Short Course on Seismic Design

Ahmedabad, Gujarat
November 2012

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE CONTROL

or
LOW DAMAGE CONSTRUCTION
Gregory MacRae
References:
Buchanan A., Bull B., Dhakal R., MacRae G. A., Palermo A., Pampanin S., Base Isolation and
Damage-Resistant Technologies for Improved Seismic Performance of Buildings, A report
written for the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Building Failure Caused by the Canterbury
Earthquakes, Research Report 2011-02, August 2011.
http://canterbury.royalcommission.govt.nz/
MacRae G. A., 2010. Some Steel Seismic Research Issues, in Proceedings of the Steel
Structures Workshop 2010, Research Directions for Steel Structures, compiled by MacRae
G. A. and Clifton G. C., University of Canterbury, 13-14 April.
MacRae G. A., 2012. Base Isolation in NZ, in Proceedings of the East Asian Summit on
Earthquake Risk, Research Directions for Steel Structures, compiled by MacRae G. A. and
Clifton G. C., University of Canterbury, 13-14 April.
SESOC. 2011. Practice Note: Design of Conventional Structural Systems Following the
Canterbury Earthquakes: Structural Engineering Society of New Zealand,
ENG.SESOC.0016.1, Version No. 4 21 December 2011,
http://canterbury.royalcommission.govt.nz/documents-by-key/20110930.14
 OUTLINE

Topics:
Why Low Damage Construction (LDC)?
What is LDC?
LDC Forms
Some Recent Applications
Communicating LDC
 OUTLINE

Topics:
Why Low Damage Construction (LDC)?
What is LDC?
LDC Forms
Some Recent Applications
Communicating LDC
WHY LDC?

Our design philosophy is old:

E.g. Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (E.g. Paulay, 1970s)

Provide: To prevent: During Earthquakes causing:

Stiffness: Non-Structural Damage Small Shaking

Strength: Structural Damage Moderate Shaking
Ductility: Collapse and Life-Loss Strong Shaking
WHY LDC?

(a) Photo from street. (b) Severely damaged end of structural wall.

Figure 4.1 Seven storey reinforced concrete office block

WHY LDC?

Figure 4.4. Plastic hinges at ends of beams in reinforced concrete frames.

WHY LDC?

(a) Frame has elongated and moved away (b) Detail of the crack between the beam
from the precast concrete floor and the floor. Cold-drawn wire mesh
has fractured.
Figure 4.5. Damage to floor slabs in a multi storey concrete building.
WHY LDC?

Figure 4.7. Fracture in steel frame near welded connection.

WHY LDC?
Canterbury Quakes

- for demolition
Christchurch building status: - for partial demolition
- for making safe

Damaged
buildings
affect
surrounding
buildings

Society is
affected by
poorest tall
structure

http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/christchurch-earthquake-2011/5282824/Quake-damaged-buildings-map
www.freeimages.co.uk
WHY LDC?
Loss

X - 30-50% of population lost For relatively large

design events

Lives lost has gone

down to nearly zero
Cost as %GDP = 10-20%

Cost and economic

damage has
remained constant

X - 0.05% of population lost or less

Lisbon Chi-Chi 1999, Chile 2010 Chase, Steel

and Christchurch 2011 Time Structures
1755
Workshop, 2010
WHY LDC?

Some insurer advisors relate loss to the

design base shear, Vbase!

Vbase
E.g. AIR International
WHY LDC?

A broad consensus between the public,

politicians and the engineering and
scientific communities would agree that
severe socio-economical losses due to
earthquake events, as observed in
Christchurch, are unacceptable ...
WHY LDC?

Cant we do better?
 OUTLINE

Topics:
Why Low Damage Construction (LDC)?
What is LDC?
LDC Forms
Some Recent Applications
Communicating LDC
 18

WHAT IS LDC?

A low damage structure has:

- fully operational performance in a design

basis event (i.e. FO in DBE)

- allows immediately occupancy in a maximum

credible event (i.e. IO in MCE)
WHAT IS LDC?
POSSIBLE PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
F0 IO LS NC

FE

DBE

MCE

Joes Joes
Beer! Beer! Beer!
Food! Food! Food!

