INFRARED(IR) SPECTROSCOPY

IR spectroscopy is basically vibrational

spectroscopy.
Different bonds have different vibrational
frequencies
When infrared light passes through a sample,
some
frequencies are absorbed, while others are not.
Plotting absorbance against frequency results in
an IR spectrum.
We can detect the presence of certain bonds by
identifying their specific frequency.
TYPES OF VIBRATIONS
METHODS FOR COLLECTING IR SPECTRA.

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Discs are used.

Do not break them.
Do not wash with water!
 METHODS FOR COLLECTING IR SPECTRA.

For Solids we can do a Nujol Mull or mix the sample

with KBr.
 METHODS FOR COLLECTING IR SPECTRA.

For liquids you can perform the IR using the neat

liquid.
 ALKANES
The spectra of simple alkanes are characterized by absorptions
due to CH stretching and bending.
CH stretch from 30002850 cm-1
CH bend or scissoring from 1470-1450 cm-1
CH rock, methyl from 1370-1350 cm-1
 ALKENES
The stretching vibration of the C=C bond gives rise to a
moderate band between 1680-1640 cm-1.
C=C stretch from 1680-1640 cm-1
=CH stretch from 3100-3000 cm-1
=CH bend from 1000-650 cm-1
 ALKYNES
The CC stretch appears as a weak band from 2260-2100
cm-1.Conjugation moves the -CC- stretch to the right.
A terminal alkyne will show a CH stretch as a strong, narrow
band between 3330-3270 cm-1.
A terminal alkyne will show a CH bending vibration in the
region 700-610 cm-1.
-CCH: CH stretch from 3330-3270 cm-1
 ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
O-H stretch is a sharp peak at 3650 - 3600 cm - 1 ( not
H- bonded)
OH stretch, hydrogen bonded 3500-3200 cm-1
CO stretch 1260-1050 cm-1 (s)
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
 ALDEHYDES
The carbonyl stretch C=O of saturated aliphatic aldehydes
appears from 1740-1720 cm-1. As in ketones, conjugation shifts
this band to the right, 1710-1685cm-1.
A diagnostic band for aldehydes is the O=CH stretch. This
band appears as one or two bands of moderate intensity
between 2830-2695 cm-1.
HC=O stretch 2830-2695 cm-1
 KETONES
The carbonyl stretching vibration band C=O of
saturated aliphatic ketones appears at 1715 cm-1.
aliphatic ketones 1715 cm-1
, -unsaturated ketones 1685-1666 cm-1
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
OH stretch: strong, wide band, unlike the OH stretch band for alcohols,
it is a very broad band between 3300-2500 cm-1.
C=O stretch, appears as an intense band from 1760-1690 cm-1
The CO stretch appears in the region 1320-1210 cm-1, and the OH bend
is in the region 1440-1395 cm-1 and 950-910 cm-1.
OH stretch from 3300-2500 cm-1, C=O stretch from 1760-1690 cm-1