GISC9216-Principal Component Analysis

Assignment 2
GIS-Geospatial Management

Prepared By:
Md Shakhin Uz Zaman
GIS-GM Program Candidate
Niagara College
135 Tylor Road, Niagara-on-the-lake, ON
L0S 1J0

Prepared For:
Ms. Janet Finlay
Professor and Program Coordinator
GIS-Geospatial Management
Niagara College
135 Tylor Road, Niagara-on-the-lake, ON
L0S 1J0

March 6, 2017
 6 March 2017
GISC9216-D2

Ms. Janet Finlay

Professor and Program Coordinator
GIS-Geospatial Management
Niagara College-NOTL
135 Tylor Road, ON
L0S 1J0

Dear Ms. Finlay,

Re: Assignment GISC9216D2- Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Please accept this letter as my formal submission of Assignment#2: Principal Component

Analysis (PCA) for partial fulfillment of the course GISC9216-Digital Image Processing.

This assignment has a purpose to expose and use the fundamentals of PCA technique. The
principle of PCA is to reduce redundancy and to compress data for the classification of the
area instead of the original data. This assignment contains the Unsupervised Classification
Image from the first assignment and Unsupervised Classification Image from the PCA. The
whole process involves: to complete the transformation of subset image, to perform
unsupervised classification process of transformed subset image and to compare the
obtained results with unsupervised classification.

Should you have any question regarding the enclosed documents, or if there are technical
issues regarding the files please contact me at your convenience at (647) 739 8609. Thank
you for your time and attention. I look forward to your comments or suggestions.

Kindest Regards,

Md Shakhin Uz Zaman
GIS-GM graduate candidate
MZ

Enclosures:
1) Deliverable 2: ZamanMGISC9216D2:
2) Unsupervised PCA Classification Image;
3) Unsupervised Classification from the Original Image;
4) Formal layout Unsupervised PCA Image; and
5) Formal layout of Unsupervised Subset Image

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 3

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5
2. Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 5
3. Questions/ Answers ....................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Advantages of transformation from original image bands to the Principal
Components. .......................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Band Correlation ............................................................................................................. 5
3.3 Variance .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Comparison ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.5 Unsupervised Classification ............................................................................................ 9
4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 12
5. Reference: .................................................................................................................... 13
6. Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 14

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Strong correlation of subset image between band 1 and 2 by displaying histograms
and scatterplots. ........................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2: Strong correlation of subset image between band 1 and 3 by displaying histograms
and scatterplots. ........................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 3: Strong correlation of subset image between band 2 and 3 by displaying histograms
and scatterplots. ........................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 4: Scatterplots of the Bands 1 and 2 from the PCA(left) and of the Original
Subset(Right). ............................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 5: Scatterplots of the Bands 1 and 3 from the PCA(left) and of the Original
Subset(Right). ............................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 6: Scatterplots of the Bands 2 and 3 from the PCA(left) and of the Original
Subset(Right). ............................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 7: Attribute table for Unsupervised classification of subset image ............................. 10

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Figure 8:Unsupervised Classification of subset image(left) and Principal Component
Analysis(right). ......................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 9:Unsupervised Classification image of Original Subset Image.................................... 15
Figure 10: Unsupervised Classification image of Principal Component Analysis. ................... 16

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1. INTRODUCTION

As presented in the Terms of Reference for Deliverable GISC9216D2, Principal component

analysis (PCA) is a technique used to reduce redundancy and to compress data within the
Digital Image Processing. For this assignment, a subset from the Assignment#1-
Introduction to Supervised Classification was used to create the PCA and then classified
it into unsupervised classification image. A comparison of the two obtained classification
results (unsupervised image of the subset and the PCA unsupervised image of the subset)
has been made along with a discussion about how the PCA could help in the classification
of Urban vs Agriculture in the image.

2. PURPOSE

This assignment has a purpose to expose all students to the fundamentals of PCA, to
complete this transformation on the subset image, to perform a classification process, and
compare the obtained results.

3. QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS

3.1 Advantages of transformation from original image bands to the Principal Components.

A transformation of the original bands to the principal component allows user to reduce
redundancy or the associated data within the image. Thus, this transformation compresses
data into fewer bands by removing the correlation in the data set. It allows more data to be
viewed from the original image bands. This allows to select a larger amount of variability in
each of the band, thus displaying the dataset with the most variance which can be helpful to
the user allowing more accuracy of the interpretation.

