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Theme:
TENSION TEST.
Subject:
DESTRUCTIVE TEST
Teacher:
Ing. Francisco Estrada Castillo
Team 2:
Araiza Gallegos Edson Rafael.
Lopez Aviles Daniel Omar
Ramos Salas Joan Pablo
Career:
Industrial Maintenance Engineering
ABSTRACT.
1. INTRODUCTION
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2. THEORETICAL FRAME.. 4
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ABSTRACT
The stress test is used to measure the strength of a material when subjected to a
quasi-static force applied axially. In this way the properties of a material will be
determined by means of a sample, in which it is sought to determine until its last
resistance implying with this its deterioration or destruction. This test consists of
measuring the strain on the sample as the force is gradually applied in order to
know certain mechanical properties of the material such as strength, rigidity and
ductility.
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5 DEFORMATION
Elastic zone Plastic zone
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81. 105.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86. 106.
87. 107. Image 4. Typical tensile specimen,
88. showing a reduced gage section and
enlarged shoulders. To avoid end
89.
effects from the shoulders, the length
90. of the transition region should be at
91. least as great as the diameter, and
92. the total length of the reduced section
93. should at least four times the
diameter.
94.
108.
95.
109.There are various ways of
96.
gripping the specimen, some of
97.
which are illustrated in Fig. 5.
98.
The end may be screwed into a
99. DEVELOPMENT threaded grip, or it may be
TEST. pinned; butt ends may be used,
100. or the grip section may be held
3.1. Tensile specimens. between wedges.
101. 110.
102. Consider the typical
111.
tensile specimen shown in Fig.
112.
4. It has enlarged ends or
113.
shoulders for gripping. The
114.
important part of the specimen
is the gage section. The cross-
sectional area of the gage
section is reduced relative to
that of the remainder of the
specimen so that deformation
and failure will be localized in
this region.
103.
104.
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115. 123.
124.
125.
126. Testing machines are
either electromechanical or
hydraulic. The principal
difference is the method by
which the load is applied.
127.
128. In general,
electromechanical machines are
capable of a wider range of test
speeds and longer crosshead
116.
displacements, whereas
117. Image 5. Systems for hydraulic machines are more
gripping tensile specimens. For round cost-effective for generating
specimens, these include threaded higher forces.
grips (a), serrated wedges (b), and, for 129.
butt end specimens, split collars
130.
constrained by a solid collar (c). Sheet
specimens may be gripped with pins 131. TEST
(d) or serrated wedges (e). METHODOLOGY AND
118.
DATA ANALYSIS.
119. The most important
132.
concern in the selection of a
133. This section reviews some
gripping method is to ensure
of the more important
that the specimen can be held
considerations involved in
at the maximum load without
tensile testing. These include:
slippage or failure in the grip
134.
section. Bending should be
135. Sample selection
minimized.
136. Sample preparation
120.
137. Test set-up
3.2. Tensile machine.
138. Test procedure
121.
122. The most common Testing 139. Data recording and
machines are universal testers, analysis
which test materials in tension, 140. Reporting
compression, or bending. Their 141.
primary function is to create the 4.1 Sample Selection.
stress strain curve. 142.
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143. When a material is tested, the how closely the "built-in" samples
objective is usually to determine represent the material in question.
whether or not the material is 153.
suitable for its intended use. 154. There is a special case in
144. which the object of the test is to
145. evaluate the material, but the test
146. itself. Here, the test specimens
147. should be as close as possible to the
148. The sample to be tested test results, as far as possible, only
should fairly represent the body of the variability in the testing process.
material in question. In other words, 155.
it must be from the same source and 4.2 Sample Preparation.
have undergone the same processing 156.
steps. 157.It should be remembered that
149. a sample is a quantity of
150. It is often difficult to match material that represents a
exactly the test samples to the larger lot. The sample usually is
structure made from the material. A made into multiple specimens
common practice for testing large for testing. Test samples must
castings, forgings, and composite be prepared properly to achieve
layups is to add extra material to the accurate results. The following
"built-in" test samples. This material rules are suggested for general
is cut from the completed part after guidance.
processing and is made into test 158.
specimens that have been subjected 159.First, as each sample is
to the same processing steps as the obtained, it should be identified
bulk of the part. as to material description,
151. source, location and orientation
152. In practice, these specimens with respect to the body of
may not exactly match the bulk of material, processing status at
the part in certain important details, the time of sampling, and the
such as the grain patterns in critical data and time of day that the
areas of a forging. One or more sample was obtained.
complete parts may be sampled from 160.
the most critical areas for 161.Second, test specimens must
comparison with the "built-in" be made carefully, with
samples. Thus, it may be determined attention to several details. The
specimen axis must be properly
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163.
164.
165. Image 6. Improper (left) and
proper (right) alignment of specimen
attachment areas with axis of
specimen.
166.
4.3 Test set-up.
167.
168.Requires that equipment be
properly matched to the test at 173.
hand. There are three
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36.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
37.
38. ASM Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition Edited by J.R. Davis &
Associates.
39.
40. Designation: A 370 03 Standard Test Methods and
Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.
41.
42. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) 9th Edition by Russell C.
Hibbeler (Author)
43.
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