Languages of the Philippines

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See also: Philippine languages
Languages of the Philippines

Map of the dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the

Philippines.
Official languages Filipino (Tagalog) and English[2]
National languages Filipino[3]
Regional languages
Aklanon

Bikol

Cebuano

Zamboangueo
 Hiligaynon

Ibanag

Ilocano

Ilonggo

Ivatan

Kapampangan

Kinaray-a

Maguindanao

Maranao

Pangasinan

Sambal

Surigaonon

Tagalog

Tausug

Waray

Yakan[4]

Hokkien
Main foreign
Mandarin
languages
Spanish

Sign languages Philippine Sign Language

Common keyboard QWERTY
layouts
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There are some 120 to 175 dialects in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification.
[5]
Four others are no longer spoken. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages, whereas one,
Chavacano, is a creole derived from a Romance language. Two are official (English and
Filipino), while (As of 2017) nineteen are official auxiliary languages.[4][6] Including second-
language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines [1].

The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino enumerated 135 Philippine languages present in the country
through its Atlas Filipinas map published in 2014.

The indigenous scripts of the Philippines (Kulitan, Baybayin, Tagbanwa and others) are rarely
used; instead, Filipino languages are today written in the Latin script because of the Spanish and
American colonial experience. The Arabic script is also used in Muslim areas in some areas in
southern Philippines. There is a current movement in the country to pass the Baybayin Bill,
which officially declares Baybayin as the national writing script of the country along with the
Latin script.
Contents
1 National and official languages

2 Indigenous languages

o 2.1 Mutual intelligibility

2.1.1 Dialectal variation

2.1.2 Comparison chart

o 2.2 Native speakers

3 Language vitality

o 3.1 2010 UNESCO designation

o 3.2 2014 North Dakota study

4 Negrito languages

o 4.1 Reid (1994)

o 4.2 Lobel (2013)

5 Major immigrant languages

o 5.1 Arabic

o 5.2 English

o 5.3 Hokkien

o 5.4 Japanese

o 5.5 Malay

o 5.6 South Asian languages

o 5.7 Spanish

5.7.1 Spanish creoles

 6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

National and official languages

The 1987 Constitution declares Filipino as the national language of the country. Filipino and
English are the official languages, with the recognition of the regional languages as auxiliary
official in their respective regions, including Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon,
Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal,
Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan. Spanish and Arabic are to be promoted on an
optional and voluntary basis.[7]

Spanish was the national and official language of the country for more than three centuries under
Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th
centuries. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public
schooling in Spanish.[8] It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899
Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as the official language of the First Philippine
Republic.[9] National hero Jos Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Luciano de la Rosa
established that Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 20th century
as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and
the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901,
public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called
"Thomasites") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also
functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside
Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the
development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native
languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language
Institute. President Manuel L. Quezn appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to
chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national
language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base
language December 30, 1937.[10]

In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezn renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa
("national language" in English translation).[11] The language was further renamed in 1959 as
Pilipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Pilipino
language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national
language, to be known as Filipino. In addition, Spanish regained its official status when
President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973.[12]
The present constitution, ratified in 1987, designates Filipino and English as joint official
languages. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be
"developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not
explicitly stated in the constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the
Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University
of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which
words from various Philippine languages were also included. The constitution also made mention
of Spanish and Arabic, both of which are to be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

Language map of the 12 recognized auxiliary languages based on Ethnologue maps.

Filipino is an official language of education and also the major language of the broadcast media
and cinema, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some
domains, like comic books) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse.
Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas
Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for the
small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and
of a large part of the civil service, most of whom are non-Tagalogs.

There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages. Locals may use
their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but
sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another is the prevalence of
code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog.

The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official
auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca. This is however not
implemented as Filipinos at large are polyglots. In the case where the vernacular language is a
regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while
the regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas
outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol-speaking area, and Davao in the
Cebuano-speaking area. Although the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of
bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages.

The diglossia is more evident in the case of other languages such as Pangasinan, Kapampangan,
Bikol, Waray, Hiligaynon, Sambal, and Maranao, where the written variant of the language is
becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws
consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming
from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given
current policy trends.[13]

There still exists another type of diglossia, which is between the regional languages and the
minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority
languages as the basilect. In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate
circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the
prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal
situations. Unlike the case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in
danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language.
Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate[specify] and as expected, there is a
chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records.

Indigenous languages

Major languages by region. Regions marked with diamonds denote the language comprises only
a minority of the populace.

According to Ethnologue, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the country and four
languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and
Villaviciosa Agta.[14] Except for English, Spanish, the varieties of Chinese (Philippine Hokkien,
Cantonese, and Mandarin), and Chavacano, all of the languages belong to the Malayo-
Polynesian language family.

