Sei sulla pagina 1di 17

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA

Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

Theme:
TENSION TEST.

Subject:
DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Teacher:
Ing. Francisco Estrada Castillo

Team 2:
Araiza Gallegos Edson Rafael.
Lopez Aviles Daniel Omar
Ramos Salas Joan Pablo

Career:
Industrial Maintenance Engineering

Date: May 26, 2017


INDEX

ABSTRACT.
1. INTRODUCTION
4
2. THEORETICAL FRAME.. 4
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

2.1 Stres and Deformation Engineering...


5
2.2 Stress Deformation Daigram.5
2.3 Elastic deformation. 6
2.4 Plastic deformation. 6
2.5 Strenght to stress..
6
2.6 Fluency or cadence... 6
2.7 Ductility. . 6
2.8 Modulus of elasticity or of Young....
7
2.9 Tenacity.. 7
3. DEVELOPMENT TEST..... 7
3.1 Tensile Specimens.
7
3.2 Tensile machine.
8
4. TEST METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS.. 8
4.1 Sample Selection..
8
4.2 Sample preparation. 9
4.3 Test set-up10
4.4 Test procedure... 10
4.5 Data recording and analysis. 12
4.6 Reporting. 12
5. NORMATIVE APPLIED IN STRESS TEST
14
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 15

2
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

ABSTRACT

In the process of mechanical engineering education is vital to know the properties


of the materials used, as these determine the applications that we can give to this
industry. This requires the use of tests or tests that allow us to understand the
general behavior of any submitted material when different types of conditions,
tests like tension, compression, bending and hardness give us the information
necessary to properly design when developing components, systems and
processes that are reliable and economical.

The stress test is used to measure the strength of a material when subjected to a
quasi-static force applied axially. In this way the properties of a material will be
determined by means of a sample, in which it is sought to determine until its last
resistance implying with this its deterioration or destruction. This test consists of
measuring the strain on the sample as the force is gradually applied in order to
know certain mechanical properties of the material such as strength, rigidity and
ductility.

Keywords: Effort, resistance, stiffness, ductility, modulus of elasticity.

3
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

1. INTRODUCTION. The tensile or tensile test is of


2. great importance for measuring
3. the tensile strength of materials
4. Generally, the tests that are of this compound, and to place
used to know the properties of a probe on a test machine
the materials are of destructive consisting of two jaws, one fixed
type, this is the case of the and one mobile. The load is
tension test which is used to measured while the
measure the resistance of a displacement of the movable
material to a quasi-static force jaw is applied.
(if applied slowly). This test 11.
consists of elongating a test 12.
specimen by force of tension,
exerted gradually, in order to
know certain mechanical
properties of materials in
general: their resistance,
stiffness and ductility.
5.
6. From the results obtained from
the test for a certain material
we can extend these properties
to any type of structure. In the
stress test the tensile force is
applied on a cylindrical,
standard size test piece, which
is handled universally among
engineers. This test is carried
out at ambient temperature
between 10 C and 35 C.
7.
8. THEORETICAL FRAME.
9.
13.
10. To know the loads that can 14. Image 1. Universal Testing machine
support the materials, it is diagram.
necessary to make tests that do 15.
not allow to measure their 16. Static tensile and compression
behavior in different situations. tests are the most commonly

4
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

performed. In addition to all and engineering deformation in


mechanical tests, these tests (pul / pul) are defined by the
involve standardization of following equations:
specimens with respect to size, 26.
shape and method of 27.
preparation and test 28. Engineering effort:
procedures. F
= (Pa)
17. The Tension test is suitable for A0
general use in the case of most
29.
non-ferrous, cast, rolled or
30.
forged metals and alloys; 31.
18. for brittle materials (mortar, 32. Enginnering deformation:
concrete, brick, ceramics, etc.) ll 0
the tensile strength is low, =
l0
compared to resistance to
understanding. 33. Where:
19. 34. F = force applied.
20. 35. A0 = cross-sectional area
36. L = final length
37. Lo = initial length
2.2. Stress - Deformation
Diagram.
38.
39. The Stress - Deformation
21. Diagram is used when the
22. Image 2. Typical tensile specimen. Stress Test is performed. These
23. types of graphs can be made
2.1. Stress and deformation with calculated engineering
engineering. stress-strain data, or with data
24. corresponding to actual strain-
25. The results of a single test are EFFORT deformation.
applied to all sizes and cross 40.
sections of specimens of a 41.
Heterogeneous deformation
Homogeneous deformation
given material, provided the
force is converted into the
stress, and the distance Creep

