1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Field Practice

Electric power system provides electricity to consumers. Unfortunately, power

systems are subject to constant disruptions created by abnormal conditions like random

load changes, faults by natural causes, and equipment failure (Horowitz & Phadke, 2008).

These abnormal conditions interrupt the reliable transmit of electricity. To protect the

power system, protective relays are essential to every power system design. It is the task

of protective relays to minimize the power outages and damages to the power system

equipment when an electrical failure occurs.

The power system used in this study is the substation in Figure 1-1. According to

ANSI C84.1-2011, the substation falls into a category of high voltage power system. The

substation uses a breaker-and-a-half bus system to supply to its loads. This bus system is

recommended to use in extra high voltage substations for increased service reliability

(Martin, et al., 2005).

 2

Figure 1-1. The 230kV Substation

There are five transformers in the substation but only transformer 5 is part of the

study. Transformer 5 is newly built and was the result of a fast track scheme solution

when transformer 3 became non-operational. This transformer addition created a need for

a contractor to protect its line from faults. Since the newly built feeder is parallel to the

feeder connected to the transformer 4, a directional protection is needed for its protection.

Using directional equipment will ensure that there will still be a supply to the consumers

if a fault occurs in either one of the two parallel feeders.

Joint Engineering Design and Development Technologies Corp. (JEDDTECH)

was contracted to commission the protection for this newly built line. The company built

seven protection panels; two main transformer protection panel, one feeder protection

panel, three circuit breaker failure protection panel, and one bay control unit. The feeder

protection panel, together with its relays, is the only panel which is part of this study.
 3

In this protection scheme used by JEDDTECH, the feeder protection panel has

two primary protection relays. There is a need for multiple parallel primary protection in

a high voltage power system to ensure that any fault is cleared quickly (Alstom Grid,

2011). The main 1 uses MiCOM P14DL relay while Schneider Electric P127 relay is used

for main 2 which are both capable of directional overcurrent protection.

1.2 Significance of the Field Practice

Directional protection enables better discrimination of the faulty part of the

network than with non-directional overcurrent protection (Bertrand, 1998). Based on the

topology of the system, there is a need for a directional protection. The study determines

and assesses the settings of directional overcurrent and directional earth fault based on

the systems specifications. It will make sure that proper coordination with the other

relays in the substation is achieved.

For this study, the relays directional characteristic and trip time are tested. Relay

testing is done by protection engineers upon installation of a protective equipment to

determine if it functions to its intended characteristics. The testing evaluates the

performance of the relay based on its trip time and other relay characteristic (Alstom

Grid, 2011).
The study will help Jedd Technologies Inc. assess the directional overcurrent relay

settings they used to commission the feeder protection panel for the substation. It is to

ensure that proper coordination with the other relays in the substation is achieved.

Identifying the errors in the substations protection is needed so that proper changes can

be implemented to improve the substations protection.

 4

1.3 Objectives of the Field Practice

The general objective of this study is to evaluate the coordination of the feeder

protection panel installed on the 69kV line connected to Transformer 5 of the 230kV

substation. Specifically, it aims to:

1. determine the settings of MiCOM P14DL and Schneider Electric P127;
2. evaluate the directional overcurrent coordination of the Feeder Protection

Relays with respect to the other relays in the substation;

3. evaluate the directional earth fault coordination of the Feeder Protection

Relays with respect to the other relays in the substation; and

4. evaluate the relays characteristic settings.

1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Field Practice

The study focuses on the determination and analysis of the settings of the Feeder

Protection Relays installed by JEDDTECH at 69kV line connected to Transformer 5.

Both MiCOM P14Dl and Schneider Electric P127 are tested. Since the relays are parallel,

the determination of the correct settings to be used is the same for both relays but the

analysis is done separately.

The coordination of the feeder protection relay with the other relays is part of the

study. In determining the coordination, settings from the other relays in the substation is

used but changing the settings of the other relays is not part of the study.

1.5 Time and Place of the Field Practice

The study was conducted at the 230kV Substation from July 11 to August 12,

2016 under the supervision of Engr. Reynan Garbriel N. Bugayong and Engr. Mark

Anthony B. Salvame.
 5

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Power System Protection Relay Practice

Electrical power system generates and supplies reliable and economical electricity

to the consumers (Elmore, 2003). Any abnormal conditions that would create outages will

disrupt daily activities of the consumers. Limiting these outages is the function of a

power system protection equipment.

An efficient protection scheme will ensure reliable and well-coordinated

protection. A protection scheme is a collection of equipment used in a substation. This

includes current transformer, voltage transformers, fuse, circuit breaker, relay or any

equipment used to implement a protection on a power system (Alstom Grid, 2011).

Zones of Protection

Protection system is arranged in zones to limit the part of the power system

disconnected when a fault occurs. The power system is divided by its zones for proper

protection. These zones can be categorized as protection for buses, feeders, generators,

transformers, motors, and capacitor bank (Blackburn & Domin, 2014). The zones should

overlap to ensure that no part of the power system is unprotected. It is necessary that the

primary zone protection operates faster than the backup zone protection to ensure proper

coordination. The zone protected in this study is the feeder which supplies Kalaw and

Ingasco substations.
 6

Line Protection

Lines provides connections between parts of a power system. A lost in connection

means a lost in power which imposes an importance in the protection of the lines. The

most common relays used in protecting the line of a power system are differential,

distance, and overcurrent protection. Each relay has its advantages and requires different

parameters to clear a fault. The choice of relay to use for protection depends on the type

of the system.

Differential Protection. According to Kirchhoffs current law, the sum of current

flowing in a node should be zero. This is the same principle working for differential

protection. The CTs are placed on both ends of the line for current comparison. (Wright &

Christopoulos, 2013).

Distance Protection. Distance protection operates with the help of short-circuit

impedance which is proportional to the distance to the fault. The fault is evaluated by

comparing measured electrical quantities to the predetermined zones settings. Distance

protection is less susceptible to changes in the system conditions. It is also faster and

more selective than overcurrent protection (Ziegler, 2011).