There are 13 indigenous languages with at least one million native speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano,
Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Coastal Bikol, Pangasinan, Maranao, Maguindanao,
Kinaray-a, and Tausug. One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the
population.

A Philippine language family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi
and the Yami language of Taiwan, but excludes the SamaBajaw languages of the Sulu
Archipelago as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan.

Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the
aftermath of the PhilippineAmerican War. It is used by about 500 people.

Mutual intelligibility

Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects, partly as a relic of the
inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (18981946).[11] While there
are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer
than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those
between established European languages like French and Spanish.

The vast differences between the languages can be seen in the following translations of the
Philippine national proverb:

Language Translation
He who does not (know how to) look back at his past (where he came from)
English will not reach his destination. (Those who forget their roots, will not grasp
their future)
Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang
Aklanon
ginapaeangpan.
Kag tawong waya giruromroma it ida ginghalinan, indi makaabot sa ida
Asi (Bantoanon)
apagtuan.
Sija nga d kahibawng mulingi sa ijang gi-gikanan, d gajud maka-abot sa
Binol-anon
ijang padul-ngan.
Butuanon Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang atubangan, sigurado jud ma dam-ag.
West Miraya Bikol
Kan idi tatao magkiling sa inalian,idi makaabot sa papaidtuhan
(Ligao)
Gubatnon Bikol
An diri maaram mag-imud sa pinaghalian, diri makaabot sa pakakadtu-an.
(Gubat)
Buhinon Bikol (Buhi) Yu di nikiling sa pinagalinan, di makaantos sa pupuntahan.
Coastal Bikol An dai tataong magsalingoy sa saiyang ginikanan, dai makakaabot sa
(Canaman) padudumanan.
East Miraya Bikol
Su indi tataw makarumdom nung ginitan, indi makaabot sa adunan.
(Daraga)
West Miraya Bikol Kan na taw na idi tataw mag linguy sa sanyang inalian, idi man maka abot sa
(Oas) sanyang paidtunan.
Rinconada Bikol
A dir tattao magll sa pinagalinan, dir makaabot sa pig-iynan.
(Iriga)
Masbateo An dili maaram maglingi sa ginhalian, kay dili makaabot sa kakadtuhan.
Ang indi kabalo magbalikid sa iya ginhalinan, indi makalab-ot sa iya
Capiznon
palakadtuan.
Ang ara agabalikid sa anang ing-alinan, indi enged maka-abot sa anang
Cuyonon
papakonan.
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang kagikan, dili makaabot sa iyang
Cebuano
padulngan.
Caviteo Chabacano Quien no ta bira cara na su origen no de incarsa na su destinacion.
Ternateo Chabacano Ay nung sabi mira i donde ya bini no di yega na destinasyon.
Zamboangueo
El Quien no sabe vira el cara na su origen, nunca llega na su destinacin.
Chavacano
Ibanag I tolay nga ari mallipay ta naggafuananna, ari makadde ta angayanna.
Ifuntok Nan Adi mang ustsong sinan narpuwan na, adi untsan isnan umayan na.
Ya tolay nga mari mallipay tsa naggafuananna, mari makakandet tsa
Itawis
angayanna.
Ti tao nga saan na ammo tumaliaw iti naggapuanna ket saan nga makadanon
Ilokano
iti papananna.
Ang indi makahibalo magbalikid sang iya ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya
Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
padulungan.
Jama Mapun Soysoy niya' pandoy ngantele' patulakan ne, niya' ta'abut katakkahan ne.
Ing e byasang malikid king kayang penibatan, e ya miras king kayang
Kapampangan
pupuntalan.
Ang indi kamaan magbalikid sa ana ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa ana
Kinaray-a
paaragtunan.
Iddos minuvu no konnod kotuig nod loingoy to id pomonan din, konna
Manobo (Obo)
mandad od poko-uma riyon tod undiyonnan din.
So tao a di matao domingil ko poonan iyan na di niyan kakowa so singanin
Maranao
iyan.
Malay Orang yang melupakan asal-usulnya tak mungkin mencapai tujuannya.
Pangasinan Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to.
Ang tawo nga bukon tigo mag lingig sa iya guinghalinan hay indi
Romblomanon (Ini)
makasampot sa iya ning pagakadtoan.
Sambal (Botolan) Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen.
Sambal Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot sa kakaon.
Sangil Tao mata taya mabiling su pubuakengnge taya dumanta su kadam tangi.
Sinama Ya Aa ga-i tau pa beleng ni awwal na, ga-i du sab makasong ni maksud na.
Espaol El que no sabe mirar atrs, de donde viene, nunca llegar a su destino.
Adton dili mahibayo molingi sa ija ing-gikanan, dili gajod makaabot sa ija
Surigaonon
pasingdan.
Sorsoganon An diri mag-imud sa pinaghalian diri makaabot sa kakadtuan.
Tayabas Tagalog Ang hindi maalam lumingon sa pinaroonan ay hindi makakarating sa
 paroroonan.
Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa
Tagalog
paroroonan.
In di' maingat lumingi' pa bakas liyabayan niya, di' makasampay pa kadtuun
Tausug
niya.
Waray (Leyte) An diri maaram lumingi ha tinikangan, diri maulpot ha kakadtoan.
Waray
An diri maaram lumingi sa tinikangan, diri maulpot sa kakadtoan.
(Northern Samar)
Mang gey matau mamayam si bakas palaihan nen, gey tekka si papilihan
Yakan
nen.

