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Since the actual reduction of the strain rate (with Figure 1.2: Temperature Distribution Welding with a
respect to temperature) is dictated by the complex Trailing Heat Sink
interactions between the instantaneous strain rate
(/t) and cooling rate (T/t) during welding as
indicated in Eqn (2). Advanced finite element
procedures were used to quantify and optimize the
effects of the trailing heat sink method on the
dynamic thermomechanical interactions during
welding.
Side Rolling
Figure 3.10: Predicted Fusion Zone with the Hoop strain is the highest in tension by
Reduced Heat Input comparing with axial strain and strain
through thickness. The outer bead has higher
Thermo-mechanical analysis was performed to tensile thermo-mechanical strains than the
predict the thermo-mechanical strain with normal and inner bead in hoop direction. High hoop
reduced heat input. Figure 3.11a is a hoop strain strain was observed in the buttering region
comparison between the inner bead and the outer near the top surface.
bead of cladding layer 16 with the normal heat input. Reducing heat input is a valid method
Figure 3.11b is a hoop strain comparison between the
toward reducing the cracking tendency. To
inner bead and the outer bead of cladding layer 16
eliminate cracking, the heat input in the
with the reduced heat input. Since the heat input in
outer bead of the buttering region should be
the inner bead was not changed, the predicted hoop
further reduced and the heat input in the
strain of the inner bead for the reduced heat input is
inner bead should be also reduced.
close to the hoop strain for the normal heat input.
However, the hoop strain in the outer bead with the
reduced heat input is much smaller than that with the
normal heat input. These results indicate that the
thermo-mechanical strain can be reduced by reducing Changing Welding Sequence
the heat input so that the crack tendency could be
reduced by reducing heat input for the outer beads.
Changing welding sequence can change weld stress
distributions which could be used in reducing
cracking tendency. This example shows here is not
for hot crack mitigation, but it serves as an example
how welding sequence changes impact the weld
stress distribution.
This study [4] was performed to help support the distributions (1100F (593C)) and heating areas (10
assessment of the cracking found in the A reactor in.). The heating lasts for 3 hours which was modeled
pressure vessel nozzle to hot-leg pipe bimetal weld via creep analysis. Step 4 to preheat nozzle and
(Fig. 4.1) in the Virgil C. Summer nuclear plant. The buttered region to 66C in preparation for weld
hot leg weld is a bimetallic weld joining a SA-508 modeling. Step 5 is to deposit weld passes from
(Class 2) reactor vessel nozzle with a Type 304 inside to a depth of 17.8 mm as shown in upper
stainless steel pipe using an Inconel weld procedure picture of Fig. 4.5. At that time, defects were found
(Fig. 4.2). The hot leg pipe carries reactor-heated in the weld and the weld has to ground out. For
water to the steam generator. It is then re-circulated holding the two parts together, a bridge was left as
by the pump back through the cold leg. Both the hot shown in the lower picture of Fig. 4.5.
and cold leg stainless steel pipes are joined to the
reactor vessel nozzles via bimetallic welds. The
cracking of concern occurs in the Inconel weld only
on the inner surface. Tensile weld residual stresses, in
addition to service loads, contribute to the cracking.
References