than 750 verses in the Quran that are
related to nature. Fourteen chapters of the Quran are named after certain
animals and natural incidents, such as the Cow, the Cattle, the Thunder,
the Bee, the Ant, the Daybreak, the Sun, the Night, the Fig and the
Elephant. Moreover there are many cases in which God takes an oath by
some natural phenomena like the dawn (89:1) and the fig and olive
(95:1). In numerous verses, the Quran states that all the natural phenomena
have awareness of God and glorify God:

And We made the mountains and the birds to celebrate our praise along with
David.
(21:79& 38:18)

2. Governing rules in Islamic environmental ethics

Benefit from natural resources in a responsible way. The emphasis of the

Quran and hadiths on nature and natural phenomena does not imply that we
cannot benefit from them. Indeed, the Quran clearly suggests that God has
created them such that that man can dominate and benefit from them.

For example, the Quran says:

And the earth, He has set it for people.

(55:10)

3. Some virtues related to human treatment of the environment

Cleanliness. Tidiness and cleanliness are very important in Islam. In respect

to cleanliness, the Prophet said Surely God is clean and loves the clean, so
clean your courtyard.[38] He also said Be clean as you can.[39] He also
said Cleanliness is next to godliness.[40] He also said Surely Islam is clean
so be clean, because nobody can enter Paradise except he who is clean.
[41] The Prophet told his wife Surely the clothes glorify, (but) when they are
dirty and unclean they do not glorify.[42] Imam Ali (a.s.) said Tidy (clean)
clothes eliminate grief and sorrow.[43] These hadiths show that cleanliness
has effects on the soul as well.

4. Some vices related to human treatment of the environment

Extravagance. One of the great threats for human society and the
environment is extravagance. The origins of this are greed and negligence.
This character is controlled by religious teachings. In Islamic sources, two
sins are distinguished. One is israaf or wasteful consumption. Another sin is
tabdhir or squandering. These two concepts are brought into play to adjust
human behaviour.[47]

8- How to solve the consumerism problems.

At the outset, let me make it clear that I am not suggesting the world's poor
should be asked to reduce their consumption. We are all responsible, but
some are more responsible than others. It is not a choice between
consumption or no consumption but a demand that the consumer class be
forced to allow everyone to define their own limited needs.

9- The difference between islamic social responsibility and conventional

social responsibility.

Islamic social responsibility: Social responsibility in Islam is understood

to mean that the individual members of society work together to fulfill the
general needs of society as well as the individual needs of its members and
that they work together to protect society from harm. Each member of
society is aware not only that he has rights, but also that that he has
responsibilities towards others, especially those who are incapable of
fulfilling their own needs. These responsibilities entail providing for the needs
of these people as well as protecting them from harm.

Conventional social responsibility: Socially responsible investment is a

rapidly emerging phenomenon within the field of personal investment.
However, the factors that lead investors to choose socially responsible
investment products are not well understood, especially in an Australian
context. This study provides a comparative examination of conventional and
socially responsible investors, with the aim of identifying such factors.