MacRae G. A., 2010. University of Canterbury Research, in Proceedings of the Steel Structures Workshop 2010, University of Canterbury, 13-14 April.
WHAT IS LDC?
A. LOW DAMAGE FRAMES

B. LOW DAMAGE
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS

Bull

C. LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS

BUILDINGS BRIDGES
No nonstructural No alignment
or contents damage damage
 OUTLINE

Topics:
Why Low Damage Construction (LDC)?
What is LDC?
LDC Forms
Some Recent Applications
Communicating LDC
FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
 24

FORMS OF LDC

Elastically Responding Systems

a) Already possible in low seismic zones

b) Use high strength materials?

- E.g. fy = 750MPa or greater steels
High strength concretes

Does anything ever really behave totally elastically?

FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
What is Base Isolation?

Negligible
Interstorey
Drift

Interstorey Drift
Significant

Isolation
Bearings

Conventional Construction Base Isolated Construction

From Mayes R. in Naeim F. The Seismic Design Handbook, 2001

Isolation Devices

Anchor
Device/System
Requirements: Lead

Loading
Platton
- Stiffness Extrusion Oriface

- Strength Flexural Plate Device Lead Extrusion Device (LED)

Superstructure Unidirectional
Anchor
Superstructure
- Energy Dissipation Anchor

Cylindrical
- Recentering PierAnchor
Cone
Sleeve

Elastomeric
bearing
Flexural
- Stoppers Beam Lead Pier Anchor

Flexural Beam Device Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

Modified from Chapman and Kirkcaldie, 1990 Omnidirectional
Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

Bolted
Boltedto structure
to structure Load
1978: Invented by Bill Robinson in 1978 Load Plates
Plates
above and
above and belowbelow

1982: Used in William Clayton Building

1980s: Licensed to a companies in USA , Japan

1994: Proven during Northridge quake (M6.7)

1995: Proven during Kobe quake (M6.8)

Lead
Lead CoreCore
Now: Over 10,000 structures worldwide with LRBs Rubber Layers
Rubber Layers
Courtesy: Gannon, Robinson Seismic Steel Plates
Steel Plates
Modified from Kelly T., Base
Isolation Presentation
William Clayton Building 29

NZs First Base Isolated Building

William Clayton Building

Bearing almost 30
years later!

Courtesy C. Gannon, Robinson Seismic

Overall Damage Costs
Cost of Repair ($m)

Return Period (Years)

Feasibility Study on Damage Costs 30

(Robinson and Haskell, 1994) (Courtesy of Kirkcaldie, Opus Consultants)

Applications (to 1993)

Applications to Seismic Isolation Devices in New Zealand, Japan, USA and Italy 1974-1993)
(from Robinson and Haskell, 1994)
Year Country Structures Systems
LRB LED LED/LRB Friction Viscous Elastomeric Steel Total
1974-1985 New Zealand Bridges 19 2 4 25
Buildings 1 1 2
Japan Bridges 0
Buildings 1 1
Italy Bridges 19 9 28
Buildings 0
USA Bridges 0
Buildings 0
1985-1993 New Zealand Bridges 18 1 3 22
Buildings 5 1 6
Japan Bridges 12 3 15
Buildings 17 7 5 9 17 55
Italy Bridges 6 29 14 75 124
Buildings 4 4
USA Bridges 23 23
Buildings 9 1 3 13
31
LED = Lead Extrusion Damper LRB = Lead Rubber Bearing
(Robinson and Haskell, 1994) (Courtesy of Kircaldie, Opus Consultants)
Best candidates for BI

Facilities
Essential/Health Care/Manufacturing Functionality/Contents
Museums Valuable Contents
Historic Structures (Retrofit) Preservation

Properties
Short/Stiff < 500mm isolator displacements
Big reduction in floor accelerations
Squat No tension on device
Clear site No abutting structures
On stiff soils Reduction in response more significant

