the Tests: mis e (Vas) Deferens tory Duct 5 x ‘Sex Glands ‘minal Fluid) RODUCTIVE SYSTEM desis ‘allopian) Tubes ICTIVE CYCLE (FRC) lation production is the mechanism by which life is sustained. In one sent» reproduction is the process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic ‘material, allowing an organism to grow and repair itself; thus, reprodit= tion maintains the life of the individual, But reproduction is also the Process by which genetic material is passed from generation to generation. In this regard, reproduction maintains the continuation of the species. The organs of the male and female reproductive systems may be grouped by function, The testes and ovaries, also called gonads (gonos = seed), produce gametes—sperm cells and ova, respectively, and secrete hormones. The duets transport, receive, and store gametes. Other reproductive organs, called accessory sex glands, produce materials that support gametes. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The organs of the male reproductive system are the testes (male gonads), which produce sperm and hormones; a number of ducts that either store or transport sperm to the exterior; accessory sex glands that secrete semen; and several supporting structures, including the penis (Figure 23-1). SCROTUM ‘ihe scrotum is a pouch that supports the testes; it consists of loose skin, superficial onic smooth muscle fibers (Figure 23-1). Internally, it is divided by containing a single testis rotun and contraction of its muscle fibers regulate the The production and survival of sperm require a lower 1 blood temperature. Because the scrotum is outside the body cavities, than non it supplies an environment about 3°C below body temperature. On exposure to cold and during sexual arousal, skeletal muscles contract to elevate the testes, ‘moving them closer to the pelvic cavity where they can absorb body heat. Exposure to warmth reverses the process. ‘TESTES ‘The testes, or testicles, are paired oval glands that develop from an embryonic tissue called mesoderm, high on the embryo’s posterior abdominal wall and usally begin their descent into the scrotum in the seventh month of fetal development, When the testes do not descend, the condition is referred to as eryptorchidism (krip-TOR-ki-dize), ‘The testes are covered by a dense white fibrous capsule that extends inward ‘and divides each testis into internal compartments called lobules (Figure 23-2a). Each of the 200 to 300 lobules contains one to three ti i “jubules that produce sperm by a process called sj cons ‘seminiferous (ubules are lined with spermatogenic cells in development (Figure 23-2). The most immature spermatogenic (sper’-ma-t6-GO-né-a), lie against the basement Bf the tubules. Toward the lumen of the tube are layers of pr mature cells in order of advancing, maturity: primary486 + Chapter 23 The Reproductive Systems FIGURE23-1 Male organs of reproduction and surrounding structures seen in sagittal section. ‘Ampulla of ductus (vas) deferens Ejaculatory duct Rectum Bulbourethral (Cowpers) glans Epididymal Anus Urinary bladder ‘Symphysis pubis Prostate gland Urogenital diaphragm Urethra Penis pon Glans penis a y Propuce (foreskin) / \ Ser External urethral orifice {tubules are clusters of interstitial endocrinocytes (interstitial cells ‘of Leydig). These cells secrete the male hormone testosterone, the most important androgen (AN-drd-jen), a substance producing ‘male characteristics, ‘Spermatogenesis, ‘The process by which the seminiferous tubules ofthe testes produce spermatozoa is called spermatogenesis (sper'-ma-t0-JEN-e-sis). It ‘consists of three stages: meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis, '§ Meiosis: Overview In sexual reproduction, a new organism is Produced by the union and fusion of two different cells, one pro- ‘duced by each parent. The sex cells, called gametes, are the ovum ‘Produced in the female gonads (ovaries) and the sperm produced in the male gonads (testes). The union and fusion of gametes is and the cell thus produced is known as a zygote, Contains @ mixture of chromosomes (DNA) from the and, through its repeated mitotic division, develops for carrying out the activities of the cell. The other 23 chro fare another set from the other parent, which codes for traits. Since somatic cells contain two sets of chromoso ae referred to as diploid (DIP-loyd; di = two) cells, sy 4s 2n, In a diploid cell, two chromosomes that ate called homologous (hi-MOL-0-gus) logues. If gametes had the same number of chromoso cells, the zygote formed from their fusion would diploid number, or 92, and with every the number of chromosomes would continue development would not occur. The ch dlouble with eachjGURE 23-2 Testes. (a) Internal structure. Sagittal section illustrating i Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Rote testis Straight tubule Body of epididymis White fibrous capsule ‘Seminiferous tubule Ductus