 7

Overcurrent(OC) Protection

Overcurrent protection coordination pertains to the use of overcurrent relays to

protect the system from overcurrent faults. It requires current as the parameter for both

sensing and measuring of fault current. (IEEE Power & Energy Society, 2009).

Overcurrent Protection is the simplest, the cheapest, but the most difficult to apply and

quickest to need readjustment or replacement after system changes in all the possible

protection for a feeder. There are three ways used in discriminating fault currents in an

OC relay; discrimination by time, by current, and by both time and current.

Discrimination by Time. The relay using discrimination by time are programmed

to ensure the first circuit breaker that trips is nearest to the fault. The time interval

between each relay must ensure that the relay near the fault location must clear the fault

before upstream relays operate. Its major disadvantage is it takes longest clearing time for

the faults with highest fault MVA (Alstom Grid, 2011).

Discrimination by Current. This discrimination takes advantage that there is

difference in impedance between the source and the fault. The fault current varies with

the position of the fault. As the fault impedance gets higher, the current is lowered. The

relay nearest to the fault trips its breaker. The problem with this discrimination is if there

are no significant difference between two circuit breakers (Alstom Grid, 2011).
 8

Discrimination by Time and Current. Due to the limitations of both

discriminations, the overcurrent with discrimination by both time and current is

developed. The time of operation is inversely proportional to the fault current. For a large

difference of current between two ends of a line, faster operating times is used with relays

near higher fault levels (Alstom Grid, 2011).

Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent (IDMT OC)

This type of overcurrent uses both time and current to clear a fault. One unique

feature of this protection is its wide range of currents and operating times. Since the

current is inversely proportional to time, the higher the fault current is the faster the

operating response of the relay. IDMT curves follow the operating time characteristic

from equation 2-1. Each international standard use different relay characteristic curves.

The constants of these curves are shown in table 2-1 while graphs from different

standards are illustrated in figures 2-1 and 2-2.

[( ) ]

t op=TD +L
I (Equation 2-1)
1
IS

where:
top is operating time
TD is the time dial
I is the fault current
IS is the pickup current
, , L are characteristic constants
 9

Table 2-1. Relay Characteristic Standards Constants

IDMT curve description Standard Constant Constant L Constant

Standard Inverse (SI) IEC 0.14 0.02 0

Very Inverse (VI) IEC 13.5 1 0

Extremely Inverse (EI) IEC 80 1 0

Long-time Inverse UK 120 1 0

Moderately Inverse IEEE 0.0515 0.02 0.114

Very Inverse IEEE 19.61 2 0.491

Extremely Inverse IEEE 28.2 2 0.1217

Inverse US-C08 5.95 2 0.18

Short Time Inverse US 0.16758 0.02 0.11858

Source: Gers & Holmes, 2004

 10

Figure 2-1. IEC 60255 IDMT Relay characteristics. TMS=1.0

Source: Alstom Grid, 2011.
 11

Figure 2-2. North American IDMT definitions of standard relay characteristics.

Source: Alstom Grid, 2011.
 12

The protection engineer chooses the type of curve depending on the need of the

power system. The correct type of curve will determine protection systems reliability.

The relay used in this study uses IDMT OC relay with directional features.

2.2 Directional Protection

Directional protection gives a better selectivity of the faulty part of a power

system. Directional overcurrent relay (67), which is used in this study, responds

differently for faults in reverse and forward direction. A relay with directional properties

determines the direction by comparing the phase angle relationship between current and

voltages. A current with forward direction means that current is in phase with the voltage.

Unfortunately, for phase to ground faults, the relationship of the phase voltage and

current will be mostly VAR flow preventing a correct assessment of directional flow

(Horak, 2006). To correct the issue, relays current and voltage detection is skewed in

unity power factor so that voltage is in phase with current when the condition occurs. The

angle setting to correct the problem is called relay characteristic angle (RCA).

A better explanation of the directional protection can be seen in the figure 2-1.

Both relay 1 and relay 2 are at set at forward direction. If a fault occurs below the line

where relay 1 is connected, only relay 1 will trip. Relay 2 will see a fault happening but

will not trip because it is in opposite direction.

 13

Figure 2-3. Directional Overcurrent Ring Type

Source: Bertrand, 1998

There is a necessity of a directional phase fault overcurrent protection when fault

current can flow in both directions of a relay location. If non-directional relays are

applied to parallel feeders having a single generating source, any faults that might occur

on any one line will, regardless of the relay settings used, isolate both lines and

completely disconnect the power supply. With this type of system configuration, it is

necessary to apply directional relays at the receiving end and to grade them with non-

directional relays at the sending end, to ensure correct discriminative operation of the

relays during line faults.

 14

90 Relay Quadrature Connection

Since the directional relays are comparing the phase difference between the

voltage and current inputs. This is standard connection for static, digital or numerical

relays. The Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA) is dependent on the angle by which the

input voltage is shifted to produce maximum relay sensitivity. Two types are available in

the relays used in the study.

90 - 30 characteristic (30 RCA). Protection of plain feeders with zero sequence

source needs the use of this RCA. The A phase relay element is supplied with I A current

and VBC displaced by 30 in an anti-clockwise direction. In this case, the relay maximum

sensitivity is produced when the current lags the system phase to neutral voltage by 60.

This connection gives a correct directional tripping zone over the current range of 30

leading to 150 lagging. The relay sensitivity at unity power factor is 50% of the relay

maximum sensitivity and 86.6% at zero power factor lagging.

 15

Figure 2-4. Vector Diagram of 90 - 30 characteristic (30 RCA).

Source: Alstom Grid, 2011

90 - 45 characteristic (45 RCA). This relay characteristic is essential in parallel

transformers and transformer feeders. The phase voltage is displaced by 45 in an anti-

clockwise direction. Maximum sensitivity is achieved when the current is lagging 45

from the phase voltage. This connection gives a correct directional tripping zone over the

current range of 45 leading to 135 lagging. This connection is recommended for the

protection of transformer feeders that have n zero sequence source in front of the relay.
 16

Figure 2-5. Vector Diagram of 90 - 45 characteristic (45 RCA).

