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Permeability

Wettability
Interfacial tension
Rock compressibility
Rock Properties
There are four key rock properties we will be
interested in porosity, permeability and
compressibility.
Porosity () measures the fraction of the total rock
volume that is void space.
Permeability (k) measures the ability of fluid to flow
through the rock. SI unit m2, field unit md.
Saturation (S) measure fraction of the pore space is
filled with oil, water or gas in terms of phase saturation
Compressibility (cf) measures the change in the volume
of the rock per unit change in pressure. SI unit Pa-1,
field unit psi-1
Wettability, Interfacial tension
Capillary pressure
Relative permeability
3. Saturation
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent,
of a volume of a fluid phase (oil, gas, or water) in a
given reservoir rock sample to the pore volume.

Applying the above mathematical concept of


saturation (Sf) to each reservoir fluid gives

Water saturation Oil saturation Gas saturation

Volume of water + Volume of oil + Volume of gas = Pore volume


3. Saturation

Two-Phase: (water and oil)


Sw + So = 1
Three-Phase: (water, oil and gas)
Sw + So + Sg = 1
3. Saturation
- 50 % water saturation
50 % water contains in pore volume
50 % HC contains in pore volume

- 70 % water saturation 70 % water contains in pore volume


30 % HC contains in pore volume
- Underestimation of water saturation
not be worth in field development Due to lesser gas or oil in place
- Overestimation of water saturation
not be worth in field development Due to higher gas or oil in place
3. Saturation
Measurement of saturation
1. Direct method
Wet sample weighting

Heat > 110 C

Oven Dry sample weighting

Vw

(WW DW) =

2. Indirect method
Well logging technique / X-ray CT scanning technique etc.
3. Saturation
3. Saturation
Three special type of fluid saturation associated with
gas oil and water phases.
1. Critical gas saturation Sgc
Gas remains immobile or is trapped until its
saturation exceeds a certain saturation value

2. Residual oil saturation Sor


Oil that remains in the pore space after the
certain displacement process

3. Irreducible water saturation Swi


Water phase is remains immobile
Connate water saturation, critical water saturation are
used in similar meaning
It is very important because it reduces the amount of
pore space available for the HC phase
3. Saturation
1. Critical gas saturation Sgc

Sg = 0 Sg > 0
(PR > Pb) (PR < Pb)

Sg = Sgc
Sg increasing
(PR < Pb) (PR < Pb)
(Continuous gas)
3. Saturation
2. Residual oil saturation Sor
3. Saturation
3. Irreducible water saturation Swi
Schematic Reservoir Grain Size vs. Water Saturation

Grain Size (permeability)

Shale (Magnified)

Water Saturation
Initial (complete pore volume) Irreducible (rims only)
3. Saturation
3. Saturation
Soi Swi

Soi Swi Swi

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