Courtesy: Robinson Seismic, Holmes Consulting, BECA

Old Bank of NZ Building

Courtesy Holmes Consultants Ltd

Supreme Court

Courtesy Holmes Consultants Ltd

Maritime Museum

Courtesy Holmes Consultants Ltd

Te Papa Museum of New Zealand

Courtesy Holmes Consultants Ltd

Parliament buildings NZ

Courtesy Holmes Consultants Ltd

Facilities around world

1. Union House, New Zealand Offices 19. LAPD 911, CA Emergency Centre
2. Parliament Buildings, New Zealand Historic Building 20. LNG Tanks, Turkey Storage Tank
3. Museum of New Zealand Museum 21. Long Beach EC/OC, CA Emergency Centre
4. Whareroa Boiler, New Zealand Industrial 22. Mall of Taiwan, Taiwan Shopping Mall
5. Maritime Museum Historic Building 23. Pioneer Courthouse, WA Historic Building
6. Christchurch Womens Hospital Health Facility 24. Richmond Bridge, CA Harbour Bridge
7. Wellington Supreme Court Historic Building 25. Rio Hondo Busway, CA Freeway Bridge
8. Missouri Botanical Garden, MI Museum 26. Riodello Bridge, Chile Freeway Bridge
9. Hutt Valley Hospital, NZ Health Care 27. San Francisco City Hall, CA City Hall
10. Taiwan Freeway C347, C358 Freeway Bridge 28. San Diego 911 Centre, CA Emergency Centre
11. St Johns Hospital, CA Health Care 29. SF Airport Terminal, CA Airport Terminal
12. Benecia-Martinez Bridge, CA Harbour Bridge 30. Carolina State House, SC Historic Building
13. Berkeley Civic Centre, CA Historic Building 31. Utah Bridges, UT Freeway Bridge
14. Big Tujunga Canyon Bridge, CA Freeway Bridge 32. Utah Computer Centre, UT Manufacturing
15. Hearst Memorial MB, Berkeley, CA Historic Building 33. Williamette Bridge, WA Freeway Bridge
16. Inchon LNG Tanks, Korea Storage Tank 34. Mecidiyekoy Viaduct, Turkey Viaduct
17. Los Angeles City Hall, CA City Hall 35. IETMC, CA Transport facility
18. LAC+USC Medical Centre, CA Health Care

Courtesy: Robinson Seismic, Holmes Consulting

Overseas Activities

E.g. Bhuj Hospital (2003)

Courtesy of Gannon, Robinson Seismic, EENZ

+ Shimla and LNJP Hospital (near Delhi)

Initial Cost

Extra : Reduced:
- Isolation devices - Lower forces

Spectral Acceleration (g)

- Foundation and Tu Ti Period, T (s)

service detailing - Reduced detailing

Three Opinions:
- Cheaper (Japan)
- Cost neutral (New Zealand)
- A few % more cost (New Zealand)
New Inventions

NEW GENERATION BASE

ISOLATORS

RoGlider LoGlider (<5T)

(<100T)
NZ Bridges

Over 50 base isolated bridges in New Zealand

Moonshine Bridge, Courtesy C. Gannon, Robinson Seismic

Few bridges base-isolated in past 10 years possibly due to

NZTAs recent preferred procurement methods (D. Kircaldie, Opus)
Christchurch Womens Hospital

From Bob Nigbor

After 9/2010 and 2/2011 Quakes

25 mm offset in isolators Sand boils in basement,

After M7, back to zero in Feb. Vs 200m/s ?
Slide Courtesy Nigbor; UCLA
Christchurch Womens Hospital

Canterbury Seismic
http://www.csi.net.nz/
From H. Gavin, Duke U
NEES in Christchurch, 7/12/2012 46

Slide Courtesy of Bob Nigbor, UCLA,; See also Garvin et al.

Canterbury Quakes

Following the Christchurch earthquakes, a number of

commercial property owners there are in the process of
re-building office blocks on base isolation systems
Base isolation helps overcome their reluctance to return to
conventional office buildings,
and it has become a commercial advantage to offer
such accommodation.
Richard Sharpe (BECA)
June 2012
What Is Seismic Isolation?

