Starts and stops: Free of depressions and
high spots
Fig. 14-14 Backing bar applied to the back side of a V-groove butt joint.
7. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
8. Readjust the power source for 140 to 215 amperes.
9. Make the second and third passes with a 316-inch
electrode.
10. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
11. Practice these welds until you can produce good
welds consistently with both types of electrodes and
with 316-inch electrodes for the first pass and 14-inch
electrodes for the others.
Inspection
Compare the weld with Figs.14-14 and 14-15 and check
each pass for the following weld characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
Appearance: Smooth with close ripples; free of
voids and high spots. Restarts should be difficult
to locate.
Size: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-13; check with butt
weld gauge.
Face of welds: First two passes flat; last pass slightly
convex
Edges of welds: Good fusion, no overlap, no
undercut
Fig. 14-15 Joint construction and appearance of a typical multipass weld in a
V-groove butt joint with a backing bar welded in the flat (1G) position with DCEP
or a.c. shielded metal arc coated electrodes.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14395
Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters filled
Penetration and fusion: To the backing bar,
preceding passes, and plate surfaces
Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter
Slag formation: Full coverage, easily
removable
Disposal
Put completed joints in the scrap bin so that they
will be available for further use. The plate can be
cut and beveled between welds for further butt
joints, and unwelded plate surfaces can be used
for beading.
Qualifying Test
At this point you should be able to pass Test 1 in the
flat position. (See Chapter 15, p. 455.) This is typical
of the test recommended by the American Welding
Society.
It will also be desirable for you to pass Test 3 (fillet
weld) in the flat position. (See Chapter 15, p. 457.)
Job 14-J29 Welding a T-Joint
Objective
To weld a T-joint in the horizontal (2F) position by means
of multipass fillet welds, weave bead technique, with
DCEP and/or a.c. shielded metal arc electrodes (AWS
E6010E6011).
General Job Information
It is often the practice to make large fillet welds in the
horizontal position with few passes and the weave bead
technique. This is especially true in shipyard and con-
struction work. This technique can deposit more weld
metal in a single pass than other methods.
Welding Technique
Current adjustment should be high. Hold the
electrode at a 40 work angle to the flat plate,
Fig.14-16A, page 396, and at a 30 drag travel
angle, Fig.14-16B. The first pass should be run
in the same manner as any other single-pass
fillet weld. Keep the face of the weld as flat as
possible. Observe the formation of the weld
pool; if it has a notch as shown in Fig.14-17,
page 396, penetration is not being achieved.
Use proper electrode manipulation, amperage,
 Oscillating Motion 30 Operations
Second Pass
Electrode Electrode
1. Obtain plates; check the job drawing, Fig.14-18,
for quantity and size.
Fillet
40
2. Obtain electrodes of the type and size specified in
Weld the job drawing.
Weld 3. Set a d.c. power source for electrode positive at 140
Joint
Joint Direction to 215 amperes or an a.c. power source at 140 to
of Travel
225 amperes.
Side View Front View 4. Set up the plates as shown on the job drawing and
(Work Angle) (Drag Travel Angle)
tack weld them at each corner.
A B 5. Place the joint in the horizontal position on the
welding table. Make sure that it is connected to the
Fig. 14-16 Electrode position when welding a T-joint in the work connection.
horizontal (2F) position.
6. Make the first pass as shown on the job draw-
ing. Manipulate the electrode as instructed in
Fig.14-16.
7. Chip the slag from the weld, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
8. Make the second pass as shown on the job drawing.
Be careful with your current setting and electrode
Notch movement.
Effect
9. Chip the slag from the weld, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
10. Practice these welds until you can produce
good welds consistently with both types of
electrodes.
Fig. 14-17 Notch effect, which indicates penetration (fusion) to
the root of the joint is not being achieved. Inspection
Compare each pass with Fig. 14-19 and check it for the
following weld characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
and travel speed to ensure penetration to the root of the Appearance: Smooth with close ripples, free of voids.
joint. If the weld pool displays a completely formed ra- Restarts should be difficult to locate.
dius on the leading edge, penetration is being achieved. Size: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-18. Check with a
Make sure there is no undercut along the toes of the fillet weld gauge.
welds, especially on the vertical joint member. Check Face of weld: Flat to slightly convex
for overlap along the toes of the weld, especially on Edges of weld: Good fusion, no overlap, no undercut
the horizontal joint member. Starts and stops: Free of depressions and high spots
The second pass is weaved over the first pass. Direct Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters filled
the electrode toward the vertical plate so that the weld Penetration and fusion: To the root of the joint and
metal is forced up on its surface. To prevent undercut, plate surfaces
keep the electrode within the limits of the desired weld Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter
width. Use a very short arc and pause at the top of Slag formation: Full coverage, easily removable
the bead against the vertical plate. Then bring the arc
toward the bottom plate at a normal rate of travel and
at a 30 angle. Return the arc to the top of the fillet Disposal
weld with a semicircular, counterclockwise motion. Put completed joints in the scrap bin so that they will
Secure good fusion with the preceding pass and the be available for further use. Square edges can be butted
plate surfaces. together for square butt joints, and unwelded surfaces can
Practice starts and stops. Travel in all directions. be used for beading.

396Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)

 Fig. 14-18 Job drawing J29.

Fig. 14-19 Typical appearance of multipass fillet welds in a T-joint welded in the horizontal (2F) position, modified
weave technique, with DCEP or a.c. shielded metal arc coated electrodes.

Job 14-J30 Welding a Single-V Butt General Job Information

Joint (Backing Bar Construction)
Objective
To weld a single-V groove butt joint (backing bar con-
struction) in the horizontal (2G) position by means of mul-
tipass groove welds, stringer bead technique, with DCEP
and/or a.c. shielded metal arc coated electrodes (AWS
E6010E6011).
This joint design and position will be encountered in
pipe, tank, and shipyard welding. The single-V groove
butt joint is identical to the joint that is required by
various code authorities such as the Bureau of Ship-
ping, Department of the Navy, and recommended by
the American Welding Society. The root opening varies
with different welding shops. If it is as large as 38inch,
two or three root passes are needed to weld the joint.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14397
For economical reasons keep the root opening as narrow
as possible.
Welding Technique
First Pass Current adjustment must be high. Hold the
electrode at a 90 work angle to the joint, Fig.14-20A.
Use the stringer bead technique. Make sure that you are
obtaining fusion with the backing bar and root faces of
the plates.
All Other Passes Current adjustment can be higher than
for the first pass. Hold the electrode at a 30 work angle
to the lower plate for the second pass (Fig.1420B) and a
45 angle for the third pass (Fig.14-20C). Stringer bead
technique may be used. It is important that all passes be
fused to the preceding passes and plate surfaces. Avoid
sagging and undercut.
Four cover passes are needed to fill up the groove
completely. They must be at least flush with the plate and
should have a slight reinforcement. Hold the electrode at
an angle of 5 to 15 from the horizontal for the fourth,
fifth, sixth, and seventh passes, Fig.1420D. Make sure
that the fourth and seventh passes do not extend more than
1
16 inch beyond the edge of the beveled plate. In this way
the edge of the beveled plate is your guide for the final
width of the cover passes.
For all passes tilt the electrode 5 to 15 travel angle or
with a drag.
Practice starts and stops. Travel from left to right and
from right to left. Very thorough cleaning between passes
is essential.
Operations
1. Obtain plates; check the job drawing, Fig.14-21, for
quantity and size.
2. Obtain electrodes of each quantity, type, and size
specified in the job drawing.
Groove 45 Direction of Travel
Welds
90
515
Electrode Oscillating
Motion
30
Drag Travel Angle
A B C D
Fig. 14-20 Electrode position when welding a V-groove butt joint in the
horizontal (2G) position.
398Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)
3. Set a d.c. power source for electrode positive at 110
to 170 amperes or an a.c. power source at 110 to
190 amperes.
4. Set up the plates and tack weld them as shown on
the job drawing.
5. Place the joint in the horizontal position on the
welding table. Make sure that it is connected with
the work connection.
6. Make the first, second, and third passes with
5
32-inch electrodes as shown on the job drawing.
Manipulate the electrode as instructed in
Fig.14-20A, B, and C.
7. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect
between each pass. Refer to Inspection.
8. Increase the current setting to 140 to 215 amperes.
9. Make the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh passes
with 316-inch electrodes as shown on the job draw-
ing. Manipulate the electrode as instructed in
Fig.14-20D and E.
10. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect
between each pass. Refer to Inspection, below.
11. Practice these welds until you can produce good
welds consistently with both types of electrodes.
Practice with 316-inch electrodes for all passes.
Inspection
Compare each pass with Fig. 14-22 and check it for the
following weld characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
Appearance: Smooth with close ripples; free of voids
and high spots. The lapover of the beads should be
well-proportioned. Restarts should be difficult to
locate.
Size of weld: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-21.
Check convexity with a butt weld gauge.
Face of weld: Some reinforcement
Edges of weld: Good fusion, no overlap,
no undercut
Starts and stops: Free of depressions and
high spots
Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters
filled
Electrode Penetration and fusion: To the backing bar,
preceding passes, and plate surfaces
Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter
Slag formation: Full coverage, easily
515
removable
E
Disposal
Put completed joints in the scrap bin so
that they will be available for further use.
 Fig. 14-21 Job drawing J30.

Fig. 14-22 Joint construction and typical appearance of a multipass single V-groove weld in a butt joint welded in the
horizontal (2G) position with DCEP or a.c. shielded metal arc coated electrodes.