Source: Alstom Grid, 2011

2.3 Testing and Commissioning of Relays

Commissioning of a relay is the process of wiring and connecting a relay to the

power system. It also requires the relay to pass a functionality test. Relay testing is done

to verify if the relays functions is acceptable to the required operating characteristics and

settings of the protection scheme. The test should be done in a controlled environment

and evaluated based on the efficiency of detecting the fault within its allowable time

delay. In this study, JEDDTECH used Omicron CMC256plus to conduct a functionality

test. This determined the trip time, operating current, and other characteristic settings of

the relay commissioned.

 17

2.4 Standards and Criterion

Acceptance testing is done to make sure that the newly commissioned relays meet

the requirements needed for reliable protection. To evaluate the test results, a standard or

criterion should be followed. The IEC Standard 60255-151 provides internationally

accepted standard on measuring relays and protection equipment. According to the

standard, the specifications provided by the relay manufacturer should be followed is the

standard for its acceptable time limits. For inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)

curves, the P14DL Manual suggests that the time deviation of the relay should only be

within +/- 5% of the computed time while of P127 is +/- 5% plus 30-50ms. For the relay

characteristic angle, both relays allow the directional boundary accuracy to be less than or

equal to 3 degrees.

Omicron CMC test provides function-based acceptance test and compare different

relay models with each other. Since the Test Universe follows IEC standard, the test used

to check the functionality of the relay is based on the IEC 60255 standard. The range of

trip values in the test models follow the IEC standard.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Materials

System Specifications

The specifications of the substation, specifically of its protection equipment and

devices such as current transformer, circuit breakers and relays used in this study are
 18

shown in the single line diagram in Figure 3-1 is the CEDC substation single line

diagram.

Figure 3-1. 69kV Feeder Single Line Diagram

Transformer 5 used a delta-wye connected 100 MVA, 3-Phase 230kV/69kV

transformer with Dyn1 setting to step down the voltage for its loads. Two relays are used

to protect the 69kV line from overcurrent and earth faults; MiCOM P14DL and Schneider

Electric P127. These relays need to be coordinated to the relays of Load A, Load B, Load

C and Transformer 5. Load A uses MiCOM P142 to protect its line, while Load B uses

SEL 351A and Load C uses Siemens 7SJ801. The upstream relay for Transformer 5 uses

MiCOM P643.
 19

MiCOM P14DL and Schneider Electric P127

MiCOM P14DL and Schneider Electric P127 relays are used to protect the 69kV

feeder. Both are multifunctional relays that features directional overcurrent and

directional earth fault settings which contains three well known variants of IDMT

characteristic curves, as defined by IEC 60255-151; Standard Inverse, Very Inverse, and

Extremely Inverse.

Since MiCOM and Schneider are parallel relays, the settings in both relays are the

same. The settings JEDDTECH used for DOC is shown in Table 3-1 while Table 3-2

shows the DEF settings.

Table 3-1. Directional Overcurrent Settings

Directional Overcurrent Settings
ITEM SETTINGS AS LEFT
I > 1 Function IEC S Inverse
I > 1 Directional Directional Fwd
I > 1 Current Set 3.850 A
I > 1 TMS 100.00e-3
I > 1 Char Angle 30 deg

Table 3-2. MiCOM P14DL Directional Earth Fault Settings

Directional Earth Fault Settings

ITEM SETTINGS AS LEFT
IN > 1 Function IEC S Inverse
IN > 1 Directional Directional Fwd
IN > 1 Current Set 700 mA
IN > 1 TMS 100.00e-3
IN > 1 Char Angle 30 deg
IN > Polarization Zero Sequence
 20

IN > VNpol Set 5V

The transformation ratio in both relays is seen in Table 3-3.

Table 3-3. Transformation Ratio Set in MiCOM P14DL and Schneider Electric P127

TRANSFORMATION RATIO
ITEM SETTINGS AS LEFT
Main VT Primary 40.25 kV
Main VT Secondary 115 V
Phase CT Primary 1200 A
Phase CT Secondary 5A
EF CT Primary 1200 A
EF CT Secondary 5A
C/S Input A-N
Main VT Location Line

Settings of the Other Relays of the Substation

The 69kV feeder protection panel is coordinated with the downstream relays of

Load A, Load B, and Load C feeders and with the transformer 5 DOC and DEF

protection. To determine if the panel is properly coordinated with the relays of the

system, the settings of the other relays of the The settings of the other relays to be used to

coordinate in the study can be seen in Tables 3-3 to 3-6. Load A can be While it needs to

be coordinated to tThe settings of the relays can be seen in the tables below. All the

settings given at the table was used to coordinate the feeder protection relay.

Table 3-3. Load A Relay Settings

Relay Time Secondary Primary

MiCOM CT
Characteristic Multiplier Pick-Up Pick-Up
P142 Ratio
Curve Setting Current Current
 21

Phase IEC Standard

400/5 A 0.05 seconds 0.85 A 340 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Ground IEC Standard

400/5 A 0.15 seconds 0.10 A 48 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Table 3-4. Load B Relay Settings

Relay Time Secondary Primary

CT
SEL 351A Characteristic Multiplier Pick-Up Pick-Up
Ratio
Curve Setting Current Current
Phase IEC Very
400/5 A 0.16 seconds 4.00 A 320 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Ground IEC Standard

400/5 A 0.20 seconds 0.05 A 40 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Table 3-5. Load C Relay Settings

Relay Secondary Primary

SIEMENS CT
Characteristic Time Dial Pick-Up Pick-Up
7SJ801 Ratio
Curve Current Current
Phase ANSI Very
600/5 A 5 1.75 A 210 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Ground ANSI Very

600/5 A 5 0.525 A 63 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Table 3-6. Transformer Relay Settings

Relay Time Secondary

MiCOM CT Primary Pick-
Characteristic Multiplier Pick-Up
P643 Ratio Up Current
Curve Setting Current
Directional IEC Standard
1200/5 A 0.1 seconds 4.35 A 1044 A
Overcurrent Inverse

Directional IEC Standard

1200/5 A 0.1 seconds 1.05 A 252 A
Earth Fault Inverse
 22

The transformer relay which is MiCOM P643 is the upstream relay while

MiCOM P142, SEL 351A, and SIEMENS 7SJ801 are downstream relays. The

coordination part of this study will consider the settings in these relays and coordinate

them with the relays of the 69kV feeder.