Without Seismic Isolation With Seismic Isolation

BASE ISOLATION
REFERENCES
ATC-6, Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges, Applied Technology Council, Berkeley, California , 1981.

Blakeley R. W. G. Analysis and Design of Bridges Incoprorating Mechanical Energy Dissipators for Earthquake Resistance, Workshop on
Seismic Design of Highway Bridges, 29-31 January 1979.

Chapman H. E. and Kirkcaldie D. K., Seismic Design of Base Isolated Bridges Incoprorating Mechanical Energy Dissipators, Road Research Unit
Bulletin 84 No. 3, Transit New Zealand, 1990. ISSN 0549-0030.

Garven G., Kuang A, and Sridar A. Base Isolation Dynamics, Undergraduate Project Presentation, Mechanical Engineering, University of
Canterbury 2012. (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology Natural Hazards Platform). Courtesy S. Gutschmidt.

Holmes Consulting Group, Examples of Base Isolation of Heritage Buildings in Wellington, New Zealand, 10th World Conference on Seismic
Isolation, Energy Dissipation & Active Vibration Control of Structures, May 28-31 2007, Istanbul, Turkey.

Kelly T. Base Isolation of Structures Design Guidelines, Revision 0, July 2001, Holmes Consulting Group Limited + its reference list -
http://www.holmesgroup.com/assets/Uploads/pdfs/2001HCGBaseIsolationDesignGuidelines.pdf

Kuang A., Sridar A., Garven G., Rodgers G. Gutschmidt S., MacRae G., Chase J. G., Gavin H. P. Christchurch Womens Hospital:
Computational Modeling of the Hospital Base Isolators and Superstructure, Draft.

Sridhar A., Kuang A., Garven J., Gutschmidt S., Chase J. G., Gavin H.P., Nigbor R., Rodgers G., MacRae G. Christchurch Womens Hospital:
Analysis of Measured Earthquake Data During the 2011-2012 Christchurch Earthquakes, NEES Special Issue 2012.

Robinson W. H. and Haskell T. G. Most Recent Research and Applications for Seismic Isolation in New Zealand, International Workshop on
Application and Development of Base Isolation (IWADBI), Shantou City, Guandong Province, P. R. China, 17-19 May 1994.

Videos Effect of base isolation

- Bhuj hospital (Gujarat)

Websites: http://www.robinsonseismic.com/case-studies-earthquake-engineering.html
http://www.minindustries.com.my/BEARINGS/HDRB-LRB%20catalogue_W.pdf
FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
 51

FORMS OF LDC

Supplemental Damping Systems

Much work has been conducted on these systems
High cost means that they are not popular

Charnley and Symons, 2004

FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
 53

FORMS OF LDC

Precast post-tensioned beam

column joint (UCSD 1993)

Is this low damage construction?

Priestley M. J. N. and MacRae G. A.,
"Seismic Tests of Precast Beam-to-
Yes for the subassemblage
Column Joint Subassemblages with
Unbonded Tendons", PCI Journal, No for the structural system
January-February 1996, pp. 64-80.
 54

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

Can be made of concrete, steel or timber

P
P

D
 55

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

i) Gaps opens
and columns are
pushed apart

Kim J., Stanton J., and

MacRae G. A., Effect of
Beam Growth on Reinforced
Concrete Frames, Journal of
Structural Engineering,
ASCE, 130(9), pp. 1333-
1342, September 2004. => Extra column demands
FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

ii) Columns want to separate from upper beams

Beam pulls away

from column!

Stiff/strong columns are bad !!

It can limit the height of this

system
FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

iii) Columns may yield

Beam pulls
away from
column!