between calibration marks


becomes a deformation. The
engineering stress in (lb. / pul2) Ductile zone

5 DEFORMATION
Elastic zone Plastic zone
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

42. 51. In this zone the deformations


are distributed along the test
piece, they are of small
magnitude and, if the applied
load were removed, the test
piece would recover its initial
form.
52.
53. Hooke's Law: Applies only to
the elastic zone of the materials
and says that the axial stress
( ) is directly proportional to

the axial unit strain () and


that the proportionality
43.
constant between the two is the
44. Image 3. The Stress - Deformation modulus of elasticity.
Diagram 54.
45. 55. =E
46. In the curve we can 56.
distinguish two regions: 2.4. Plastic Deformation.
47. Elastic zone: The region at low 57.
deformations (up to point P), 58. We define as plasticity that
where the Law of Hooke is property that allows the
satisfied: =E (E = elastic material to withstand a
modulus). permanent deformation without
48. fracture. Everybody, when
49. Plastic zone: From point E. The supported by an applied force,
linear behavior is lost, the tries to deform in the direction
tension value for which this of application of force.
I e , from 59. In the case of the stress test,
transition occurs,
the force is applied in the
elastic to plastic deformation, is direction of its axis and hence is
the Elasticity Limit, y , of the called axial, the probe will
material. elongate in the direction of its
2.3. Elastic Deformation. length.
50. 60.
2.5. Strength to stress.
61.

6
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

62. Is the stress at the maximum quantitatively as relative


of the nominal stress - percentage elongation, or by
deformation diagram. This the percentage of area
corresponds to the maximum reduction. The relative
stress that can be supported by elongation at break, EL , is
a tensile structure; If this stress
the percentage of plastic
is applied and maintained,
deformation at break.
breakage will occur. Until this
70.
point, all the deformation is
ll o
uniform in the narrow region of
the specimen. When the
71. %EL= ( )
l
100

maximum tension is reached, 72.


and the force is maintained on 73.
the probe, it will later fracture. 74.
We can calculate this: 2.8. Modulus of elasticity or of
63. Young.
F 75.
64. = (Pa)
A0 76. The module is a measure of
65. the rigidity of the material. A
2.6. Fluency or cadence. rigid material, with a high
66. modulus of elasticity, retains its
67. It is the abrupt deformation of size and shape even when
the specimen without an subjected to one in the elastic
increase of the applied load. region.
This stress is given at the 77.
boundary of the elastic 2.9. Tenacity.
deformation zone and the 78.
plastic deformation zone. 79. The tenacity of a material is a
68. mechanical term that is used in
2.7. Ductility. various contexts; In the broad
69. sense, is a measure of the
Ductility It is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb
degree of plastic deformation energy before fracture. The
that can be sustained until geometry of the specimen as
fracture. A material that well as the manner in which the
experiences little or no plastic load is applied are important in
deformation is called brittle. determining the tenacity.
The ductility can be expressed 80.

7
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

81. 105.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86. 106.
87. 107. Image 4. Typical tensile specimen,
88. showing a reduced gage section and
enlarged shoulders. To avoid end
89.
effects from the shoulders, the length
90. of the transition region should be at
91. least as great as the diameter, and
92. the total length of the reduced section
93. should at least four times the
diameter.
94.
108.
95.
109.There are various ways of
96.
gripping the specimen, some of
97.
which are illustrated in Fig. 5.
98.
The end may be screwed into a
99. DEVELOPMENT threaded grip, or it may be
TEST. pinned; butt ends may be used,
100. or the grip section may be held
3.1. Tensile specimens. between wedges.
101. 110.
102. Consider the typical
111.
tensile specimen shown in Fig.
112.
4. It has enlarged ends or
113.
shoulders for gripping. The
114.
important part of the specimen
is the gage section. The cross-
sectional area of the gage
section is reduced relative to
that of the remainder of the
specimen so that deformation
and failure will be localized in
this region.
103.
104.