The plates can be cut and beveled between welds for fur-
ther butt welding, and unwelded plate surfaces can be
used for beading.
Qualifying Test
At this point you should be able to pass Test 1 in the hori-
zontal position. (See Chapter 15, p. 455.) This is the test
recommended by the American Welding Society.
It will also be desirable for you to pass Test 3 (f illet
weld) in the horizontal position. (See Chapter 15,
p.457.)
Job 14-J31 Welding a Square
Butt Joint
Objective
To weld a square butt joint in the flat (1G) position from
both sides of the plate with DCEP and/or a.c. shielded
metal arc electrodes (AWS E6010E6011).
General Job Information
The square butt joint is widely used in industry on ordinary
work. When welded from both sides on thicknesses of metal

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14399
not exceeding 14 inch, it is a highly efficient joint. The usual
practice, however, is to weld the joint from one side only.
If this procedure is followed, the strength of the joint varies
with the depth of penetration that, in turn, depends on the
size of electrode, the amount of current, the amount of gap
when setting up the plates, travel speed, and the thickness of
plates. When welding from one side, complete penetration
without gapping is doubtful on plates heavier than 316inch.
These are referred to as open root type weld procedures and
are the most difficult to perform.
Welding Technique
The heat setting should be high. Hold the electrode at a
90 work angle to the plates, Fig.14-23A, and tilt it 10
to 20 travel angle in the direction of travel, Fig.1423B.
Move the electrode back and forth along the line of weld.
This preheats the metal ahead of the weld and minimizes
the tendency to burn through. It also forces the slag back
over the top of the weld, thus lessening the danger of
forming slag inclusions. It is important that the rate of
travel and the arc gap be steady and uniform. If travel is
too fast, undercut will result from the insufficient buildup
of weld metals. If travel is too slow, the pool will become
too hot and burn through. A long arc gap causes poor
appearance, poor penetration, excess spatter, and weld
metal with poor physical characteristics. The arc must
not be held so short, however, that the slag touches the
molten pool.
Practice starts and stops. Weld travel should be in all
directions.
Operations
1. Obtain plates; check the job drawing, Fig.14-24, for
quantity and size.
2. Obtain electrodes of each quantity, type, and size
specified in the job drawing.
Electrode 1020
Electrode
90
Bead
Joint Joint
Groove Welds Direction of Travel
Side View (Work Angle) Front View (Travel Angle)
A B
Fig. 14-23 Electrode position when welding a square groove
butt joint in the flat (1G) position.
400Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)
3. Set a d.c. power source for electrode positive at 160
to 190 amperes or an a.c. power source at 160 to
210 amperes.
4. Set up the plates and tack weld them as shown on
the job drawing and Fig.14-25.
5. Place the joint in the flat position on the welding
table. Make sure the plates are connected with the
work connection.
6. Make the first pass as shown on the job drawing.
Manipulate the electrode as shown in Fig.14-23.
7. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
8. Clean the back side of the first pass before welding
the second pass.
9. Make the second pass as shown on the job drawing.
Current should be higher.
10. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
11. Practice these welds until you can produce good
welds consistently with both types of electrodes.
Inspection
Compare the welds with Fig.14-25 and check them for the
following characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
Appearance: Smooth with close ripples; free of voids
and high spots. Restarts should be difficult to
locate.
Size: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-24. Check with a
butt weld gauge.
Face of welds: Slightly convex
Edges of welds: Good fusion, no overlap, no undercut
Starts and stops: Free of depressions and high spots
Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters filled
Penetration and fusion: To the root of the weld and plate
surfaces
Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter
Slag formation: Full coverage, easily removable
Disposal
Put completed plates in the scrap bin. They can be used
for beading practice.
Job 14-J32 Welding an Outside
Corner Joint
Objective
To weld an outside corner joint in the flat position by
means of multipass groove welds, weave bead technique,
with DCEP and/or a.c. shielded metal arc electrodes
(AWS E6010E6011).
 Fig. 14-24 Job drawing J31.

Fig. 14-25 Joint construction and typical (4G) appearance of a square groove nique to deposit the first pass in the bottom of the
weld in a butt joint welded in the flat (1G) position with DCEP or a.c. shielded
metal arc coated electrodes.
General Job Information
The outside corner joint is not welded as frequently as
butt, lap, and T-joints. It is a good joint to practice on
since it can be prepared quickly. Welding conditions are
similar to those for V-groove butt joints. To develop max-
imum strength, full penetration must be secured through
the back side, as well as a full radius contour. The addi-
tion of a fillet weld in the inside corner adds greatly to
efficiency of the corner joint. Joint preparation is inex-
pensive, but electrode costs are high for heavy plate.
Welding Technique
First Pass Current adjustment should not be too
high. Hold the electrode at a 90 work angle to
the line of weld, Fig.14-26A, page 402, and tilt it
10 to 20 travel angle in the direction of welding,
Fig.14-26B. Use the stringer bead welding tech-
groove. This weld must penetrate through to the
back side and have good fusion to both plates,
Fig.14-27, page 402. A close arc is essential. The
correct combination of welding current, elec-
trode position, and speed of travel will produce penetration
through to the back side. To achieve complete penetration,
form a little hole at the leading edge of the weld pool right
under the tip of the electrode. Learn how to keep this hole
throughout the entire welding operation. Do not let it get
so large that you lose control and burn through the joint.
The presence of this hole during welding is your assurance
that you are melting through to the back side of the groove.
This technique is referred to as keyhole welding.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14401