(b)
Effect on 2 Storey Figure 6.6. (b) Damage to column caused by
(MacRae, 2010). frame elongation (Pampanin, 2010).
 58

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

iv) Have slab issues

C
C
MacRae G. A., 2010. Some
Steel Seismic Research C
Issues, in Proceedings of
the Steel Structures
Workshop 2010, Research
Directions for Steel
Structures, compiled by
MacRae G. A. and Clifton
G. C., University of
Canterbury, 13-14 April.
(a) Subassembly (b) Monkey Idealization
 59

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

Avoiding slab issues

Slab connected only to one bay of seismic frame
E.g. Sause and Ricles (STESSA, 09)
Cattenach (NZ Concrete Society, 2009)

Seismic bay (connected

to slab, everywhere
else is disconnected)
 60

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

E.g. VUW Campus, Wellington,
March 2010

- Dunning-Thornton (Cattenach)

Concrete Structure
 61

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam systems

E.g. The Cattenach building VUW Campus

Note no full 2-D or 3-D monotonic or cyclic gapping analysis was conducted
 62

FORMS OF LDC

Post-tensioned beam (PTB) systems - Summary

PTB systems with gap opening can be designed.

However ..
- these systems work best for buildings with
few stories
few bays
with different systems in perpendicular direction
- proper analysis is complex
- detailing requirements are considerable.

Note that SESOC not endorsing these systems for the Christchurch rebuild
Design of Conventional Structural Systems Following the Canterbury Earthquakes: Structural Engineering Society of New Zealand,
ENG.SESOC.0016.1, Version No. 4 21 December 2011, http://canterbury.royalcommission.govt.nz/documents-by-key/20110930.14
 63

FORMS OF LDC

COLUMN BASES
 64 64

FORMS OF LDC

COLUMN BASES Column Column

Floating Floating
Plates Plates
Foundation Foundation
Plates Plates
Pin

(a) Double Friction Concept 1 (b) Double Friction Concept 2

Nuts
Unbonded
Threaded
Rod
Shear
MacRae G. A., Urmson C. Key
R., Walpole W. R., Moss P. Anchor
J., Hyde K. and Clifton G. Plates
C., Axial Shortening Of
Steel Columns In Buildings (c) Rod concept (d) Yielding Endplate Connection
Subjected To Earthquakes, Figure 19: Some Possible Methods for Preventing Column Yielding
NZSEE, 2008.
FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
 66

FORMS OF LDC

Rocking systems
 67

FORMS OF LDC

Rocking systems
The dissipator reduces
the displacement at
extra cost

Post- Post-
tensioning tensioning
cable cable P

Dissipator

Lehigh Proposal and Test Stanford-Illinois-Tokyo Tech Proposal

Structure, 2008 and Test Structure, 2009
 68

FORMS OF LDC

Rocking systems Recent Applications

Connell-Wagner (Aurecon)
rocking solution does not need
a post-tensioning cable over
full structural height. This
Springs
allows smaller member sizes
all the way down.

Connell-Wagner Actual Construction, 2006

 69

FORMS OF LDC

Rocking systems - slab issues

q
Large slab demands may
result.
Gravity columns nearby may
also participate and
- limit mechanism, or
- incur damage
(Restrepo, Chile Earthquake report, NZSEE
Conference Presentation, Wellington, 2010).

Connell-Wagner Actual Construction, 2006

 70

FORMS OF LDC

Rocking systems - slab issues

Options: q

Let the slab tear

(e.g. Deierlein, TIT, 2010)
Put the gravity columns far from
the frame and orientate the one-
way slab such that the slab
demands are small.
Separate the rocking frame from
the gravity system (e.g. Sause,
TIT, 2010)

Sliders or
dissipators

Sause suggestion, 2009

 71

FORMS OF LDC

Wada:
Post-
tensioned
wall

Steelwork

Pin

Beam in Gravity
Frame
Beam in Rocking
Frame

Steel plate allowing relative vertical, but no

horizontal displacement
 72

FORMS OF LDC
Rocking systems some dissipators
Possible additional energy
dissipation devices to main frame
 73

FORMS OF LDC

Rocking systems acceleration issues

Vertical accelerations > 4g in rocking RC wall

(Restrepo, NZSEE Conference Presentation,
Wellington, 2010).

High accelerations cause damage to

- non-structural ceiling elements
- contents.