Pick-Up Current Settings

The overcurrent pick-up setting is determined by allowing a margin overload

above the full load current (Birla, Maheshwari, & Gupta, 2006). The equation in solving

the full load current is shown in Equation 3-1 while the equation in solving the pick-up

current is shown in Equation 3-2.

MVA
I FL=
3 X V L

(Equation 3-1)

where:
IFL is full load current
MVA is MVA rating
VL is line voltage

( overload factor ) x I FL
I P= (Equation 3-2)
CTR

where:
IP is pick-up current
IFL is full load current
CTR is CT ratio
 23

The recommended overload factor for line overcurrent protection is 1.05-1.5

(Gers & Holmes, 2004). The pick-up current of directional earth-fault is typically within

10-40% of the full load current of the system being protected (Bakar, et al., 2014). The

overload factor used by JEDDTECH should be within the recommended range so that

proper protection is ensured.

Coordination using MS EXCEL

There are many papers that uses MS EXCEL to perform the protection

coordination. EXCEL provides

Omicron CMC256 plus

Omicron CMC256plus, seen in Figure 3-5, is a device used to test protection

relays, transducers, energy meters, and power quality analyzers.

 24

The device comes with a testing software; Omicron Test Universe. Omicron Test

Universe

Functionality testing, using Omicron CMC256plus, is performed to check if the

relay and its settings will operate correctly. The test device used is the Omicron

CMC256plus which comes with a testing software; Omicron Test Universe. Omicron Test

Universe has functions The Omicron QuickCMC was used to perform testing on the

relays pickup current while the Omicron Overcurrent was used to perform the

directionality of the relay in testing. Both test were used to in DOC and DEF tests.

3.2 Methods

Proper coordination within a power system is needed to make sure that no part of

the system is left unprotected. The initial step in determining the coordination is to gather

the data needed for the process which is the protection equipment settings of the system.

The first step was to determine the correct pick up current of the relay for both DOC and
 25

DEF. After setting the pickup current of the line, the time delay of the relay was

determined by the equation of the characteristic curve. The characteristic constants from

table 2-1 are considered in the equations. The IEC standard inverse curve equation is

equation 3-1. It is used in both Phase Overcurrent and Ground Overcurrent of MiCOM

P142, and Ground Overcurrent of SEL 351A. This curve is also used by the MiCOM

P643, MiCOM P14DL, and Schneider Electric P127 for both its DOC and DEF

protection.

0.14
t op=TMS 0.02
I
( )
IS
1

(Equation 3-3)
where:
top is operating time
TMS is the time delay settings
I is the fault current
IS is the pickup current

Equation 3-2 presents the equation of IEC Very Inverse curve. This is the

characteristic curve of Phase Overcurrent Relay of SEL 351A.

13.5
t op=TMS
I
( )
IS
1 (Equation 3-4)

where:
top is operating time
TMS is the time delay settings
I is the fault current
IS is the pickup current

Ingasco substation relay uses a different international standard from Kalaw

substations. The North American IDMT standard characteristic curve, specifically ANSI
 26

Very Inverse, was used in the SIEMENS 7SJ801 relay which protects Load C. The

equation of the curve is equation 3-3.

[( ) ]
TD 19.61
t op= + 0.491
7 I 2
1 (Equation 3-5)
IS

where:
top is operating time
TD is the time dial
I is the fault current
IS is the pickup current

Equations 3-3 to 3-5 were used to plot a time-current curve (TCC) of the relays.

These equations are used to coordinate with the other relays of the system which is

needed to determine the correct TMS of the relay.

Testing is done to ensure the functionality of the commissioned relay. The final

step of the process is to determine if the relay the company commissioned will pass the

allowable time acceptance test. The Omicron CM256plus was used to determine if the

relay passes the standards. According to IEEE 60255, the manufacturer standards

determine if the relay commissioned pass the acceptance test. Omicron QuickCMC test

was used to determine the pickup time while the Omicron Overcurrent Test was used to

determine if the directionality of the relay is working.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Pick-Up Current Calculations

 27

The pickup current of the relay is the first setting needed to be determined in the

study. From the substations specifications, the MVA rating is 100V and the line voltage is

69kV.

MVA
I FL=
3 X V L (Equation 3-1)

100 MVA
I FL=
3 X 69 kV

I FL=836.7395 A

To solve for the pickup current, Equation 3-2 was used. The overload factor used

by JEDDTECH is 1.1 to get the pick-up current for DOC. This overload factor is within

the range recommended by Gers & Holmes (2004). The full-load current of the system is

836.739 A and the CT ratio is 1200/5 from Table 3-1.

( overload factor ) x I FL
I P= (Equation 3-2)
CTR

1.1 x 836.7395 A
I P=
1200 /5

I P=3.835056136 A

The pick-up current to be set on the relays should be 3.84 A. However, the

relay settings only allow values of within the increments of 0.05 therefore the

nearest 0.05 increment should be set. The final pick-up current placed for DOC,
 28

as seen in Table 3-2, is 3.85 A. 3.85 A is still within the range suggested by Gers

& Holmes (2004).

The directional earth fault pickup current is also calculated with the

Equation 3-2. The overload factor used by the company is 0.2. This factor is

within the range of 10-50percent suggested by Bakar, et. al (2014).