Dialectal variation

The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog,
Kapampangan and Pangasinense are known to have very moderate dialectal variation.

In the languages of the Bicol Region, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are towns
which have their own dialects. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long
time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and
corresponding language, and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is
in Tagalog.

Haloy ka duman sa saodan? (Standard Coastal Bikol, a dialect of Central Bikol;

Canaman, Camarines Sur)

Aloy ka duman sa saodan? (Magarao, a variety of Coastal Bikol; Magarao, Camarines

Sur)

Huray ka doon sa saodan? (Northern Catanduanes Bicolano or Pandan Bikol; Pandan,

Catanduanes)

Naban ik sadt sran? (Rinconada Bikol; Iriga City)

Nauban ik sadt sran? (Rinconada Bikol; Nabua, Camarines Sur)

Uban ika adto sa saod? (Libon, Albay Bikol; Libon, Albay)

Nagy ika adto sa saran? (Buhinon, Albay Bikol; Buhi, Camarines Sur)

Eley ka idto sa sed? (West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Oas, Albay)

Na-aly ika idto sa sran/mercado?(West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Polangui, Albay)

Naulay ka didto sa saran? (East Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Daraga, Albay)
 Dugay ka didto sa mercado? (Ticao, Masbateo; Monreal, Masbate)

Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, Southern Sorsogon; Gubat, Sorsogon)

Matagal ka ba roon sa pamilihan? (Tagalog)

Comparison chart

Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there has been misunderstandings on which ones
should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect, the chart
confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are
arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to
west).

thre perso hous cocon we

English one two four dog day new what and
e n e ut (inclusive)
dado tatd vaha chit va-
Ivatan asa apat tao niyoy araw yaten ango kan
wa o y o yo
uppa alda
Ilokano maysa dua tallo tao balay aso niog baro datayo ania ken
t w
Afon
Ifuntok sang tswa Tulo pat tacu aso inyog acw falu tsattaku ngag ya
g
agga
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu inniuk bagu sittam anni
w
addw baw sanen
Gaddang tata tallo appat tolay balay atu ayog aw ikkanetem
a u ay
talor apati abon age
Pangasinan sakey duara too aso niyog balo sikatayo anto tan/et
a ra g w
Kapampan metun ngung ampong
adwa atlu apat tau bale asu aldo bayu ikatamu nanu
gan g ut /at
dalaw baha
Tagalog isa tatlo apat tao aso niyog araw bago tayo ano at
a y
Coastal haro aya alda ba-
saro duwa tulo apat tawo niyog kita ano buda
Bikol ng m w go
ag,
Rinconada aya ald
sad darw tol pat taw baly noyog bgo kit on sagkd,
Bikol m w
sak
West
aya ald dangan,
Miraya sad duwa tulo upat taw baly nuyog bgo kita, sato uno
m w m, saka
Bikol
dangan,
East
aya alda kita, satun, m,
Miraya usad duwa tulo upat taw balay nuyog bgo uno
m w kami saka,
Bikol
kina
buko, alda bag- kita, kami,
Masbateo usad duha tulo upat tawo balay ido nano kag
lubi w o amon
Rombloma baya aya adla bag-
isa duha tuyo upat tawo niyog kita, aton ano kag
non y m w o
baya adla bag-
Bantoanon usa ruha tuyo upat tawo iro nidog kita, ato ni-o ag
y w o
aya adla bag-
Onhan isya darwa tatlo apat tawo balay niyog kita, taton ano ag
m w o
aya adla bag- ano,
Kinaray-a sara darwa tatlo apat taho balay niyog kita, taten kag
m w o iwan
adla bag-
Hiligaynon isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay ido lubi kita ano kag
w o
adla bag-
Cebuano usa duha tulo upat tawo balay iro lubi kita unsa ug
w o
baya adla bag-
Surigaonon isa duha tuyo upat tao idu Niyog kami unu sanan
y w o
aya adla bag- ngan,
Waray usa duha tulo upat tawo balay lubi kita ano
m w o ug
kda
T'boli sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lefo lomi tekuy tedu
w
hambu adla ba-
Tausug duwa tu upat tau bay iru' niyug kitaniyu unu iban
uk w gu
cuatr perso perr nuev
Espaol uno dos tres casa coco da nosostros que y/e
o na o o
Zamboangu
eo:
nosotros/ka
cuatr perr nuev me; Bahra: cos/
Chavacano uno dos tres gente casa coco dia y/e
o o o mijotros/mot qu
ros;
Caviteo:
nisos

There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan
which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of
the Batanic languages which includes Ivatan, Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes.

