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Foreword vii
Preface ix
Special Features xix
1. Introduction and Philosophy of a Protective Relaying System 1
1.1 Types of Faults 1
1.2 Abnormalities 6
1.3 Functions of Protective Relay Schemes 7
1.4 Major Components of an Electrical Power System 7
1.5 Basic Tripping Circuit with System Transducers 8
1.6 Testing and Maintenance of Relays 10
1.7 Zones of Protection 10
1.8 Requirements of a Protective System 11
1.9 Relay Operating Criteria 13
1.10 Main and Back-Up Protection 13
1.11 Evolution of Protective Relay Technology 14
Multiple Choice Questions 15
2. Electromagnetic Relays 16
2.1 Classification of Relays 16
2.2 Thermal Relays (Overload Relays) 17
2.3 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays 18
2.4 Time-Delayed Overcurrent Relays 19
2.5 Definite-Time Overcurrent Relays 19
2.6 Inverse-Time Overcurrent Relays 20
2.7 IDMT Overcurrent Relays 26
2.8 Non-Directional Normal Inverse-Time-Overcurrent
Relays without the Need of Auxiliary Supply 26
2.9 Voltage-Controlled Inverse-Time Overcurrent Relays 26
2.10 Induction-Cup Relays 28
xiv Contents