( overload factor ) x I FL
I P= (Equation 3-2)
CTR

0.2 x 836.7395 A
I P=
1200 /5

I P=0.6972829338 A

The pickup current for the DEF settings should be 0.69728 A however the pickup

current input in the relays is limited to tenth decimal place, the current set is 700mA.
Since the pick-up current input in the relay is limited to tenth decimal place, the current

set is 700 mA. The final DEF settings left in the relay is seen Table 3-3.

4.2 Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

After calculating the pickup current, coordination with the other relays is

needed to determine the correct TMS. Since most the relays to be coordinated use

a characteristic curve of IEC Standard Inverse, the commissioned relay should

have IEC Standard Inverse characteristic curve as well. The system is using

different relays with different curve settings which resulted to intersection of

time-current curves for the upstream and downstream protective relays. To ensure
 29

proper coordination, the time multiplier settings of the commissioned relay was

varied to determine the appropriate TMS for the system. Graphs with highest

multiple of current intersection between any relay, either upstream or

downstream, should be the most appropriate value for TMS (Chung, Lu, Kao, &

Chou, 2008). As seen in Table 3-1, the TMS used by the company was 0.100

seconds.

Microsoft Excel was used to plot the time-current curves of the relays of

the system. The black represents the curve of the 69kV feeder relays while Load

A, Load B, and Load C relays is represented by green, gray, and blue curves

respectively. In Figure 4-1, the TMS of the 69kV feeder relay was set to 0.075

seconds.

100

10

1
1 10 100
operating time (seconds)
0.1

0.01

Current (Multiples of pickup)

Load A Load B Load C

Transformer 5 69kV (075ms)

Figure 4-1. Coordination of DOC with 0.075 TMS

 30

The TMS of the tcc curve of the relay for Figure 4-2 was set to 0.100 seconds.

This is the companys settings for the relay.

100

10

1
1 10 100
operating time (seconds)
0.1

0.01

Current (Multiples of pickup)

69kV (100ms) Load A Load B

Load C Transformer 5

Figure 4-2. Coordination of DOC with 0.100 TMS

Figure 4-3 shows the graph of the 69kV relay set to 0.125 TMS. The intersection

with any of the downstream relays was higher with this setting in comparison to the two

graphs before but the intersection between the transformer relay was much lower.
 31

100

10

1
1 10 100
operating time (seconds)
0.1

0.01

Current (Multiples of pickup)

Load A Load B Load C

Transformer 5 69kV (125ms)

Figure 4-3. Coordination of DOC with 0.125 TMS

Base on the figures, the best TMS is 0.100 seconds. Figure 4-2 shows that

the first intersection is between 6 to 7 multiple of current. This is safe because the

maximum available fault current for the system is 4025 A which is 4.36 multiple

of pickup current. This means that it is impossible to reach any fault current

higher than 4025 A. Choosing 0.075 TMS or 0.125 TMS will put the intersection

below the maximum available fault current which means that there is a possibility

for miscoordination.
 32

4.3 Coordination of Directional Earth Fault

Like the coordination of directional overcurrent, the trip time of the downstream

relays should always be lower than the trip time of the 69kV feeder relay. The figures

below show different TMS values for the 69kV feeder relays; Figure 4-4 has 0.75 TMS,

Figure 4-5 has 0.0100 TMS, Figure 4-6 has 0.125 TMS, and Figure 4-7 has 0.150 TMS.

100

10

Operating Time (seconds)

Transformer 5 Load A Load B Load C 69kV (075ms)

1
1 10 100

0.1

Current (multiples of pickup)

Figure 4-4. Coordination of DEF with 0.075 TMS

 33

100

10

Operating Time (seconds)

69kV (100ms) Transformer 5 Load A Load B Load C

1
1 10 100

0.1

Current (multiples of pickup)

Figure 4-5. Coordination of DEF with 0.100 TMS

100

10

Operating Time (seconds)

Transformer 5 Load A Load B Load C 69kV (125ms)

1
1 10 100

0.1

Current (multiples of pickup)

 34

Figure 4-6. Coordination of DEF with 0.125 TMS

1000

100

Operating Time (seconds) 10

Transformer 5 Load A Load B Load C 69kV (150ms)

1
1 10 100

0.1

Current (multiples of pickup)

Figure 4-7. Coordination of DEF with 0.150 TMS

The company used 0.100 TMS for DEF but, based on the figures, 0.125 TMS

presents the best coordination.

 35

4.4 Test Results

After entering the calculated settings in the relay, functionality testing,

using Omicron CMC256plus, is performed to check if the relay and its settings

will operate correctly. For both DOC and DEF, the Omicron QuickCMC was used

to perform testing on the relays characteristic curve and the Omicron Overcurrent

was used to perform the directionality of the relay in testing.

Directional Overcurrent Relay Test Results

The testing of the directional overcurrent relay functionality is determined by

checking if the time-current curve behaves similar with its characteristic curve. The curve

that was set in the relay was IEC standard inverse curve. Using Omicron QuickCMC,

nine test points are considered. The points used started from 4.500A with an increment of

1.000A for every test point until 12.500A. Figure 4-8 and Figure 4-9 shows a sample test

point used. The full test report for MiCOM P14Dl can be seen in Appendix A while

Appendix E shows test report for Schneider Electric P127.

 36

Figure 4-8. Fault Calculator Settings for the Sample Test Point for DOC

Figure 4-9. Phasor diagram of the sample test point for DOC

The summary of the trip time results of Appendix A is presented in Table

4-1. In the same table, the trip time results are compared to the theoretical trip

time using accuracy error.