English one two three four person house dog coconut day new we what and
Tao sa da (raroa) tlo (tatlo) pat tao vahay gara ngata araw vayo tata vela
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango

Native speakers

Below are population estimates from the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics
Authority on the number of Filipinos who speak the following 18 languages as a native language.
 Visaya
Language Native speakers[15]
Tagalog 26,387,855
Cebuano 21,340,000
Ilocano 7,779,000
Hiligaynon 7,000,979
Waray 3,100,000
Kapampangan 2,900,000
Coastal Bikol[16] 2,500,000
Pangasinan 2,434,086
Meranaw 2,150,000
Tausug 1,822,000
Maguindanao 1,800,000
Zamboangueo 1,200,000
Kinaray-a 1,051,000
Surigaonon 1,000,000
Masbateo 530,000
Aklanon 520,000
Ibanag 320,000
Yakan 110,000
Eskayan 500

Language vitality
2010 UNESCO designation

Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released
by UNESCO in 2010.

Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard)

Safe: language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is

uninterrupted

Vulnerable: most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains
(e.g., home)

Denitely endangered: children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the
home

Severely endangered: language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while

the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among
themselves
 Critically endangered: the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak
the language partially and infrequently

Extinct: there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the
1950s

Vulnerable languages
Speakers ISO 639-3
Language Province Coordinates Source
(in 2000) Code(s)
Central Cagayan 175921N
779 Cagayan agt UNESCO 2000
Agta 1215137E
175806N David Bradley
Dupaninan Agta 1400 Cagayan duo
1220210E (UNESCO 2000)
Definitely endangered
Speakers ISO 639-3
Language Province Coordinates Source
(in 2000) Code(s)
142557N David Bradley
Bataan Agta 500 Bataan ayt
1202844E (UNESCO 2000)
Mt. Iraya Camarines 132732N David Bradley
150 atl
Agta Sur 1233248E (UNESCO 2000)
100629N David Bradley
Batak 200 Palawan bya
1190000E (UNESCO 2000)
Severely endangered
Speakers ISO 639-3
Language Province Coordinates Source
(in 2000) Code(s)
180137N David Bradley
Faire Atta 300 Ilocos Norte azt
1202934E (UNESCO 2000)
154258N David Bradley
Northern Alta 200 Aurora agn
1212431E (UNESCO 2000)
Camarines Camarines 140049N David Bradley
150 abd
Norte Agta Norte 1225314E (UNESCO 2000)
Critically endangered
Speakers ISO 639-3
Language Province Coordinates Source
(in 2000) Code(s)
140715N David Bradley
Alabat Island Agta 30 Quezon dul
1220142E (UNESCO 2000)
Camarines 134050N David Bradley
Isarog Agta 5 agk
Sur 1232250E (UNESCO 2000)
Southern Ayta 130137N David Bradley
150 Sorsogon ays
(Sorsogon Ayta) 1240918E (UNESCO 2000)
Extinct
Speakers ISO 639-3
Language Province Coordinates Source
(in 2000) Code(s)
Dicamay Agta 0 Isabela 164159N duy David Bradley
(Dumagat,
Dicamay 1220100E (UNESCO 2000)
Dumagat)
near Isabela- 162521N David Bradley
Arta 0 atz
Quirino Border 1214215E (UNESCO 2000)
132612N David Bradley
Katabaga 0 Quezon ktq
1223325E (UNESCO 2000)
93629N David Bradley
Ata 0 Negros Oriental atm
1225456E (UNESCO 2000)

2014 North Dakota study

In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and
the University of North Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines, the
Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written
with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are
Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines.[17]

