1.

Linguistic

Approach:
A linguistic approach to language acquisition is based on two tenets: the workings of
language must be studied through grammatical analysis and psycholinguistic
experimentation, and understanding how a particular language is acquired requires cross-
linguistic comparative research.
LINGUISTIC APPROACH

A teaching method which assume children in the class who participate have a strong
grasp of their mother tongue (oral language) which is then used as an associative learning
tool for words and spelling patterns.

LINGUISTIC APPROACH:
"Most teaching is described as taking a linguistic approach where the lesson is taught in
the mother tongue."
 Linguistics is the scientific study of language. There are broadly three aspects to the
study, which include language form, language meaning, and language in context. The
earliest known activities in the description of language have been attributed to Pini
around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi.
Language can be understood as interplay of sound and meaning. The discipline that
studies linguistic sound is termed as phonetics, which is concerned with the actual
properties of speech sounds and non-speech sounds, and how they are produced and
perceived. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, is concerned with how
languages employ logic and real-world references to convey, process, and assign
meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This in turn includes the study of
semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics (how
meaning is inferred from context).
There is a system of rules (known as grammar) which govern the communication
between members of a particular speech community. Grammar is influenced by both
sound and meaning, and includes morphology (the formation and composition of words),
syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and
phonology (sound systems). Through corpus linguistics, large chunks of text can be
analyzed for possible occurrences of certain linguistic features, and for stylistic patterns
within a written or spoken discourse.
The study of such cultural discourses and dialects is the domain of sociolinguistics,
which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures, as well as
that of discourse analysis, which involves the structure of texts and conversations.
Research on language through historical and evolutionary linguistics focuses on how
languages change, and the origin and growth of languages, particularly over an extended
period of time.
The study of grammar led to fields like psycholinguistics, which explores the
representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which studies
language processing in the brain; and language acquisition, which investigates how
children and adults acquire a particular language. During the 1970s and 1980s, research
developments also took shape in the field of cognitive linguistics through theorists such as
George Lakoff, who view language as a conceptual function of the mind, as opposed to a
pre-defined grammatical template.
Language is also influenced by social, cultural, historical and political factors, and
linguistics can be applied to semiotics, for instance, which is the general study of signs
and symbols both within language and without. Literary critics study the use of language
in literature. Translation entails the conversion of a text from one language to another.
Speech language pathologists work on corrective measures to remove communication
disorders largely at the phonetic level, employing a combination of cognitive and
phonological devices.
Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry with linguistic inquiry to
describe languages and their grammars. Lexicographers map vocabularies in languages to
write dictionaries and encyclopedias and edit other such educational material for
publishing houses. In the age of digital technology, linguists, translators, and
lexicographers work on computer language to facilitate and create web entities and digital
dictionaries on both mobile as well as desktop machines, and create software through
technical and human language that enables a large number of social functions, from
designing to even machine-based translation itself. Actual knowledge of a language can
be applied in the teaching of it as a second or foreign language. Research experiments in
linguistics have in the recent years; seen communities of linguists build new constructed
languages like Esperanto, to test the theories of language in an abstract and artificial
setting. Policy makers work with the government to implement new plans in education
and teaching which are based on certain linguistic factors.
Approach
One major debate in linguistics concerns how language should be defined and
understood. Some linguists use the term "language" primarily to refer to a hypothesized,
innate module in the human brain that allows people to undertake linguistic behavior,
which is part of the formalist approach. This "universal grammar" is considered to guide
children when they learn languages and to constrain what sentences are considered
grammatical in any language. Proponents of this view, which is predominant in those
schools of linguistics that are based on the generative theory of Noam Chomsky, do not
necessarily consider that language evolved for communication in particular. They consider
instead that it has more to do with the process of structuring human thought (see also
formal grammar).
Another group of linguists, by contrast, use the term "language" to refer to a
communication system that developed to support cooperative activity and extend
cooperative networks. Such functional theories of grammar view language as a tool that
emerged and is adapted to the communicative needs of its users, and the role of cultural
evolutionary processes are often emphasised over that of biological evolution.[30]
Methodology
Linguistics is primarily descriptive. Linguists describe and explain features of language
without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature or usage is "good"
or "bad". This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a zoologist studies the animal
kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular animal is more
evolved or less evolved than another.
Prescription, on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over
others, often favouring a particular dialect or "acrolect". This may have the aim of
establishing a linguistic standard, which can aid communication over large geographical
areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to
exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see Linguistic imperialism).
An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among censors, who attempt to
eradicate words and structures that they consider to be destructive to society.
Prescription, however, is practiced in the teaching of language, where certain fundamental
grammatical rules and lexical terms need to be introduced to a second-language speaker
who is attempting to acquire the language.

Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that spoken data and signed data
is more fundamental than written data. This is because:
Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and
perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack
written communication;
Features appear in speech which aren't always recorded in writing, including
phonological rules, sound changes, and speech errors;
All natural writing system reflect a spoken language they are being used to write,
with even pictographic languages like Dongba writing Naxi homophones with the same
pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken
language being recorded;
Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;
People learnt to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than
they did with writing.

2. Socio- Linguistic Approach

Definitions:
Sociolinguistics is the study about relationship between language and
society. The language as the communication tool and then the society is
the communities of people. There are many various of language that are
suitable with the place, speaking people, condition and situation, so the
language is possible used. The place is very important because the
language style of people reflect where the people live.
 1. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of,
including cultural, expectations, and context, on the way is used, and the effects of
language use on society.
2. Sociolinguistic investigation is thelanguage study within social context.
3. The aim of sociolinguistic investigation is to achieve a further progress in the
knowledge of nature and the operation of human language by the study of language
in its social context. Besides, all sociolinguistics is language and society but,
however, not all language and society are sociolinguistics.
4. Sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary science which is concerned with relationships
between language and society.
5. The focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language.
6. It studies how language varietiesdiffer between groups separated by certain social
variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.
Characteristics Of Sociolinguistics:
A science, which is concerned with the relationship between language and society.
A branch of linguistics.
It considers that language is a social and a cultural phenomenon.
It studies language in its social context, in real life situations by empirical
investigation.
It is related to methodology and contents of social sciences.
Origins And Main Figures:
Origins:Saussure & Chomsky concepts.
Prominent figures:William Labov& Peter Trudgill.

Origin: Sociolinguistics has itsroots in dialectology, historicallinguistics, and

languagecontactwith considerable influencefromsociology and psychology.
Thisiswhyit has evolvedintoanexceptionallybroadfield.Sociolinguisticsisa New
discipline of Linguistics, itDeveloped in thelast 30 years.

Originsalsofocuseson:
Thestructure of langue/parole&thediachronic/synchronicissuggestedbyFerdinand
De Saussure:
Langue/parole InternalLinguistics / Microlinguistics (phonology, morphology,
syntax)

Diachronic/synchronic ExternalLinguistics/ Macrolinguistics(acquisition-use of

language and culture-society-languageconnection)
Thecompetence/actionsnotionsby Noam Chomsky.
Saussurean concept of language(RelatedwithChomskyscompetence):
 Focusedonthe ideal speaker/listener (control of language - a
homogeneouscommunity).
Languages - autonomous and coherentsystems.
In thepast: Linguisticsfocusedonmicrolinguistics, ignoringmacrolinguistics.
William Labov:
Regarded as theonewhostarteditwithhistheories in hisempiricalworks:
1. The social stratification of english in New York city. (1966)
2. Sociolinguisticspatterns. (1972)
Sociologicalmethodology withtheoreticalimplicationsforLinguistics.
Hisstudy basedonempiricalwork in social context
Objective mechanism of linguisticchanges&structure of linguisticsystems.
Thefirstonetoputintopracticethearea of sociolinguistics in theunitedstates.

Peter John Trudgill:

Later in theUnitedKingdom.
1. Thebritishcomplementforthe secular linguisticsof Labov.
2. The social differentiation of english in Norwich.(1971)
3. Sociolinguisticpatterns in British English.(1972)
Approaches:
The difference between micro and macro sociolinguistics is that micro-sociolinguistics
refers to the research with a linguistic lean focusing on dialect and stylistic/register
variation where as Micro Sociolinguistics looks at issues as to why immigrants keep
their native language in some contexts and not in others, or how social identity can
affect language.

AccordingtoTrudgill:
1. Macrolinguisticsfocusedonthestudy of thelanguage (large-scale - groupbehaviour).
2. Microlinguisticsfocusedonthedescription-analysis of languages (smallgroups).
Macro-Sociolinguistics: It studies what societies do with their
languages,such as: attitudes that account for the functional distribution of
speech forms in society, language shift, maintenance, and replacement, the
delimitation and interaction of speech communities.
Micro-Sociolinguistics: It is not that easy to describe the differences
between micro- and macro-sociolinguistics in a nut-shell. However, in a
simplistic term micro-sociolinguistics explores the ways in which society
influences a speaker's idiolect - meaning the specific language of a person -
and how people communicate with one another in line with different social
variables/factors. On the other hand, macro-Sociolinguitics focuses more on
society as a whole, in relation to language. So with micro-sociolinguistics the
emphasis is on language; with macro-Sociolinguitics the emphasis is on
society.