Table 4-1. Directional Overcurrent Relay Curve Test of MiCOM P14DL

TRIP TIME
SECONDARY
COMPUTED ACCURACY
INJECTION TEST
TEST RESULTS USING SI CURVE ERROR
CURRENT
FOMULA
4.500 A 4.511 sec 4.480 sec 0.69 %
5.500 A 1.993 sec 1.956 sec 1.15 %
6.500 A 1.373 sec 1.330 sec 3.27 %
7.500 A 1.076 sec 1.043 sec 3.19 %
8.500 A 0.913 sec 0.877 sec 4.12 %
9.500 A 0.811 sec 0.768 sec 5.60 %
10.500 A 0.721 sec 0.691 sec 4.38 %
11.500 A 0.655 sec 0.633 sec 3.52 %
12.500 A 0.624 sec 0.587 sec 6.23 %
 37

According to IEC 60255-151, the timing accuracy error should be within 4% of

its computed trip time. Looking at table 4-4, there are 4 points out of 9 that is out of

bounds of the accepted 4% timing accuracy error. To better illustrate the test points,

Figure 4-10 shows the graph of the test points represented by yellow curve.

100

10

operating time (seconds)

1
1.15

0.1

Current (Multiples of pickup)

69kV Load A
Load B Load C
Transformer 5 Curve Test - MiCOM P14DL

Figure 4-10. DOC Curve Test Results for MiCOM P14DL

As seen in Figure 4-10, the test curve behaves similarly with the theoretical test

curve. Although 4 test points is not within the 4% timing accuracy error, the system is

still coordinated with the other relays in the system.

The same test points used to test MiCOM P14DL were used in Schneider Electric

P127 testing since the relays have the same characteristic settings. The summary of the

test trip times is presented in Table 4-2.

 38

Table 4-2. Directional Overcurrent Relay Curve Test of Schneider

TRIP TIME
SECONDARY
COMPUTED ACCURACY
INJECTION TEST
TEST RESULTS USING SI CURVE ERROR
CURRENT
FOMULA
4.500 A 4.600 sec 4.480 sec 2.67 %
5.500 A 2.008 sec 1.956 sec 2.68 %
6.500 A 1.370 sec 1.330 sec 3.04 %
7.500 A 1.078 sec 1.043 sec 3.38 %
8.500 A 0.908 sec 0.877 sec 3.55 %
9.500 A 0.799 sec 0.768 sec 4.03 %
10.500 A 0.727 sec 0.691 sec 5.25 %
11.500 A 0.666 sec 0.633 sec 5.26 %
12.500 A 0.624 sec 0.587 sec 6.23 %

Like the test points in the previous relay, the accuracy error was computed to

determine if the tripped time is within the standard range. There are also 4 out of 9 points

that went out of range. The characteristic curve of the test set is represented by the light

green curve in Figure 4-11.

 39

100

10

operating time (seconds)

1
1.15

0.1

Current (Multiples of pickup)

69kV Load A Load B

Load C Transformer 5 Curve Test -Schneider

Figure 4-11. DOC Curve Test Results for Schneider Electric P127

It can be seen in Figure 4-11 that the test curve behaves like the theoretical curve

and is still coordinated with the other relays of the system.

After testing the curve trip settings, the testing of the directionality of the relay

was done using the Omicron Overcurrent Test. The test checked for trip time when

overcurrent occurs at each phase, in two phases and in three phases. There are 7 possible

overcurrent type (A-B, B-C, C-A, A-B-C, A, B, C) with 32 test points each totaling to

224 test points. The injected currents and its results can be seen in Appendix B for

MiCOM P14DL and Appendix F for Schneider Electric P127. The same currents are

injected in both relays but they produced different trip times. Sample test points are

shown in Figure 4-12 while its test result is seen in Figure 4-13 for MiCOM and Figure

4-14 for Schneider.

 40

Figure 4-12. Sample Test Points for directionality test of DOC.

The sample test points used A-B type overcurrent with angle of 0 degrees and 45

degrees. The magnitudes of current used in any degree of test point is 6.00A, 7.00A,

8.00A, and 9.00A. The minimum and maximum trip time can also be seen in the Figure

4-12. This range is used to assess the trip time of the test result. The test result of the

sample test points for MiCOM can be seen in Figure 4-13 and Figure 4-14 shows test

results for Schneider.

Figure 4-13. Sample test points of MiCOM P14DL test resuls for directionality
 41

Figure 4-14. Test result of sample test points for Schneider Electric P127.

The test points are also plotted in the test report. The test points are

illustrated through graphs with same angle and overcurrent type. A sample graph

for forward direction can be seen in Figure 4-15 while a reverse direction graph is

seen in Figure 4-16. These graphs represent both MiCOM and Schneider relays

test results.

Figure 4-15. Graph of A-B type fault at 0 degrees.

 42

Figure 4-16. Graph of A-B type fault at 90 degrees.

In Figure 4-15, the drak blue curve represents the ideal tcc of IEC standard

inverse curve. The light blue is the acceptable trip time range of the relay. At the

90degrees angle, the relays should trip since it is in forward direction. Figure 4-16 shows

a sample a relay that was injected with the currents, represented by green arrows, but

there is no tripping because the angle was in reverse direction. The graphs of the tested

angles that trip and did not trip is summarized in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3. Summarized trip results for different test angles.

Angle Trip Result

0 degrees Trip
45 degrees No Trip
90 degrees No Trip
135 degrees No Trip
180 degrees No Trip
-135 degrees Trip
-90 degrees Trip
-45 degrees Trip

All the types of overcurrent has the same response that is summarized in Table 4-

3. Overcurrent with angle difference from 45 degrees to 180 degrees showed no tripping

response while overcurrent with -135degrees to 0 degrees tripped. Overcurrent with 0

 43

degrees, -135 degrees, -90 degrees, and -45 degrees show forward direction overcurrent

which would result in a trip. This is presented in Figure 4-17.

Figure 4-17. Forward direction Tripping response of directional overcurrent

relays.

All the overcurrent that tripped in the test results showed overcurrent with

forward direction while reverse direction overcurrents have no response form the relays.

To include all the possible angles, Figure 4-18 show that shows all the correct tripping

angles in the forward operating region and reverse operating region at 30degrees RCA.
 44

Figure 4-18. Results of Directional Overcurrent Relay Test for Directionality

The summary in Table 4-3 can be represented by Figure 4-18. Based on Figure 4-

18, the trip results shown in Table 4-3 follow the appropriate trip settings with respect to

the direction of the overcurrent injected. It is necessary that the tests show correct

tripping with respect to the direction of the overcurrent so that proper discrimination is

achieved. The magnitude is important in determining the how fast the tripping response

time should be but the direction will determine the need for tripping and help provide the

correct discrimination of the overcurrents.