Note that the impact accelerations are out-of-

phase with accelerations associated with peak
lateral displacement.
FORMS OF LDC

STEEL
Non-linear ElasticPLATE SHEARmembers
/ flag shaped WALLS

Post-tensioned systems
F
Beam-Column Joints
Braces D

Walls
Etc.

MacRae 2010, Steel Research Conference, University of Canterbury, 2010

FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
 Flange
Flange

C
Plate 76
Cap Plate Bottom Web
Bolts (Slidi
FRICTION CONNECTIONS
Pin-Ended Strut

SLIDING HINGE JOINT CONCEPT: Clifton 2000

MacRae G. A., Clifton G. C., Mackinven H., Mago N., Butterworth J. and Pampanin S., The Sliding Hinge Joint Moment Connection,
Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, December 2010.
 77

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

DETAILS:
Top Bolts

l A

Top Web
Bolts
(Shear)

Bottom Web
Bolts (Sliding)
Bottom Flange
Bolts (Sliding)
 78

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

Friction Connections
Symmetric Friction Connection (E.g. Pall-Marsh)

P
P/2
P D

P/2

time
 79

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

Friction Connection
Asymmetric Friction Connection (AFC)

P
P D

P
 80

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

Deformations:

Column
Force

Displacement

1
 81

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

Deformations:

Column
Force

Displacement

2
 82

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

Deformations:

Column
Force

Displacement

3
 83

SLIDING HINGE JOINT CONCEPT

Deformations:

Column
Force

Displacement

4
 84

SLIDING HINGE JOINT CONCEPT

Deformations:

Column
Force

Displacement

5
 85

SLIDING HINGE JOINT CONCEPT

Deformations:

Column
Force

Displacement

6
 86

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

DETAILS: 310UC158
1.5m

360UB44.7 2.0m
 87

SLIDING HINGE JOINT (SHJ) CONCEPT

75
Coulmn Shear Force (kN)

Steel Shims
Test #5 - 4.2.2.2S
50

25

0
-4 -2 0 2 4
-25

-50

-75
Drift Ratio (%)
 88

SLIDING HINGE JOINT APPLICATION

BEHAVIOUR
MINIMAL DAMAGE (to connection and frame)

LOW COST (and not patented)

RECENTERING CHARACTERISTICS
ISSUES
CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
DURABILITY
SLIDING HINGE JOINT APPLICATION

Courtesy: Darrin Bell of Connell-Wagner

AFC APPLICATION BRACED FRAMES

Gusset plate connected to beam with

Gusset plate stiffener horizontally elongated bolt holes

Gusset plate with smooth Floating plate Plate attached

transition to extension. Is behind the to braces
Elongated bolt holes gusset plate
are in extension
Floating plate
(DSFD area)
Brace Braces

Chanch J., MacRae G.A., Chase J.G. , Rodgers G.W., Mora Muoz A., Clifton C.G., Design considerations for braced frames with asymmetrical
friction connections - AFC, STESSA Conference, Santiago, Chile 2012.
MacRae G. A., 2010. University of Canterbury Research, in Proceedings of the Steel Structures Workshop 2010, Research Directions for Steel
Structures, compiled by MacRae G. A. and Clifton G. C., University of Canterbury, 13-14 April.
(MacRae)
LOWAPPLICATION
AFC EBFs
DAMAGE STRUCTURES

Rotational link

. .

Assymmetric Braces
Friction
Connection

(MacRae) (Clifton)
LOWAPPLICATION
AFC EBF FRICTION LINK
DAMAGE STRUCTURES
Plate Over Shims either
side of Web CL

Slab on Decking (Decking not shown)

Deck Support Plate

M24 bolts
Stiffener
Clear
Slotted holes
gap
in web
between
beam
Centre bolt (M30) ends

Brace Clifton
LOWAPPLICATION
AFC DAMAGE STRUCTURES
FRICTION DISSIPATOR

Chanch J., MacRae G.A., Chase J.G. , Rodgers G.W., Mora Muoz A., Clifton C.G., Design considerations for braced frames with asymmetrical
friction connections - AFC, STESSA Conference, Santiago, Chile 2012.
MacRae G. A., 2010. University of Canterbury Research, in Proceedings of the Steel Structures Workshop 2010, Research Directions for Steel
Structures, compiled by MacRae G. A. and Clifton G. C., University of Canterbury, 13-14 April.
(MacRae)
 96

