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For the fifth successive year, the growth of the Travel & Tourism sector in 2015 (2.8%) outpaced
that of the global economy (2.3%) and a number of other major sectors such as manufacturing
and retail. In total, Travel & Tourism generated US $7.2 trillion (9.8% of global GDP) and
supported 284 million jobs, equivalent to 1 in 11 jobs in the global economy.
The outlook for Travel & Tourism in 2016 remains robust, despite economic fragilities and other
sources of volatility in the wider market. The sectors GDP growth contribution is expected to
accelerate and again outpace growth of the wider economy. Stronger growth in 2016 is likely to
be underpinned by an improving global economy. The lowest oil prices in more than a decade
will continue to boost demand through lower transport costs, whilst household finances and
disposable income will benefit from reduced energy costs.
Through the last year, safety and security concerns have moved into the spotlight, and we have
to assume that these issues will continue to cause difficulties in the years ahead. We note that
the sector remains resilient and that governments are working hard to ensure the safety of
tourists and to minimise the impact of security threats. Incidents such as the ones we observed
with shock and sadness in recent months will not stop people travelling, as the world continues
to go about its business.
There are other factors which are influencing the flow of travellers around the world. Notably,
the strength of the US dollar relative to other currencies is shifting the price competitiveness
of destinations and will affect who travels where this year. Undoubtedly new developments
will emerge alongside these existing factors. Travel & Tourism is a key force for good, and it has
proven in the past that it is strong and adaptable enough to face any challenges. It will continue
to grow, to create jobs, and to bring economic and social benefits.
The Travel & Tourism sector is expected to grow faster than the wider economy and many
other industries over the next decade. It is anticipated to support over 370 million jobs by 2026.
Such strong growth will require tourism destinations across the world to provide environments
that are conducive to business development. It will require effective coordination between
public institutions and the private sector around the world.
WTTC is proud to contribute the evidence base required for public and private bodies to make
the right decisions for the future growth of a sustainable Travel & Tourism sector.
David Scowsill
President & CEO
FOREWORD
GLOSSARY 15
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE 16
VISITOR EXPORTS
Visitor exports generated IDR158,937.0bn (6.4% of total exports) in 2015. This is forecast to
grow by 1.0% in 2016, and grow by 6.6% pa, from 2016-2026, to IDR303,745.0bn in 2026 (7.8%
of total).
INVESTMENT
Travel & Tourism investment in 2015 was IDR188,208.0bn, or 5.0% of total investment. It should
rise by 7.0% in 2016, and rise by 6.9% pa over the next ten years to IDR391,703.0bn in 2026
(5.7% of total).
1All values are in constant 2015 prices & exchange rates
15 93 21 33
ABSOLUTE RELATIVE SIZE GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH
Size in 2015 Contribution to GDP in 2015 2016 forecast Forecast 2016-2026
2,500,000
239,784
2,000,000
488,697
1,500,000
Employment
379,452
('000)
1,000,000
3,468
500,000 4,352
2,464
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
Travel & Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. As well as its direct economic
impact, the sector has significant indirect and induced impacts. The UN Statistics Division-approved Tourism Satellite
Accounting methodology (TSA:RMF 2008) quantifies only the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism. WTTC recognises
that Travel & Tourism's total contribution is much greater however, and aims to capture its indirect and induced
impacts through its annual research.
DIRECT CONTRIBUTION
The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP reflects the internal spending on Travel & Tourism (total spending
within a particular country on Travel & Tourism by residents and non-residents for business and leisure purposes) as
well as government 'individual' spending - spending by government on Travel & Tourism services directly linked to
visitors, such as cultural (eg museums) or recreational (eg national parks).
The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated to be consistent with the output, as expressed in
National Accounting, of tourism-characteristic sectors such as hotels, airlines, airports, travel agents and leisure
and recreation services that deal directly with tourists.The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated
from total internal spending by netting out the purchases made by the different tourism industries. This measure is
consistent with the definition of Tourism GDP, specified in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended
Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008).
TOTAL CONTRIBUTION
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism includes its wider impacts (ie the indirect and induced impacts) on the economy.
The indirect contribution includes the GDP and jobs supported by:
Travel & Tourism investment spending an important aspect of both current and future activity that includes
investment activity such as the purchase of new aircraft and construction of new hotels;
Government 'collective' spending, which helps Travel & Tourism activity in many different ways as it is made on
behalf of the community at large eg tourism marketing and promotion, aviation,
administration, security services, resort area security services, resort area sanitation services, etc;
Domestic purchases of goods and services by the sectors dealing directly with tourists - including, for example,
purchases of food and cleaning services by hotels, of fuel and catering services by airlines, and IT services by
travel agents.