epididymis Tall of epididymis Wi rece o sperm cell from is origin AGURE 23-2 (Continued) (b) Microscopic cross section of a portion of a seminiferous tubule showing the stages of spermatogenesis. Interstitial endocrinocyte (cell of Leyaig)488 + Chopter 23 The Reproductive Systems center togonia or sperm stem cells (Figure 23-3) tat line the seminiferous move toward the cer chromosomes. The fo tubules contain the diploid chromosome number (46). Following homologous pair then twist around ree cane spermatogonia remain ear the basement membrane of each HONEIORT Tor one chromatid may te prevent depletion of the cell population, Other spermatogonia aieirad WAU TT cing.oyer), which pe lindergo certain developmental changes and become primary sper- with portions of an 2 Sei o Pe camel — s(SPER-ma-s),Likespermtogoi, hey aedipoid main OF SOT Teach other and unlike &. produced them. 1. Meiosis I (reduction division). Each primary spermatocyte ‘Next th pais separate and one member ofeach enlarges before dividing. Then, two nuclear divisions take place __—t0 opposite roles te ce am ‘part of meiosis. In the first, DNA is replicated and 46 chromo- _this first nuclear divisi : et : rch Each cell has 23 chromosomes—the haploid numbe: ‘sommes (each made up of two identical chromatids) form and FIGURE 23-9 Spermatogenesis. The designation 2n means diploid; n means haploid. Basement membrane Primary spermatocyte Tetrad formation and crossing-over ® Meiosis (separation of homologous chromosomes) \ Secondary spermatocytes =e @ ie), /\ of ae | Spermatozoa aamosome of the s up of two identical chromati as a result of crossing-over. ee a os ‘The second nuclear division livision. There i ct is no replication of : a somes (each composed of two identical chro- matids) line up in single file at the equator and the chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other. The cells formed from the equatorial division are called spermatids. Each contains half the original chromosome number, 23, and is haploid. Each primary spermatocyte therefore produces four spermatids by meiosis. 3, Spermiogenesis. In the final stage of spermatogenesis, called spermiogenesis (sper'-mé-6-JEN-e-sis), spermatids mature into spermatozoa. Each spermatid develops a head and a flagellum (tail). The developing spermatids are then nourished by sustenta- cular (Sertoli) cells (see Figure 23-2b). Since there is no cell division in spermiogenesis, each spermatid develops into a single spermatozoon (sperm cell). ‘Spermatozoa (plural of spermatozoon) enter the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and migrate to the ductus epididymis, where in 10 to 14 days they complete their maturation and ‘become capable of fertilizing ova. Spormatwzoa are al in the ductus (vas) deferens. Here, nthe for up to several months. Spermatocytes, however, is made ids, but the genes may be rearranged stored can fertility Spermatozoa Spermatozoa are produced or matured at the rate of about 300 million per day and, once ejaculated, have @ life expectancy of bout 48 hours in the female reproductive tract, A spermatozoon is composed of a head, a midpiece, and a tail Figure 23-4). In FIGURE 23-4 Ports of a spermetozoon. the head are the nuclear material and a dense dcrosome, which contains enzymes that help the trate a secondary oocyte (potential ovum). M ‘midpiece carry on the metabolism that provides energy | zellum, propels the sperm 'At the onset of puberty, the anterior pituitary starts to two hormones that have profound effects on male ‘organs: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing] (LH). Their release is controlled from the hypothalamus By tropin releasing hormone (GnRH). FSH acts on the tubules to initiate spermatogenesis. LH stimulates the i ‘endocrinocytes (interstitial cells of Leydig) to seerete the hormone testosterone (tes-TOS-e-r6n). Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol or acetyl coenzyme ‘A in the testes. It has a number of effects on the male body: 1. During prenatal development, it facilitates the development of male internal genitals. 2. Itstimulates the descent ofthe testes just prior to birth. 3. At puberty. it brings about development and enlargement the male sex organs and the development of male sex characteristics, including pubie, axillary, facial, and hair (within hereditary limits), temporal hairline recession, ening of the skin, increased sebaceous (oil) gland srowth of skeletal muscles and bones, and enlargement of larynx and deepening of the voice. 