Population of
General location
Language speakers Bibliographic source[17]
of speakers[17]
in the 1990s[17]
Batak Palawan Island 386 Elder 1987
Mamanwa Mindoro Island 1000 Grimes 2000
Ati Northern Panay Island 30 Pennoyer 1987:4
Ati Southern Panay Island 900 Pennoyer 1987:4
Ata Negros Island 450 Cadelina 1980:96
Ata Mabinay, Negros Oriental 25 Grimes 2000
Atta Pamplona, western Cagayan 1000 Grimes 2000
Atta Faire-Rizal, western Cagayan 400 Grimes 2000
Atta Pudtol, Kalinga-Apayao 100 Grimes 2000
Ayta Sorsogon 40 Grimes 2000
Agta (extinct, Grimes 2000; Reid, per.
Villaviciosa, Abra 0
unverified) com. 2001
Abenlen Tarlac 6000 K. Storck SIL files
Mag-anchi Zambales Tarlac, Pampanga 4166 K. Storck SIL files
Mag-indi Zambales, Pampanga 3450 K. Storck SIL files
Ambala Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan 1654 K. Storck SIL files
Magbeken Bataan 381 K. Storck SIL files
Isarog, Camarines Sur (noted as
Agta 1000 Grimes 2000
nearly extinct)
Mt. Iraya & Lake Buhi east,
Agta Camarines Sur (has 4 close 200 Grimes 2000
dialects)
Mt. Iriga & Lake Buhi west,
Agta 1500 Grimes 2000
Camarines Sur
Agta Camarines Norte 200 Grimes 2000
Agta Alabat Island, southern Quezon 50 Grimes 2000
Umirey, Quezon (with 3 close
Agta 3000 T. MacLeod SIL files
dialects)
Agta Casiguran, northern Aurora 609 Headland 1989
Agta Maddela, Quirino 300 Headland field notes
Agta Palanan & Divilacan, Isabela 856 Rai 1990: 176
Agta San Mariano-Sisabungan, Isabela 377 Rai 1990: 176
Agta (noted as Headland field notes, and
Dicamay, Jones, Isabela 0
recently extinct) Grimes 2000
Headland field notes, and
Arta Aglipay, Quirino 11 (30 in 1977)
Reid 1994:40
Alta Northern Aurora 250 Reid, per. comm.
Alta Northern Quezon 400 Reid, per. comm.
eastern Cagayan, Supaninam
Agta 1200 T. Nickell 1985:119
(several close dialects)
Mayfield 1987:vii-viii;
Agta central Cagayan 800
Grimes 2000

Negrito languages
The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various languages. They have more in common
with neighboring languages than with each other, and are listed here merely as an aid to
identification.

Reid (1994)

Reid (1994) lists the following Negrito languages.[18]

North Agta

o Northern Cagayan

o Central Cagayan

o Eastern Cagayan

o Southern Cagayan

o Southern Isabela

o Aurora

Arta - 12 remaining speakers in Aglipay, Quirino, in 1990

 Alta

o North Alta - spoken in Aurora Province

o South Alta (Kabuluen) - spoken in Nueva Ecija and Bulacan Provinces

Central Agta - spoken in eastern Luzon; includes Umiray

South Agta

o Camarines Norte

o Camarines Sur

Sinauna

Ayta - 6 different languages spoken in the Zambales Mountains according to Wimbel

(1986):[19]

o Abelen

o Aberlen

o Magganchi

o Maggindi

o Ambala

o Magbeken Ayta

Other Philippine Negrito languages

Ata Manobo - spoken in Mansalinao, Davao

Batak - spoken in Palawan

Inati

Mamanwa - spoken in Agusan

Ethnologue adds extinct and unclassified Katabaga of southern Luzon.

Lobel (2013)
Lobel (2013)[20] lists the following Black Filipino (i.e., Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic
groups.

Northern Luzon

Umiray Dumaget

Remontado Dumagat

Alta, Northern

Alta, Southern

Arta

Casiguran Agta

Nagtipunan Agta

Dinapigue Agta

Central Cagayan Agta

Pahanan (Agta)

Dupaningan Agta

Atta (3-4 languages)

(Lobel (2010)[21] lists the following Negrito languages that are spoken on the eastern coast of
Luzon Island, listed from north to south.)

Dupaningan Agta (Northern Luzon branch)

Pahanan Agta

Casiguran Agta

Umiray Dumaget

Remontado Dumagat

Inagta Alabat
 Manide (unclassified)

Inagta Partido

Inagta Rinconada

Furthermore, Robinson & Lobel (2013)[22] argue that Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran
Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, and Paranan do not belong to the Northern Cordilleran
branch, but rather a new branch that they call Northeastern Luzon, which they consider to be a
primary branch of the Northern Luzon (Cordilleran) group.

Zambales Mountains

Ayta Mag-indi

Ayta Mag-anchi

Ayta Abellen

Ayta Ambala

Ayta Bataan (AKA Ayta Magbukun)

Southern Luzon

Inagta Rinconada

Inagta Partido

Manide

Inagta Alabat (and Inagta Lopez)

Southern Philippines

Inata (possibly 2 dialects)

Inati (Inete) (2 dialects?)