8
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

115. 123.
124.
125.
126. Testing machines are
either electromechanical or
hydraulic. The principal
difference is the method by
which the load is applied.
127.
128. In general,
electromechanical machines are
capable of a wider range of test
speeds and longer crosshead
116.
displacements, whereas
117. Image 5. Systems for hydraulic machines are more
gripping tensile specimens. For round cost-effective for generating
specimens, these include threaded higher forces.
grips (a), serrated wedges (b), and, for 129.
butt end specimens, split collars
130.
constrained by a solid collar (c). Sheet
specimens may be gripped with pins 131. TEST
(d) or serrated wedges (e). METHODOLOGY AND
118.
DATA ANALYSIS.
119. The most important
132.
concern in the selection of a
133. This section reviews some
gripping method is to ensure
of the more important
that the specimen can be held
considerations involved in
at the maximum load without
tensile testing. These include:
slippage or failure in the grip
134.
section. Bending should be
135. Sample selection
minimized.
136. Sample preparation
120.
137. Test set-up
3.2. Tensile machine.
138. Test procedure
121.
122. The most common Testing 139. Data recording and
machines are universal testers, analysis
which test materials in tension, 140. Reporting
compression, or bending. Their 141.
primary function is to create the 4.1 Sample Selection.
stress strain curve. 142.

9
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

143. When a material is tested, the how closely the "built-in" samples
objective is usually to determine represent the material in question.
whether or not the material is 153.
suitable for its intended use. 154. There is a special case in
144. which the object of the test is to
145. evaluate the material, but the test
146. itself. Here, the test specimens
147. should be as close as possible to the
148. The sample to be tested test results, as far as possible, only
should fairly represent the body of the variability in the testing process.
material in question. In other words, 155.
it must be from the same source and 4.2 Sample Preparation.
have undergone the same processing 156.
steps. 157.It should be remembered that
149. a sample is a quantity of
150. It is often difficult to match material that represents a
exactly the test samples to the larger lot. The sample usually is
structure made from the material. A made into multiple specimens
common practice for testing large for testing. Test samples must
castings, forgings, and composite be prepared properly to achieve
layups is to add extra material to the accurate results. The following
"built-in" test samples. This material rules are suggested for general
is cut from the completed part after guidance.
processing and is made into test 158.
specimens that have been subjected 159.First, as each sample is
to the same processing steps as the obtained, it should be identified
bulk of the part. as to material description,
151. source, location and orientation
152. In practice, these specimens with respect to the body of
may not exactly match the bulk of material, processing status at
the part in certain important details, the time of sampling, and the
such as the grain patterns in critical data and time of day that the
areas of a forging. One or more sample was obtained.
complete parts may be sampled from 160.
the most critical areas for 161.Second, test specimens must
comparison with the "built-in" be made carefully, with
samples. Thus, it may be determined attention to several details. The
specimen axis must be properly

10
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

aligned with the material rolling requirements of the testing


direction, forging grain pattern, machine: force capacity
or composite layup. Cold sufficient to break the
working of the test section must specimens to be tested; control
be minimized. The dimensions of test speed (or strain rate or
of the specimen must be held load rate), as required by the
within the allowable tolerances test specification; and precision
established by the test and accuracy sufficient to
procedure. The attachment obtain and record properly the
areas at each end of the load and extension information
specimen must be aligned with generated by the test. This
the axis of the bar). Each precision and accuracy should
specimen must be identified as be ensured by current
belonging to the original calibration certification.
sample. If total elongation is to 169.
be measured after the 170.For grips, of which many types
specimen breaks, the gage are in common use in tensile
length must be marked on the testing, only two rules apply:
reduced section of the bar prior the grips must properly fit the
to testing. specimens (or vice versa), and
162. they must have sufficient force
capacity so that they are not
damaged during testing.
171.
172.