The induced contribution measures the GDP and jobs supported by the spending of those who are directly or indirectly
employed by the Travel & Tourism sector.
The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 5.3% pa to IDR668,080.0bn (3.3% of
GDP) by 2026.
700,000 3.5
600,000 3.0
500,000 2.5
400,000 2.0
300,000 1.5
200,000 1.0
100,000 0.5
0 0.0
2026
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including wider effects from investment, the supply chain and
induced income impacts, see page 2) was IDR1,107,930.0bn in 2015 (9.6% of GDP) and is expected to grow
by 5.5% to IDR1,168,770.0bn (9.6% of GDP) in 2016.
It is forecast to rise by 5.8% pa to IDR2,058,480.0bn by 2026 (10.1% of GDP).
2,500,000 12.0
10.0
2,000,000
8.0
1,500,000
6.0
1,000,000
4.0
500,000
2.0
0 0.0
2015 2016 2026
2026
2026 2015 2016 2026
2026
1
All values are in constant 2015 prices & exchange rates
By 2026, Travel & Tourism will account for 4,154,000 jobs directly, an increase of 1.6% pa over the next ten
years.
4,500.0 3.5
4,000.0
3.0
3,500.0
2.5
3,000.0
2.0
2,500.0
2,000.0 1.5
1,500.0
1.0
1,000.0
0.5
500.0
0.0 0.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
2026
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment (including wider effects from investment, the supply
chain and induced income impacts, see page 2) was 10,284,000 jobs in 2015 (8.7% of total employment). This is
forecast to rise by 2.6% in 2016 to 10,547,000 jobs (8.7% of total employment).
By 2026, Travel & Tourism is forecast to support 12,838,000 jobs (9.2% of total employment), an increase of
2.0% pa over the period.
INDONESIA: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO EMPLOYMENT
14,000.0 10.0
9.0
12,000.0
8.0
10,000.0 7.0
6.0
8,000.0
5.0
6,000.0
4.0
4,000.0 3.0
2.0
2,000.0
1.0
0.0 0.0
2015 2016 2026
2026 2015 2016 2026
2026
Direct Indirect Induced Direct Indirect Induced
By 2026, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 21,210,000, generating expenditure of IDR303,745.0bn,
an increase of 6.6% pa.
8.0
300,000
20
7.0
250,000
6.0
15
200,000
5.0
150,000
10
4.0
100,000
3.0
5
50,000
2.0
0 0 1.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
0.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
Foreign visitor exports (LHS)
Foreign tourist arrivals (RHS)
INVESTMENT
Travel & Tourism is expected to have attracted capital investment of IDR188,208.0bn in 2015. This is expected
to rise by 7.0% in 2016, and rise by 6.9% pa over the next ten years to IDR391,703.0bn in 2026.
Travel & Tourisms share of total national investment will rise from 5.0% in 2016 to 5.7% in 2026.
450,000 6.0
400,000
5.0
350,000
300,000 4.0
250,000
3.0
200,000
150,000 2.0
100,000
1.0
50,000
0 0.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2026
2026
1
All values are in constant 2015 prices & exchange rates
72.8%
Leisure travel spending is expected to grow by
5.2% in 2016 to IDR504,690.0bn, and rise by 5.9%
Business spending pa to IDR896,822.0bn in 2026.
27.2%
Business travel spending is expected to grow by
6.7% in 2016 to IDR191,631.0bn, and rise by 3.1%
pa to IDR260,055.0bn in 2026.
Indonesia
Travel & Tourism's Contribution to GDP:
Domestic vs Foreign, 2015
Domestic travel spending generated 75.9% of
direct Travel & Tourism GDP in 2015 compared
with 24.1% for visitor exports (ie foreign visitor
Foreign visitor spending
spending or international tourism receipts).
24.1%
Domestic travel spending is expected to grow by
Domestic spending
7.0% in 2016 to IDR535,803.0bn, and rise by 4.8%
75.9% pa to IDR853,132.0bn in 2026.
Indonesia
Breakdown of Travel & Tourism's Total Contribution to GDP, 2015
The Travel & Tourism industry contributes to GDP
Direct
and employment in many ways as detailed on
page 2.