Mamanwa

Batak (5-8 dialects)

Iraya (Mangyan)
 Ata/Tigwa/Matigsalug Manobo

Extinct varieties

Mount Iraya Agta (AKA East Lake Buhi Agta)

Inagta Alabat

Dicamay Agta: spoken on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre
near Jones, Isabela; reportedly exterminated by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between
1957 and 1974 (Headland 2003:7)

Villa Viciosa Agta

Major immigrant languages

Arabic

Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the
arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates in the 14th century. Along with Malay,
Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay
aristocracy.

The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an
optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015 Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some
Islamic centres predominantly in the southern most parts of Philippines. It is used primarily in
religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official
events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional
roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis--vis other currently spoken languages.

English

Main articles: Philippine English, Taglish, Bislish, and Englog

The first significant exposure of Filipinos to the English language occurred in 1762 when the
British invaded Manila, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later
became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and
remains an official language of the Philippines.

English is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the
sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus,
physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino.[dubious discuss] However, the
topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast,
native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family
and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school,
government and various ceremonies.[citation needed] A percentage of the media such as cable
television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and
GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino. However, a 2009 article by a
UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor.
The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score the lowest in English out of all of the
subjects on their licensing exams.[23]

A large influx of English (American English) words has been assimilated into Tagalog and the
other native languages called Taglish or Bislish. There is a debate, however, on whether there is
diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and
informal situations. Though the masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials
tend to speak in English when performing government functions.[according to whom?] There is still
resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes.

On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino,
instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from
Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College
of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme
Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno
to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezn, Nueva cija,
Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.[24]

Hokkien

Main article: Philippine Hokkien

Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and
direct interactions and trade overall within the archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the
early 10th century. Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools and the
lingua franca of mainland and overseas Chinese. The Lan-nang variant of Hokkien Chinese is the
language of the majority the Chinese in the Philippines, who immigrated from the Fujian
(pronounced locally as Fukien or Hokkien) province in China. Other varieties of Chinese such as
Hakka and Cantonese, are spoken among the Chinese in the Philippines who are descendants of
people from Guangdong province in China.

As with Spanish, many native languages have co-opted numerous loanwords from Chinese, in
particular words that refer to cuisine, household objects, and Philippine kinship terminology.

Japanese

The Japanese first came to the Philippines around the 11th century CE, the first country they
emigrated to, as well as in waves from the 15th century, 17th century, late 19th century, 1900s,
1930s, and the 1940s.[25][26][27][28] There is a small Japanese community and a school for Japanese
in Metro Manila due to the number of Japanese companies. Also there is a large community of
Japanese and Japanese descendants in Laguna province, Baguio City, and in the Davao Region.
Davao City is a home to a large population of Japanese descendants. Japanese laborers were
hired by American companies like the National Fiber Company (NAFCO) in the first decades of
the 20th century to work in abaca plantations. Japanese were known for their hard work and
industry. During World War II, Japanese schools were present in Davao City.

Malay

Main article: Malay language in the Philippines

Malay is spoken as a lingua franca in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, from Zamboanga
down to Tawi-Tawi among a minority of the Tausug, Bajau, and Yakan peoples. It is also spoken
as a daily language by Malays and Indonesians who have settled, or do business in the
Philippines. It is also spoken in southern Palawan to some extent. It is not spoken among the
Maranao and Maguindanao people. Malaysia, Indonesia, and the southern Philippines are largely
Islamic and the liturgical language of Islam is Arabic, but the vast majority of Muslims in the
Philippines have little practical knowledge of Arabic beyond limited religious terminology.

Old Malay and Indonesian cultures and civilizations in ancient Sumatra and Java influenced the
history, lifestyles, and culture of Philippine peoples. The Malay language, along with Philippine
languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, has also had an immense
influence on many if not most of the languages spoken in the Philippines. Roughly a third of all
commonly used verbs and nouns used in the Philippines are of Old Malay origin. This is because
Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is
Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native Sugbuanon(Cebuano)
during this time period.

An example of Old Malay and Javanese languages spoken in Philippine history can be seen in
the language of the 10th-century Laguna Copperplate Inscription.

When the Spanish had first arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, Old Malay was spoken
among the aristocracy.

It is believed that Ferdinand Magellans Moluccan slave Enrique could converse with local
leaders in Cebu island, confirming to Magellan his arrival in Southeast Asia.

Today, Indonesian is taught as a foreign language in the Department of Linguistics and Asian
Languages in the University of the Philippines. Also, the Indonesian School in Davao City
teaches the language to preserve the culture of Indonesian immigrants there. The Indonesian
Embassy in Manila also offers occasional classes for Filipinos and foreigners.

Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language
training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[29]

In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro[30] said that the country's
government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Thus, the
possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied.
South Asian languages

Since pre-Spanish times, there have been small Indian communities in the Philippines. Indians
tend to be able to speak Tagalog and the other native languages, and are often fluent in English.
Among themselves, Sindhi and Punjabi are used. Urdu is spoken among the Pakistani
community. Only few South Asians, such as Pakistani, as well as the recent newcomers like
speakers of Marathi, Nepali, and Tamil retain their own respective languages.[25][31][32][33][34][35]

Spanish

Main article: Spanish language in the Philippines

Spanish was introduced in the islands after 1565, when the Spanish conquistador Miguel Lpez
de Legazpi set sail from Mexico and founded the first Spanish settlement on Ceb. However, it is
rarely spoken today.[23]

In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first
(albeit polyglot) book, the Doctrina Christiana that same year. In the 17th century, Spanish
religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered
the oldest in Asia. During colonial rule through Mexico, Spanish was the language of education,
trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's lingua franca although
it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos.[36] In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of
public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. In the 1890s, the Philippines had a
prominent group of Spanish-speaking scholars called the Ilustrados, such as Jos Rizal. Some of
these scholars participated in the Philippine Revolution and later in the struggle against
American occupation. Both the Malolos Constitution and the Lupang Hinirang (national anthem)
were written in Spanish.

Under U.S. rule, the English language began to be promoted instead of Spanish. The use of
Spanish began to decline some years after Spain was forced to pass the islands to the United
States as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of
instruction.[8] The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second
language made up only 6% of the population. In 1990, the census reported that the number had
dwindled to just 2,500. A 2012 survey estimates that while around 3 million people can speak
Spanish with varying degrees of competency, only around 439,000 people can speak the
language at a native level.[37]

Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language in the 1973 constitution but regained official
status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155.[12] With the
promulgation of the 1987 constitution, Spanish lost its official status and it was dropped as a
college requirement during Corazn Aquino's administration. Former president Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, a third-language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the
instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system. Today, the language is still spoken
by Filipino-Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro
Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. It remains a required subject in some academic institutions, such as the
University of Santo Toms in Manila and the University of San Carlos in Cebu. The 1987
Constitution mandates that Spanish (along with Arabic) is to be promoted on an optional and
voluntary basis.

Many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature are written in Spanish and are still
not translated into Filipino languages, despite the fact that some such as land titles have legal
value. Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of loanwords and
expressions in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages.[38]

Spanish creoles

Main article: Chavacano

There are several Spanish-based creole languages in the Philippines, collectively called
Chavacano. These may be split into two major geographical groups:

In Luzon:

o Caviteo (Chabacano de Cavite), spoken in Cavite City, Cavite.

o Ternateo (Chabacano de Barra), spoken in Ternate, Cavite.

o Ermitao (Chabacano de Ermita), formerly spoken in Ermita, Manila but is now

extinct. The last reported speakers were a woman and her grandson during the
1980s and 1990s.

In Mindanao:

o Zamboangueo Chavacano (Chabacano de Zamboanga / Zamboangueo

Chavacano), spoken in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del
Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Basilan Province, Sulu Province, Tawi-Tawi Province
and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia (360,000 native speakers-Zamboanga City alone
as per 2000 census, making it the most spoken form and known form of
Chavacano)

o Cotabateo (Chabacano de Cotabato), spoken in Cotabato

o Davaoeo Abakay (Chabacano de Davao), spoken in Davao City

See also
Philippines portal

Languages portal
 Filipino alphabet

Filipino orthography

Philippine languages

References
Notes

1.

"The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines - GOVPH".