163.
164.
165. Image 6. Improper (left) and
proper (right) alignment of specimen
attachment areas with axis of
specimen.
166.
4.3 Test set-up.
167.
168.Requires that equipment be
properly matched to the test at 173.
hand. There are three

11
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

174. Image 7 Improper (left, 184.


center) and proper (right) alignment of 185.The identity of each specimen
specimen in wedge grips.
should be verified, and
175.
pertinent identification should
176.
be accurately recorded for the
177.Other types of grips have
test records and report.
perhaps fewer traps for the
186.
inexperienced technician, but
187.The dimensions needed to
an obvious one is that, with
calculate the cross sectional
threaded grips, a length of
area of the reduced section
threads on the specimen equal
should be measured and
to at least one diameter should
recorded. These measurements
be engaged in the threaded
should be repeated for every
grips.
specimen; it should not be
178.
assumed that sample
179.
preparation is perfectly
4.4 Test Procedure.
consistent.
180.
188.
181.The following general rules for
189.The load-indicator zero and
test procedure may be applied
the plot-load-axis zero, if
to almost every tensile test.
applicable, should be set before
182.
the specimen is placed in the
183.Load and strain ranges should
grips. Zeroes should never be
be selected so that the test will
reset after the specimen is in
fit the range. The maximum
place.
values to be recorded should be
190.
as close to the top of the
191.The specimen is placed in the
selected scale as convenient
grips and is secured by closing
without running the risk of
the grips. If preload is to be
going past full scale. Ranges
removed before the test is
may be selected using past
started, it should be physically
experience for a particular test,
unloaded by moving the loading
or specification data for the
mechanism. The zero
material (if available). Note that
adjustment should never be
many computer-based testing
used for this purpose. Note that,
systems have automatic range
in some cases, preload may be
selection and will capture data
desirable and may be
even if the range initially
deliberately introduced. For
selected is too small.

12
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

materials for which the initial recording of test results if an


portion of the curve is linear, excessive test speed is used.
the strain zero may be 196.
corrected for preload by 197.
extending the initial straight 198.When wedge grips are used,
portion of the stress strain the specimen must be installed
curve to zero load and so that the clamping force is
measuring strain from that contained within the grip body.
point. The strain valve at the Placing the specimen too near
zero load intercept is commonly the open end of the grip body
called the foot correction and results in excessive stress on
is subtracted from readings the grip body and inserts and is
taken from strain scale (see Fig. a common cause of grip failure.
10 in Chapter 3, Uniaxial WARNING: Grip failures are
Tensile Testing). dangerous and may cause
192. injury to personnel and damage
193.When the extensometer, if to equipment.
applicable, is installed, the 199.
technician should be sure to set 4.5 Analysis of test data.
the mechanical zero correctly. 200.
The strain-readout zero should 201.Is done at several levels. First,
be set after the extensometer is the technician observes the test
in place on the specimen. in progress, and may see that a
194. grip is slipping or that the
195.The test procedure should be specimen fractures outside the
in conformance with the gage section. These
published test specification and observations may be sufficient
should be repeated consistently to determine that a test is
for every test. It is important invalid.
that the test specification be 202.
followed for speed of testing. 203.Immediately after the test, a
Some materials are sensitive to first-level analysis is performed
test speed, and different speeds according to the calculation
will give different results. Also, requirements of the test
many testing machine load and procedure. ASTM test
strain measuring instruments specifications typically show the
are not capable of responding necessary equations with an
fast enough for accurate explanation and perhaps an