Directional Earth Fault

 45

The settings of the directional earth fault relay can be seen in table 3-3. Like the

directional overcurrent tests, two sets of tests were done. The use of Omicron QuickCMC

for the IDMT curve test and Omicron Overcurrent for the directionality test. A

comparison between the test results trip time and the computed can be seen in figure 4-3.

The analysis is the same for DOC and DEF test but different values was used.

The test results for Omicron QuickCMC of MiCOM relay can be seen in

Appendix C while Appendix G for Schneider relay. The DEF curve test considered 12

test points from 1.500A to 12.500A with 1.00A increment. A sample test point from

Appendix C can be seen in Figure 4-19 and Figure 4-20. This test point is also used to

test the Schneider relay.

Figure 4-19. Fault Calculator Settings for Sample Test Point for DEF

Figure 4-20. Phasor diagram of the sample test point for DEF

Figure 4-19 shows the values of an earth fault at phase A. Unlike the DOC

test points which used a three-phase overcurrent to test the curve settings of the
 46

relays, the DEF test points used an earth fault at phase A of the injected current.

Figure 4-20 shows the phasor diagram of the test point. The summary of all the

test points trip time of both relays can be seen in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4. Directional Earth Fault Relay Curve Test

TRIP TIME
SECONDARY
TEST RESULTS of COMPUTED
INJECTION TEST TEST RESULTS of
Schneider Electric USING SI CURVE
CURRENT MiCOM P14DL
P127 FOMULA
1.500 A 0.952 sec 0.952 sec 0.911 sec
2.500 A 0.581 sec 0.578 sec 0.542 sec
3.500 A 0.466 sec 0.467 sec 0.427 sec
4.500 A 0.406 sec 0.401 sec 0.369 sec
5.500 A 0.365 sec 0.363 sec 0.332 sec
6.500 A 0.339 sec 0.342 sec 0.307 sec
7.500 A 0.322 sec 0.321 sec 0.288 sec
8.500 A 0.304 sec 0.304 sec 0.273 sec
9.500 A 0.300 sec 0.299 sec 0.261 sec

To illustrate the test results, the MiCOM test result is graphed with the tcc of the

other relays in Figure 4-21 while Figure 4-22 shows the test result for Schneider.
 47

10

69kV (100ms) Transformer 5 Load A Load B Load C

Operating Time (seconds) 1

2

Curve Test - MiCOM P14DL

0.1

Current (multiples of pickup)

Figure 4-21. DEF curve test results for MiCOM P14DL

10

69kV (100ms) Transformer 5 Load A Load B Load C

Operating Time (seconds) 1

2

Curve Test -Schneider

0.1

Current (multiples of pickup)

 48

Figure 4-22. DEF curve test results for Schneider Electric P127.

Both graphs show that they follow the trend of the theoretical characteristic curve.

The difference in trip time for both relays as compared to the theoretical value gets larger

as the current increases. This becomes more ideal to the coordination since the

intersection point of the relay gets further from the pickup point.

The test for directionality of DEF is done using the same test in DOC, Omicron

Overcurrent Test. There are only 96 test points used; 32 test point for three earth fault

types (A-N, B-N, C-N). Sample test points use for directionality testing is shown in

Figure 4-23. The full results of the test can be seen in Appendix D for MiCOM P14DL

and Appendix H for Schneider Electric P127.

Figure 4-23. Sample test points for directionality of DEF

Like DOC the magnitude of the injected currents are the same. The maximum and

minimum trip time can also be seen in the figure above. The assesment of MiCOM

P14DL for this points is shown if Figure 4-24.

 49

Figure 4-24. Sample test points of MiCOM P14DL test results for directionality of DEF

From Figure 4-24, one test point failed the test. The test point tripped but because

the actual trip time of the relay is not within the range of acceptable trip time it failed the

test. The graph of the A-N type sample test is shown in Figure 4-25.

Figure 4-25. Graph of A-N type fault at 0 degrees.

Aside for the trip point presented in Figure 4-25 three more have failed the

test. All the failed test points for both MiCOM and Schneider is summarized in

Table 4-6.
 50

Table 4-6. Failed Test Points for Directionality of Earth Fault Relay

Type of Magnitud Trip Time

Relay Angle Trip Time (range)
Fault e (actual)
A-N MiCOM 8.00 A 0 degrees 327.1 ms 222.0 312.8 ms
B-N MiCOM 6.00 A -45 degrees 367.5 ms 271.6 366.8 ms
C-N MiCOM 6.00 A -45 degrees 367.5 ms 271.6 366.8 ms
A-N Schneider 6.00 A -90 degrees 368.2 ms 271.6 366.8 ms

Although the test points tripped in the right direction, the trip time was not

within the range. All the test points follow correct direction trippingin Table 4-3.

Figure 4-18 represents the same directions of both relays. the correct

directionalityIt is seen in Table 4-6 that the failed points are different in both

relays. This is the reason why parallel relays are placed for its protection so that if

one relay fails another relay can respond. The faster trip time between the relays

will result to the trip time of the circuit breaker. Since in any of the failed trip time

the other relay worked perfectly the whole line is still protected by the relays

commissioned by JEDDTECH.

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The correct settings of a feeder protection relay can be ensured by

functionality test done through secondary current injection test. Omicron Test

Universe proved to be a powerful tool in checking the characteristic settings of

the relay. For both directional overcurrent and directional earth fault, some test

points did not pass the acceptable timing accuracy difference. Generally, the curve

produced from the test points behave like IEC Standard Inverse curve. It can also
 51

be seen from the graphs that as the fault current increase the difference between

the test results and the computed increases. The accuracy of the relays trip time

decreases as the fault current increases.