34.2%
Induced
Indirect
44.1%
Indirect is the sum of:
(a) Supply chain
22.4%
(b) Investment b
13.8% c
(c) Government collective
7.9%
1
All values are in constant 2015 prices & exchange rates
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2015 Travel & Tourism's Total 2015
Contribution to GDP (US$bn) Contribution to GDP (US$bn)
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2015 Travel & Tourism's Total 2015
Contribution to Employment '000 jobs Contribution to Employment '000 jobs
The tables on pages 7-10 provide provide brief extracts from the full WTTC Country League Table Rankings, highlighting comparisons with
competing destinations as well as with the world and regional average. Averages in above tables are simple cross-country averages.
The competing destinations selected are those that offer a similar tourism product and compete for tourists from the same set of origin markets.
These tend to be, but are not exclusively, geographical neighbours.
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2015 Travel & Tourism's Total 2015
Contribution to GDP % share Contribution to GDP % share
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2015 Travel & Tourism's Total 2015
Contribution to Employment % share Contribution to Employment % share
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2016 Travel & Tourism's Total 2016
Contribution to GDP % growth Contribution to GDP % growth
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2016 Travel & Tourism's Total 2016
Contribution to Employment % growth Contribution to Employment % growth
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2016 - 2026 Travel & Tourism's Total 2016 - 2026
Contribution to GDP % growth pa Contribution to GDP % growth pa
Travel & Tourism's Direct 2016 - 2026 Travel & Tourism's Total 2016 - 2026
Contribution to Employment % growth pa Contribution to Employment % growth pa
Travel & Tourism Investment 2016 - 2026 Visitor Exports 2016 - 2026
Contribution to Capital Investment % growth pa Contribution to Exports % growth pa
% of total refers to each indicator's share of the relevant whole economy indicator such as GDP and employment. Visitor exports is shown relative to total exports of goods and
Domestic spending is expressed relative to whole economy GDP. For leisure and business spending, their direct contribution to Travel & Tourism GDP is calculated as a share of
whole economy GDP (the sum of these shares equals the direct contribution). Investment is relative to whole economy investment.
Indonesia
(IDRbn, real 2015 prices) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016E 2026F
1. Visitor exports 88,498 94,372 101,689 117,678 142,540 158,937 160,517 303,745
Domestic expenditure
2. 365,264 377,534 414,697 429,364 472,342 500,571 535,803 853,132
(includes government individual spending)
including imported goods -191,174 -200,293 -219,562 -234,229 -260,750 -280,056 -296,062 -488,797
(supply chain)
5. Direct contribution of
Travel & Tourism to GDP 262,588 271,613 296,824 312,813 354,132 379,452 400,258 668,080
(= 3 + 4)
(indirect & induced) 176,679 182,752 199,715 210,473 238,274 255,310 269,309 449,511
7. Capital investment 130,403 146,328 161,530 170,686 177,735 188,208 201,441 391,703
8. Government collective spending 62,823 67,332 73,157 79,717 84,365 90,068 95,987 177,185
9. Imported goods from indirect spending -25,504 -30,963 -35,743 -39,200 -37,988 -44,892 -51,756 -82,791
10. Induced 167,984 173,519 186,352 196,878 219,622 239,784 253,531 454,792
12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to 2,823.6 2,730.7 2,947.6 3,078.7 3,363.4 3,468.4 3,558.6 4,154.1
employment
Other indicators
82,416 76,384 83,075 101,491 109,264 116,655 128,963 396,176
14. Expenditure on outbound travel
Indonesia
(IDRbn, nominal prices) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016E 2026F
1. Visitor exports 68,988 79,056 88,417 107,098 136,743 158,937 166,511 464,170
Domestic expenditure
2. 284,741 316,260 360,574 390,763 453,133 500,571 555,811 1,303,720
(includes government individual spending)
including imported goods -149,029 -167,786 -190,907 -213,171 -250,146 -280,056 -307,118 -746,960
(supply chain)
5. Direct contribution of
Travel & Tourism to GDP 204,700 227,530 258,084 284,690 339,730 379,452 415,204 1,020,930
(= 3 + 4)
(indirect & induced) 137,730 153,091 173,649 191,551 228,584 255,311 279,366 686,925
7. Capital investment 101,655 122,579 140,449 155,341 170,507 188,208 208,963 598,585
8. Government collective spending 48,973 56,404 63,609 72,550 80,934 90,068 99,571 270,767
9. Imported goods from indirect spending -19,881 -25,938 -31,077 -35,676 -36,447 -44,890 -53,687 -126,527
10. Induced 130,952 145,356 162,030 179,179 210,690 239,784 262,998 694,995
12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to 2,823.6 2,730.7 2,947.6 3,078.7 3,363.4 3,468.4 3,558.6 4,154.1
employment
Other indicators
64,247 63,986 72,233 92,367 104,820 116,655 133,778 605,420
14. Expenditure on outbound travel
*Concepts shown in this table align with the standard table totals as described in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended
Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD), the Statistical Office
of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO).