3.2 Band Correlation

Through of the Feature Space Image, it has been possible to notice the level of correlation
between two bands within the original subset of the image. In histograms and scatterplots, a
strong correlation has been noticed in between the bands 1 and 2 (figure-1); 1 and 3 (figure-
2); and 2 and 3 (figure-3). The scatterplot presents a typical pattern of a strong correlation
between bands: it starts in the bottom left and expands through the top right linearly.

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Figure 1: Strong correlation of subset image between band 1 and 2 by displaying histograms and
scatterplots.

Figure 2: Strong correlation of subset image between band 1 and 3 by displaying histograms and
scatterplots.

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 Figure 3: Strong correlation of subset image between band 2 and 3 by displaying histograms and
scatterplots.

3.3 Variance

The variance PCA channels of all six bands and the eigenvalues of these channels can be
viewed in Table 1 below. It also shows the percentage of variance. Three principle component
channels have been specified when creating this analysis. The first channel produces
approximately 69.76% variance, the second channel 27.82% variance and the third channel a
2.06% variance. The eigenvalues decrease after each band in the data. Added together, the
first three PCA channels incorporate approximately 99.65% of the pixels in the dataset. This
shows that most of the dataset have been included in the three specified channels.

Table 1: Eigenvalues and variance of Principal Component Analysis.

PCA channels Eigenvalues Percentage

1 2106830.506 69.7693255
2 840193.864 27.82367115
3 62249.36378 2.061435939
4 6532.846459 X
5 2469.574216 X
6 1432.709031 X
Total 3019708.864 99.65443259

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3.4 Comparison

The Feature Image Tool has been used in order compare the correlation between the original
data and the new three PCA channels. It has been noticed that these is no correlation in
between three different channels. It proves that the redundant data has been reduced after
the PCA processing. The scatterplots and histogram is given in figure-4, figure-5 and figure-6
below.

Figure 4: Scatterplots of the Bands 1 and 2 from the PCA(left) and of the Original Subset(Right).

Figure 5: Scatterplots of the Bands 1 and 3 from the PCA(left) and of the Original Subset(Right).

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 Figure 6: Scatterplots of the Bands 2 and 3 from the PCA(left) and of the Original Subset(Right).

3.5 Unsupervised Classification

The classification results of both analysis can be seen in figure-8. The unsupervised PCA can
be observed on the right-hand side and the unsupervised classification, on the left-hand side
of Figure. Furthermore, a legend of the features is provided (figure-7). It should be noted that
the same symbology of the legend display has been used. It has been seen that the green
labeled farmland in the unsupervised classification is classified as white labeled commercial
area in the unsupervised PCA (red circle shown in the figure-8). Moreover, the white labeled
commercial area(road) are seen more clear (red rectangle in the figure-8) in the unsupervised
PCA image than in the unsupervised classification. The blue labeled water features and light
green labeled vegetation features did not change.

Urban Area:
Principal Component Analysis unsupervised image appears to be better than the
Unsupervised classification of the Subset Image when the Urban Area has been analyzed. In
the Figure-8 below, it has been noticed that PCA processed unsupervised classification
presents detailed urban areas labelled in grey colour. In the PCA unsupervised image, it has

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also been noticed that the shape of the roads appears clearly. Thus, the residential areas
appear clearer in the PCA unsupervised image than in the unsupervised classification of the
Subset Image.

Agricultural Area:
The analyse of both images of Unsupervised Classification and Unsupervised Classification of
the Principal Component Analysis present great results. However, it depends on the areas of
interest. They present different results for Agricultural Area. Unsupervised Classification has
presented better results than the PCA unsupervised image. Because of the farmland appears
to be more defined than the PCA unsupervised image. Moreover, green labeled farmland in
the unsupervised classification is classified as white labeled commercial area in the
unsupervised PCA (red circle shown in the figure-8) as mentioned above which in not true.

Figure 7: Attribute table for Unsupervised classification of subset image.

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Figure 8: Unsupervised Classification of subset image(left) and Principal Component Analysis(right).

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4. CONCLUSION

In this assignment, both unsupervised classification methods are important for Digital Image
Processing. Both methods present their own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the quality
of each classification depends on of which situation it is going to be applied. Moreover, the
user should present a background about Digital Image Processing as well as a familiarity with
the area of interest to get an accurate result.

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5. REFERENCE:

1. Terms of Reference for deliverables 9216-D2

2. Lillesand et al., 2015: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 6 th Edition.
6. APPENDIX
Figure 9:Unsupervised Classification image of Original Subset Image.
Figure 10: Unsupervised Classification image of Principal Component Analysis.