The directionality was tested using Omicron Overcurrent Test Universe. In

the directional overcurrent relay, there are no test points that failed. While in the

directional earth fault, 3 points failed. These points failed the test because the trip

time was not within the range of the accepted trip time. All test points, even those

out of bounds within the accepted trip time range, showed correct directionality.
Although some test points trip time was not within the acceptable trip

time range, the test results of both DOC and DEF showed correct characteristic

settings. The general assessment, since the relay still showed correct characteristic

settings is that it passed the functionality test.

6. RECOMMENDATION

The use of the same characteristic curve should be implemented to ensure the

proper coordination among relays. The relays in the considered did not use same

characteristic curves. It would be better if the settings of the other relays in the power

system can be changed to properly coordinate.

The use of powerful simulation tools can also be implemented to check the

coordination of the system. The directional properties of the relays would easily be seen

in this simulations tools. It would be better if the upstream relays are also considered. The

installation of other relay protection elements can be performed to better the protection of

the power system.

 52

7. REFERENCES

ALSTOM GRID. (2011). Network Protection & Automation Guide. Alstom Grid.

American National Standard For Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage
Ratings (60 Hz). (2006). ANSI C84.1-2011.

ANSI/NEMA C84.1-2011. (2006). Electric Power Systems and EquipmentVoltage

Ratings. National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

Bakar, A. A., Ooi, B., Govindansamy, P., Tan, C., Illias, H. A., & Mokhlis, H. (2014).
Directional overcurrent and earth-fault protections for a biomass microgrid
system in Malaysia. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst.

Bakshi, U. A., & Bakshi, M. V. (2008). Protection and Switchgear. Pune, India: Technical
Publications Pune.

Bertrand, P. (1998). Directional Protection Equipment. Cahier Technique Schneider.

Birla, D., Maheshwari, R. P., & Gupta, H. O. (2006). A New Nonlinear Directional
Overcurrent Relay Coordination Technique, and Banes and Boons of Near-End
Faults Based Approach. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1176-1182.

Blackburn, J. L., & Domin, T. J. (2014). Protective Relaying: Principles and

Applications. New York: CRC Press.

Chung, J.-L., Lu, Y., Kao, W.-S., & Chou, C.-J. (2008). Study of Solving the
Coordination Curve Intersection of Inverse-Time Overcurrent Relays in
Subtransmission Systems. IEEE Trans. on Power, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 17801788.

Elmore, W. (2003), Protective Relaying Theory and Applications 2 nd ed. New York:
Marcel Dekker.

Gers, J. M., & Holmes, E. J. (2004). Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks. IEE
Power and Enery series 47.

Horak, J. (2006). Directional overcurrent relaying (67) concepts, in Proc.

59th IEEE Conf. Protective Relay Engineers,

Horowitz, S. H., & Phadke, A. G. (2008). Power System Relaying 3 rd ed.

doi:10.1002/9780470758786
 53

IEC TECHNICAL COMMITTEE. (2009). IEC 60255-151. Measuring relays and

protection equipment - Part 151: Functional requirement for over/under current
protection. Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

EEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY. (2009). IEEE Std C37.233-2009. IEEE Guide for
Power System Protection Testing. New York: Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2009.5352213

IEEE PES POWER SYSTEM RELAYING COMMITTEE. (2014). Considerations in

Choosing Directional Polarizing Methods for Ground Overcurrent Elements in
Line Protection Applications.

Martin, C., Chase, S., Nguyen, T.-X., Hawaz, D., Pope, J., & Labuschagne, C. (2005).
Bus Protection Considerations for Varous Bus Types. 69th Annual Georgia Tech
Protective Relaying Conference. Atlanta, Georgia.

WRIGHT, A. & CHRISTOPOULOS, C. (2013). Electrical power system protection (2 nd

ed.). [Electronic version]. Springer Science & Business Media
ZIEGLER, G. (2011). Numerical distance protection (4 th ed.). Erlangen: Publicis
Pub.

References
Alstom Grid. (2011). Network Protection & Automation Guide. Alstom Grid.

American National Standard For Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage
Ratings (60 Hz). (2006). ANSI C84.1-2011.

ANSI/NEMA C84.1-2011. (2006). Electric Power Systems and EquipmentVoltage

Ratings. National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

Bakar, A. A., Ooi, B., Govindansamy, P., Tan, C., Illias, H. A., & Mokhlis, H. (2014).
Directional overcurrent and earth-fault protections for a biomass microgrid
system in Malaysia. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst.

Bakshi, U. A., & Bakshi, M. V. (2008). Protection and Switchgear. Pune, India: Technical
Publications Pune.
 54

Bertrand, P. (1998). Directional Protection Equipment. Cahier Technique Schneider.

Birla, D., Maheshwari, R. P., & Gupta, H. O. (2006). A New Nonlinear Directional
Overcurrent Relay Coordination Technique, and Banes and Boons of Near-End
Faults Based Approach. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1176-1182.

Blackburn, J. L., & Domin, T. J. (2014). Protective Relaying: Principles and

Applications. New York: CRC Press.

Chung, J.-L., Lu, Y., Kao, W.-S., & Chou, C.-J. (2008). Study of Solving the
Coordination Curve Intersection of Inverse-Time Overcurrent Relays in
Subtransmission Systems. IEEE Trans. on Power, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 17801788.

Gatdula, D. L. (2008, February 1). philstar.com. Retrieved from The Philippine Star:
http://www.philstar.com/business/41908/meralco-takes-over-clark-power-firm

Gers, J. M., & Holmes, E. J. (2004). Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks. IEE
Power and Enery series 47.

IEEE PES POWER SYSTEM RELAYING COMMITTEE. (2014). Considerations in

Choosing Directional Polarizing Methods for Ground Overcurrent Elements in
Line Protection Applications.

Martin, C., Chase, S., Nguyen, T.-X., Hawaz, D., Pope, J., & Labuschagne, C. (2005).
Bus Protection Considerations for Varous Bus Types. 69th Annual Georgia Tech
Protective Relaying Conference. Atlanta, Georgia.