13
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

example. This analysis may be 210.The test report usually


as simple as dividing peak force contains the results of tests
by cross-sectional area, or it performed on one sample
may require more complex composed of several
calculations. specimens.
204. 211.
205.Upon completion of the group 212.When ASTM specifications are
of tests performed on the used for testing, the
sample, a statistical analysis requirements for reporting are
may be made. The statistical defined by the specification.
analysis produces average The needs of a particular user
(mean or median) values for probably will determine the
representation of the sample in form for identification of the
the subsequent database and material, but the reported
also provides information about results will most likely be as
the uniformity of the material given in the ASTM test
and the repeatability of the test. specification.
206. 213.
207.The results of tests on each 214.The information contained in
sample of material may be the test report generally should
stored in a database for future include identification of the
use. The database allows a wide testing equipment, the material
range of analyses to be tested, and the test procedure;
performed using statistical the raw and calculated data for
methods to correlate the each specimen; and a brief
mechanical-properties data with statistical summary for the
other information about the sample.
material. For example, it may 215.
allow determination of whether 216.Each piece of test equipment
or n ot there is a significant used for the test should be
difference between the material identified, including serial
tested and similar material numbers, capacity or range
obtained from a different used, and date of certification
supplier or through a different or date due for certification.
production path. 217.
208. 218.Identification of the material
4.6 Reporting. tested should include the type
209. of material (alloy, part number,

14
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

etc.); the specific batch, lot, the test procedure or


order, heat, or coil from which specification.
the sample was taken; the point 225.
in the processing sequence 226.The statistical summary may
(condition, temper, etc.) at include the average (mean)
which the sample was taken; value, median value, standard
and any test or pretest deviation, highest value, lowest
conditions (test temperature, value, range, etc. The average
aging, etc.). or median value would be used
219. to represent this sample at the
220.Identification of the test next level of analysis, which is
procedure usually will be the material database.
reported by reference to a Examination of this initial
standard test procedure such as statistical information can tell a
those published by ASTM or great deal about the test as well
perhaps to a proprietary as the material. A low standard
specification originating within deviation or range indicates
the testing organization. that the material in the sample
221. has uniform properties (each of
222.The raw data for each several specimens has nearly
specimen are recorded, or a the same values for the
reference to the raw data is measured properties) and that
included so that the data can be the test is producing consistent
obtained from a file if and when results. Conversely, a high
they are needed. Frequently, standard deviation or range
only a portion of the raw data indicates that a problem of
dimensions, for exampleis inconsistent material or testing
recorded, and information on exists and needs to be
the force-versus extension investigated.
graph is referenced. 227.
223. 228.
224.A tabulation of the properties 229.
calculated for each specimen is 230.
recorded. The calculations at 231.
this stage are the first level of 232.
data analysis. The calculations 233.
required usually are defined in

15
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

5. NORMATIVE APPLIED IN STRESS TEST.


6.
7. ASTM E8 / E8M - 16a
8. Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials.
9.
10. The ASTM E8 method covers the tension testing of metallic materials in
any form at room temperature, specifically, the methods of determination of
yield strength, yield point, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of
area.
11.
12.
13. ASTM A370 - 17
14. Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical
Testing of Steel Products.
15.
16. ASTM A370 is a testing standard that covers the mechanical testing
definitions and procedures of steel products such as wrought and cast
steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. This standard covers tension,
bend, hardness, and impact tests.
17.
18. ASM Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition
19.
20. Tensile Testing, Second Edition begins with an introduction and overview
of the test, with clear explanations of how materials properties are
determined from test results. Subsequent sections illustrate how knowledge
gained through tensile tests, such as tension properties to predict the
behavior (including strength, ductility, elastic or plastic deformation, tensile
and yield strengths) have resulted in improvements in materials
applications.
21. 29.
22. 30.
23. 31.
24. 32.
25. 33.
26. 34.
27. 35.
28.

16
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

36.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
37.
38. ASM Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition Edited by J.R. Davis &
Associates.
39.
40. Designation: A 370 03 Standard Test Methods and
Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.
41.
42. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) 9th Edition by Russell C.
Hibbeler (Author)
43.

17

Potrebbero piacerti anche