Constitution of the Philippines 1987,[1] Article XIV, Section 7.
Constitution of the Philippines 1987,[1] Article XIV, Section 6.
DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA
News. July 13, 2013.
McFarland, C. D. (1993). "Subgrouping and Number of Philippine Languages".
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve
as auxiliary media of instruction therein... Article XIV Section 7.
Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official
languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The
regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary
media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional
basis.
"Philippines - EDUCATION". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Article 93 of the Malolos Constitution reads, "Art. 93. The use of languages spoken in the
Philippines shall be optional. This use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for
acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language will be used in the
meantime."
Manuel L. Quezon (December 1937). "Speech of His Excellency, Manuel L. Quezn,
President of the Philippines on Filipino national language." (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
Andrew Gonzalez (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" (PDF).
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5, 6): 487525.
doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
"Presidential Decree No. 155 : Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes". Chan Robles
Virtual Law Library. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Ricardo Ma. Nolasco. "Maraming Wika, Matatag na Bansa - Chairman Nolasco" (in
Filipino). Commission on the Filipino Language. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F., eds. (2015). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (18
ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region:
2000
Lobel, Jason. An Satuyang Tataramon - Ethnologue. Central Bicolano (Dialects: Naga,
Legazpi, Daet, Partido, and Virac)
 Headland, Thomas N. (1 January 2003). "Thirty endangered languages in the
Philippines".
Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine
Negrito Languages." In Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37-72.
Wimbish, John. 1986. The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine
lexicostatistic study. In Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North
Dakota Session, vol. 30:133-142.
Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in
description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i
at Manoa.
Lobel, Jason William. 2010. Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language. Oceanic
Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 2.
Robinson, Laura C. and Jason William Lobel (2013). "The Northeastern Luzon Subgroup
of Philippine Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 52.1 (2013): 125-168.
Adriano, Joel. "The Philippines: still grappling with English". Safe-democracy.org.
Forum for a safer democracy. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Inquirer.net, 3 Bulacan courts to use Filipino in judicial proceedings
"Philippinealmanac.com". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Paul Kekai Manansala. "Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan". Retrieved 15 March
2015.
"Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
"Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino". Retrieved 15
March 2015.
"Indonesian Language Club - Embassy of Indonesia - Washington D.C.".
Rainier Alain, Ronda (22 March 2013). "Bahasa in schools? DepEd eyes 2nd foreign
language". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
"Going Banana". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
"KINDING SINDAW".
"The Indian in the Filipino - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Retrieved
15 March 2015.
Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006). Retrieved 15 March 2015.
"Estadisticas: El idioma espaol en Filipinas". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
"El espaol, una lengua viva: Informe 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). pp. 6 and 10. Retrieved
2015-03-15. (439,000 native speakers + 2,557,773 limited competency + 20,492 students.)

1. "Spanish language in Philippines". Retrieved 1 March 2015.

General references

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell (1995). The Austronesians: Historical
and comparative perspectives. Department of Anthropology, Australian National
University. ISBN 0-7315-2132-3.

"Ethnologue report for Philippines".

 Lobel, Jason William; Wilmer Joseph S. Tria (2000). An Satuyang Tataramon: A Study of
the Bikol language. Lobel & Tria Partnership Co. ISBN 971-92226-0-3.

Malcolm Warren Mintz (2001). "Bikol". Facts About the World's Languages: an
Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2.

Reid, Lawrence A. (1971). Philippine minor Languages: Word lists and phonologies.
University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-87022-691-6.

Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (1998). Tagalog-English English-Tagalog Dictionary.

Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0961-4.

Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (2000). Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar. University of
Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2088-6.

Carl Ralph Galvez Rubino. "The Philippine National Proverb". Translated into various
Philippine languages. Retrieved July 28, 2005.

Sundita, Christopher Allen (2002). In Bahasa Sug: An Introduction to Tausug. Lobel &
Tria Partnership, Co. ISBN 971-92226-6-2.

Christopher Sundita. "Languages or Dialects?". Understanding the Native Tongues of

the Philippines. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved July 28, 2005.

Yap, Fe Aldave (1977). A Comparative Study of Philippine Lexicons. Institute of

Philippine languages, Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. ISBN 971-8705-05-
8.

R. David Zorc (1977). "The Bisayan dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and
reconstruction". Pacific Linguistics. C (44).

R. David Zorc (2001). "Hiligaynon". Facts About the World's Languages: an

Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.

Joseph Reylan B. Viray (2006). "Dagang Simbahan". Makata International Journal of

Poetry. 7 (12).

Luciano de la Rosa (1960). "El Filipino: Origen y Connotacin". El renacimiento

filipino.

Further reading
Dedai, Mirjana N.; Nelson, Daniel N. (2003). At War With Words. Walter de Gruyter.
ISBN 3-11-017649-1. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
 Hamers, Josiane F. (2000). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-64843-2. Retrieved 2007-10-04.

External links
Ricardo Maria Nolasco on the diversity of languages in the Philippines

Lawrence R. Reid webpage of Dr. Lawrence A. Reid. Researcher Emeritus of linguistics

at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Has researched Philippine languages for decades.

The Metamorphosis of Filipino as a National Language

Carl Rubino webpage of Dr. Carl Rubino. A Filipino linguist who has studied Philippine
languages.

Literatura hispanofilipina: siglos XVII al XX by Edmundo Farolan Romero, with a brief

Philippine poetry anthology in Spanish.

Salita Blog by Christopher Sundita. A blog about a variety of issues concerning the
languages of the Philippines.

Espaniero An Online Spanish conversation group for Pinoys

Philippine Language Tree

The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines, by Andrew Gonzlez, FSC

kaibigankastila webpage of the Spanish culture in the Philippines.

Linguistic map of the Philippines at Muturzikin.com

On linguistic mutual intolerance in the Philippines

Filipino Translator

Tagalog Translator Online Online dictionary for translating Tagalog from/to English,
including expressions and latest headlines regarding the Philippines.

Linguistic map of the Philippines

Linguistic map of the Philippines

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