4, Itstimulates metabolic rate and is the basis for sex drives | 5, It is thought to stimulate formation of spermatogonia and mei- | osis IL ‘Testosterone production is controlled by @ negative system with both the hypothalamus and the anterior Chapter 13). Inhibin, a hormone secreted by sustentacular (S inhibits the secretion of FSH. Once the degree of required for male reproductive functions as been tacular cells secrete inhibin. Inhibin feeds back MALE PUBERTY Puberty P0-ber-8; puber =490 + Chapter 23. The Reproductive Systems cleyated LH and FSH levels are present throughout the day and fare accompanied by increased levels of testosterone, The rise in LH and FSH are believed to result from increased GnRH secretion and enhanced responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to GnRH. ‘With sexual maturity, the hypothalamic-pituitary system becomes Jess sensitive to the feedback inhibition of testosterone on LH and FSH secretion. ‘The changes in the testes that occur during puberty include ‘maturation of sustentacular cells and initiation of spermatogenesis. ‘The anatomical and functional changes associated with puberty are the result of increased testosterone secretion. Usually, the first sign is enlargement of the testes. About a year later, the penis increases in size. The prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, and epididymis increase in size over a period of several years. Development of the secondary sex characteristics occurs and a growth spurt takes place as elevated testosterone levels increase both bone and muscle growth. ucts Duets of the Testis Following their production, spermatozoa are moved through the seminiferous tubules to the straight tubules (see Figure 23-2a), The straight tubules lead to a network of ducts inthe testis called the rete (REA) testi. Some of the cells lining the rete tests possess cilia that probably help move the sperm along. The sperm ae next transported out of the testis into an adjacent organ, the «pididymis (see Figure 23-20). Epididymis ‘The epididymis (cp'-i-DID-i-mis; epi = above; didymos = testis) js a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the tests (see Figures 23-1 and 23-2a) and consists mostly of a tightly coiled tube, the ductus epididymis. ‘The ductus epididymis is the site of sperm maturation, The ductus epididymis also stores spermatozoa for up to four weeks, after which they are expelled or reabsorbed. Ductus (Vas) Deferens Within the epididymis, the ductus epididymis becomes less convo- Ited, its diameter increases, and at this point itis referred to as the ductus (vas) deferens (see Figure 23-2a). The ductus (vas) ‘deferens ascends along the posterior border of the testis, pene= ‘rales the inguinal canal (a passageway in the anterior abdominal wall), and enters the pelvic cavity, where it loops over the side ‘and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder (see Figure 1). The ductus (vas) deferens has @ heavy coat of three layers stores sperm for up to several months and propels incision is made in the is removed. In the procedure, an the ducts are ted in two places, and the portion between tj removed. Although sperm production continues the sperm cannot reach the exterior because the ducts sperm degenerate and are destroyed by phagocytosis, has no effect on sexual correctly, is virtually 100 percent effective. The} ble “Traveling with the ductus (vas) deferens as it scrotum are blood vessels, autonomic nerves, lymphati ‘nd the cremaster muscle. These structures together spermatic cord. Ejaculatory Duet 10'-r8) ducts (Figure 23-5), formed by the union of the the seminal vesiele (to be described shortly) and ductus; ens. The ejaculatory ducts eject spermatozoa into the Urethra, ozoa or urine. In the male, the un giand, urogenital diaphragm, way for sperma through the pr ESSORY Si X GLANDS. Wheres the ducts ofthe male reproductive system st port sperm cells, the accessory sex glands secrete the ia of semen. The pared seminal vesiles (VES-kul) ate structures, lying atthe base of the urinary ladder inf rectum (Figure 23-5). They seerete an alkaline, vi is ich in fructose and pass itinto the ejaculatory duet, Ts provides energy for the sperm, it constitutes about 60 the volume of semen. Te alkane natue ofthe fui el ‘cid in the female tract that would otherwise inactia sperm, ‘The prostate (PROS) gland is a single, sland bout th sizeof «chesnut (gure 3-3). urinary bladder and surounds the superior pot The prostate secretes slightly alkaline Midview. FHGURE 23-5 Male reproductive organs in relation to surrounding structures seen in posterior Urinary bladder Loft ureter Prostate gland Corpus spongiosum penis — ‘Seminal vesicle duct Ejaculatory duct _ Urogenital diaphragm ‘Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland — uretnra Corpora cavernosa penis TBE What does each accessory sex gland contribute fo semen? SEMEN (SEMINAL FLUID) Semen (seminal fluid) is « mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The average volume of semen for each ejaculation is 2.5 to 5 ml, and the average range of spermatozoa ejaculated is 50 to 150 ‘million*ml, When the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million’ ml, the male is likely to be infertile. The very large number required because only a small percentage eventually reach the ovum ‘though only a