HIGH-FORCE TO VOLUME (HF2V) DEVICES

LEAD DISSIPATOR:
b)

Non-linear lead
extrusion damper
Mander T. J., Rodgers G. W., Chase J. G., Mander J. B. MacRae G. A. and Dhakal R. A Damage Avoidance Design Steel
Beam-Column Moment Connection Using High-Force-To-Volume Dissipators, American Society of Civil Engineering. Journal of
Structural Engineering, 135(11), November 1, 2009, pp13901397. ISSN 0733-9445.
HF2V DEVICES

Hysteresis Loop for Bolted and Welded Connection

50

40

30

20

Lateral Ram Load (kN)

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Lateral Drift (%)
 98

HF2V DEVICES

Papers including:

Desombre J., Rodgers G. W., MacRae G. A., Rabczuk T., Dhakal R. P., Chase J. G., Experimentally Validated FEA
Models of HF2V Damage Free Steel Connections For Use In Full Structural Analyses, "Structural Engineering
and Mechanics, An international Journal", SEM9N626C, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 37(4), March
10, 2011.
Rodgers, GW, Chase, JG, MacRae, GA, Bacht, T, Dhakal, RP and Desombre, J (2009). Analytical MDOF
modelling of the effects of HF2V damping devices on the seismic performance of the SAC3 building, 13th
Asia-Pacific Vibrations Conference (13APVC), Christchurch, New Zealand, November 22-25.
Bacht, T, Chase, JG, MacRae, GA, Rodgers, GW, Rabczuk, T, Dhakal, RP and Desombre, J (2011). HF2V
Dissipator Effects on the Performance of a 3 Story Moment Frame, Journal of Constructional and Steel
Research (JCSR), Vol 67(12), pp. 1843-1849, ISSN 0143-974X.
Rodgers G. W., Chase J. G., MacRae G. A., Bacht T., Dhakal R. P., and Desombre J., Influence Of HF2V
Damping Devices On The Performance Of The SAC3 Building Subjected To The SAC Ground Motion Suites,
9USN-10CCEE, Toronto, July 25-29, 2010.
Chanch, J. C., MacRae, G.A., Chase, J.G., Rodgers, G.W., and Clifton, G.C. Behaviour of HF2V devices and
possible applications on steel structures. STESSA Conference, Santiago, Chile, January 2012.
Also top flange connections
in concrete to:
1) Avoid slab tearing
2) Stop pushing columns apart
2
FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
 102

FORMS OF LDC

Other systems
Christopoulos and Tremblay brace
Issues:
- cost and length
- initial stiffness P
- patented
D
CC Chou brace P

Shape Memory Alloy braces

(E.g. post-tensioned nitonol).
Issues:
- temperature effects
- dependability
- initial prestress required
- cost
Others ..
FORMS OF LDC

LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

a) Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally Damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
Commercial Suspended Ceiling Type

Paganotti G., MacRae G.A., and Dhakal R. P., Development of Typical NZ ceiling System Seismic Fragilities, Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society, 14-16 April, 2011, Auckland, New Zealand. Poster presentation.
Paper 116. Reproduced on Rondo, 2009
PARTITIONS

- Concrete

Winstones Wallboard (NZ) Ltd

PARTITIONS
Plan of Partition -Column connection
(by Tasligedik, based on Winstones Wallboard details)

Winstones Wallboard (NZ) Ltd

 OUTLINE

Topics:
Why Low Damage Construction (LDC)?
What is LDC?
LDC Forms
Some Applications
Communicating LDC
Applications 108

Concrete post-tensioned beam systems

E.g. VUW Campus,
Wellington, March 2010
- Dunning-Thornton
(Cattenach), Concrete
Structure
Applications

Courtesy: Darrin Bell of Connell-Wagner, 2007

Applications

Courtesy: Geoff Sidwell, Aurecon

Applications

Timber system

http://www.nzwood.co.nz/case-studies/nmit-arts-and-media-building/
 OUTLINE

Topics:
Why Low Damage Construction (LDC)?
What is LDC?
LDC Forms
Some Applications
Communicating LDC
COMMUNICATING

Need to have something to communicate!

