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TTECTRIC
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HANDBOOK
T.A.SHORT
CRC P R E SS
BocaRaton London New York \(CIhington, D.C.
Line-to-ground
t\-z overvoltage
Neutral = Ground
\
I neutral \
A=Neutral=Ground
Ground atthe faultpoint
f--- ^=
FIGURE13.3
Ground potential shifts and overvoltages depending on the grormding configuraon.
ground potential at the fault locaon. The severity of this ground reference
shift depends on the grounding configuration (seeFiguru 13.3}Lggglidly
grounded system with a good retum path to the grounding sorce, little
- the
line-to-ground voltage on volt-
age,1.-73per unit, On a multigrounded distribuon system with a solidly
grouRffittransrorrner, overvoitages above t.c per urur are rare.
Two factors relate the overvoltage to the system-!6ltige:
Coefficientof grounding:
COG = V'r*Nn
Earthfault factor:
EFF= V'wNu,t
where
V'LN=maximum line-to-ground voltage on the unfaulted phasesdur-
ing a fault from one or more phases to ground
V,Vu= nominal line-to-neutral and line-to-line voltages
( z ', - 2 "" )l --
1 / -f-'
- ln +
" 2 2 , + z o + 3 R,)"
where
Z, = p osrlve-sequence imPedance
Z o= zeto-sequenceimpedance
a = 71120"
Rr = fault resistance
E = line-to-neutral voltage magnitude prior to the fault
,r
v=
3Zo+ 6R , r
"-/4
Z t + z lo + 6 Rr'
gtrro farilts are so much more common lve.oftel design for the single line-
o-ground fault. For single line-to-groyndfaults, the voltage is always worse
wiin tne fault impedance Rr= 0. For double line-to-ground faults, it may not
always be wors with Rp = 0' FigFre 13'4 shows overvoltage charts as a
funcon of Xs/X1and Ro/&.This includes o1e_r'gltagesdue to *ngle tq1-
to-ground faults and for double line-to-ground faults (qssuming that RF: 0).
tEU suggests the overvoltage multipter factors for different system:
shown in Table13.1(IEEEC6292.4.199I)'
shift during |s-to-srourd farrtts at a voltare of 1057o-(so, the-
overvoltage
The higher ovGlJlagfiactor of 1.35
1.35-for mulerounded sy
tor muttproundecl- systems with
metal-oxie affesters ws idenfied as a more con\rvative factor for four-
syr r c' r D becaue
w r r e systems
wire u cL q ."r of
vr the
u r v reduced saturation of
_ n\wer transformers and
\ \* T
^l
(c,2oo*bvcRCPresslLC
\ l.Bfly>i
\ eJdif$
i;cleft>o
ilfrsgf'