single spermatozoon fetilizes an ovum, fertli- the combined action ofa larger numberof spermato- est the intercellular material covering the ovum. The ‘spermatozoon produces enzymes that dissolve the through which one sperm cell may enter actions of many sperm cel |of 7.20 to 7.60. The prostatic and the female vagina. It also contains enzymes that activate after ejaculation, and an antibiotic that kills bacteria in se and the female reproductive tract. Once ejaculated into the vagina, liquid semen coagulates rapidly because of a clotting enzyme produced by the prostate gland acts on a substance produced by the seminal vesicle. This liquefies in about $ to 20 minutes because of another proxluced by the prostate gland, Abnormal or delayed ‘of coagulated semen may eause complete or partial ‘of spermatozoa, thus inhibiting their movement492 + Chapter 23 The Reproductive Systems FIGURE 23-6 Internal sructre ofthe penis. (a) Coronal section. (b) Cross section. The insert shows details of the skin and fascia, Urinary bladder Corpora cavernosa Vein Superficial fascia Deep fascia Corpus spongiosum lane penis J Prepuce Ventral (reskin) Extornal urethral orifice | ) © Se leer fe penis wien(an eredion occ? ‘he wet. All tree masses ae enclosed by fascia and skin and pons is the losely fing prepuce (P sist of erectile tissue containing blood sinuses. Under the influ- Cireumeision anes ; al dure in which gy en eo l,i ih ot a reflex. Details of male sexual responses day as part of a Jewish ‘chapter. A smooth-muscled sphincter at ‘ladder closes during ejaculation togynecology (i'-ne-KOL~i¢; gyneco = woman), OVARIES, The ovaries (ovarium = egg receptacle) are paired organs that in fetal life arise from the same embryonic tissue (mesoderm) as the testes. They are the size and shape of almonds. One lies on each side of the pelvic cavity, held in place by broad, ovarian, and suspensory ligaments (Figure 23-8). Each contains hilus where nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels enter. They consist of the following parts (Figure 23-9): 1. Germinal epithelium. A surface layer of simple cuboidal ep- ithelium. 2, Tunica albuginea. A capsule of connective tissue immediately beneath the germinal epithelium. 3, Stroma. A central region of connective tissue composed of an outer dense layer (the cortex) thai contains ovarian follicles and an inner loose layer (the meu tains the nerve blood, and lymph supply } that c Com ovary ‘sacrum Uterosacral ligament Posterior fornix FIGURE 23.7 Female organs of reproduction and surrounding structures seen in sogital section, 4. Ovarian follicles. Immature ova (oocytes) lie wi ing protective glandular tissues called folic Various stages of development. A relatively follicle is called the vesicular ovarian (Graafian) cles secrete estrogens. 5. Corpus luteum. A mature vesicular ovarian fol ruptured to expel a secondary oocyte (potential process called ovulation. It continues to produce the progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin uni i and turns to fibrous tissue (corpus albicans). Oogenesis, ‘The formation of a haploid ovum in the ovary is called oogenesis (0'-0-JEN-e-sis). Oogenesis occurs in essentially the same manner as spermatogenesis. It involves meiosis and maturation, "= Meiosis I (Reduction Division) During early fetal development, germ cells in the ovaries differentiate into oogonia ('-0-GO-n-a: ‘00 = egg), cells that can give rise to cells that develop into ov (Figure 23-10). Oogonia are diploid cells that divide ‘Atabout the third month of prenatal development, oogonia into larger diploid cells called primary oocytes (O--sitz). are enclosed in a follicle and migrate into the cortex where the} remain at this stage until puberty, when they are stimulated Uterine (Fallopian) tude Round ligament of uterus494 + Chapter 23 The Reproductive Systems for view. The left side of the cURE 28-8 Utens ond ossocialed structures seen in posterior view. Th figure has been sectioned to show internal structures. Ureter Cenix of uterus —— ~uterosacral ligament Anterior fornix” Vagina BF ow do the uterine (Fallopian) tubes conrbute fo iransportaion of an ovemé folclestimuating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary size both of them haploid, The larger cell lad, which, in tum, has responded to gonadotropin releasing into an ovum, or mature ¢ hormone (Gait) from the hypothalamus. All the ova a woman body will ever produce are present at birt Al polar bodies disintegrate. th 00g¢ Se nd exh many « ahi Sito Th ising level of FSH. When ltinizing hormone (LH) is secreted four spermatozoa, Spermatogenesic wad antror iitay, one ofthe primary follicles is elected ways a well Spermatogencec ia contigs to develop Two cls of unequal size, both wih 23 in puberty and contnucstheageer tne Of two chroma cach, are pred. The smaler_ fit mentation an enw Seewpaaes first uite small, have flagella for! an secondary ec oy coos ices tm