- plenty of experimental evidence
- robust design/construction procedures
 LOSS BASED TOOLS

1. MacRae G. A., Decision Making Tools for Seismic Risk, Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of
Earthquake Engineering Annual Conference, Paper 28, Napier, 2006.
2. Bradley B.; Dhakal R.; MacRae G.; Cubrinovski M., Prediction of Spatially Distributed Seismic Demands In
Specific Structures: Structural Response To Loss Estimation", Earthquake Engineering and Structural
Dynamics, 39(6), 591-613 2010.
WHAT IS A GENERATION 4 JOINT?

Generation 0:
No Seismic Design
Generation 1:
Inadequate Seismic Design
Generation 2:
Conventional Seismic Design
Welded

From Englehardt, AISC Module 2

WHAT IS A GENERATION 4 JOINT?

Generation 3:
No joint damage

L
L >L

P
P P
Compression
Compression
yield
yield gap
Joint

Tension
Tension gap
yield
yield
WHAT IS A GENERATION 4 JOINT?

Generation 3 (continued):

From Kim
WHAT IS A GENERATION 4 JOINT?

Generation 4:
No Damage to Frame or Joint
Rodgers, Chase, Mander, MacRae

Non-linear lead
extrusion damper

Other desirable features:

Low cost, self-centring, easy construction, low maintenance
COMMUNICATING

Examples:
Antigua
- Spanish colonial capital of central America
1717 M7.4 earthquake demolished 3000 buildings

1773 M7.5 earthquake killed > 500 people

- Aftershocks lasted > 6 months

=> Capital of Guatemala moved from Antigua to Guatemala City

Antigua guatemala ruins

2009.JPG Wikipedia
COMMUNICATING

Building
Cost

Structural Performance
COMMUNICATING

How to choose?
Building 1: Building 2:

Looks good Looks good

New New
Satisfies code Satisfies code
Avoids death/injury Avoids death/injury
Cost $X Cost same
as Building 1
Requires replacement after Usable after
severe shaking severe shaking
Which is better?
http://www.google.co.nz/imgres?q=free+scales+image&hl=en&biw=1008&bih=506&tbm=isch&tbnid=mZTQMjTN-yCHSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.freeclipartnow.com/society/law/scales-of-
justice.jpg.html&docid=9rJ3_xNolU4GaM&imgurl=http://www.freeclipartnow.com/d/42028-1/scales-of-
justice.jpg&w=204&h=208&ei=uH96T6nRDOnJmQXTpPzxAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=295&vpy=171&dur=8479&hovh=166&hovw=163&tx=82&ty=193&sig= 110018657992568287435&page
=1&tbnh=154&tbnw=151&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
COMMUNICATING
We commonly pay more to mitigate low probability high
impact events in other areas:

E.g. Seat belts/baby restrainers in cars

Airport security measures

We pay more now for lower future costs/losses with:

E.g. Double glazing for windows (insulation)

Earthquake resistance for life safety

http://www.doubleglazing.com/
COMMUNICATING

Cell phones:

1980s (Ebay - US $281.25, 2012/4/3) Modern

http://www.ebay.com/itm/Motorola-Ultra-Classic-II-NEW-1980s-1990s-Brick-Cell-Cellular-Phone-Made-USA-/220988215583?pt=Vintage_Electronics_R2&hash=item3373ec911f
COMMUNICATING

We are not using 1980s technology

for our cell phones!

Why are we using 1980s

(i.e. damage prone) technology
for our buildings?
COMMUNICATING

Development in civil engineering, and progress in civil

engineering research, result from:
i) New materials
ii) New tools
iii) New problems
Burges/Brown (1970s)

As structural engineers lets:

Work together to develop robust systems and
procedures for low damage construction
Questions?