Historical data for concepts has been benchmarked to match reported TSA data where available.
Indonesia
2
Growth1 (%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016E 2026F
1. Visitor exports 2.8 6.6 7.8 15.7 21.1 11.5 1.0 6.6
Domestic expenditure
2. 0.6 3.4 9.8 3.5 10.0 6.0 7.0 4.8
(includes government individual spending)
including imported goods 1.6 4.8 9.6 6.7 11.3 7.4 5.7 5.1
(supply chain)
5. Direct contribution of
Travel & Tourism to GDP 0.6 3.4 9.3 5.4 13.2 7.1 5.5 5.3
(= 3 + 4)
(indirect & induced) 0.6 3.4 9.3 5.4 13.2 7.1 5.5 5.3
7. Capital investment -6.3 12.2 10.4 5.7 4.1 5.9 7.0 6.9
8. Government collective spending 2.4 7.2 8.7 9.0 5.8 6.8 6.6 6.3
9. Imported goods from indirect spending 2.4 7.1 10.2 7.0 8.4 9.0 7.5 5.4
10. Induced -1.1 3.3 7.4 5.6 11.6 9.2 5.7 6.0
12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to -3.1 -3.3 7.9 4.4 9.2 3.1 2.6 1.6
employment
Other indicators
3.3 -7.3 8.8 22.2 7.7 6.8 10.6 11.9
14. Expenditure on outbound travel
1 2
2009-2014 real annual growth adjusted for inflation (%); 2015-2025 annualised real growth adjusted for inflation (%)
TRAVEL & TOURISM and government individual spending. This does not include spending
Relates to the activity of travellers on trips outside their usual abroad by residents. This is consistent with total internal tourism
environment with a duration of less than one year. Economic activity expenditure in table 4 of the TSA: RMF 2008.
related to all aspects of such trips is measured within the research.
BUSINESS TRAVEL & TOURISM SPENDING
DIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO GDP Spending on business travel within a country by residents and
GDP generated by industries that deal directly with tourists, including international visitors.
hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transport services,
as well as the activities of restaurant and leisure industries that LEISURE TRAVEL & TOURISM SPENDING
deal directly with tourists. It is equivalent to total internal Travel & Spending on leisure travel within a country by residents and
Tourism spending (see below) within a country less the purchases international visitors.
made by those industries (including imports). In terms of the UNs
Tourism Satellite Account methodology it is consistent with total
GDP calculated in table 6 of the TSA: RMF 2008. INDIRECT AND INDUCED IMPACTS
DIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO EMPLOYMENT INDIRECT CONTRIBUTION
The number of direct jobs within Travel & Tourism. This is consistent The contribution to GDP and jobs of the following three factors:
with total employment calculated in table 7 of the TSA: RMF 2008.
CAPITAL INVESTMENT: Includes capital investment spending
TOTAL CONTRIBUTION TO GDP by all industries directly involved in Travel & Tourism. This
GDP generated directly by the Travel & Tourism sector plus its also constitutes investment spending by other industries on
indirect and induced impacts (see below). specific tourism assets such as new visitor accommodation
and passenger transport equipment, as well as restaurants and
TOTAL CONTRIBUTION TO EMPLOYMENT leisure facilities for specific tourism use. This is consistent with
The number of jobs generated directly in the Travel & Tourism sector total tourism gross fixed capital formation in table 8 of the TSA:
plus the indirect and induced contributions (see below). RMF 2008.
In addition to producing data on 184 countries, WTTC also produces reports on 24 other regions, sub-regions and economic and geographic
groups. This year, there are 8 reports for special economic and geographic groups.
SUB-REGION
SUB REGION
SUB REGION
SUB REGION
REGION
REGION
REGION
REGION
COUNTRY COUNTRY COUNTRY COUNTRY
NORTHEAST ASIA
Libya Aruba Hong Kong Malta
Morocco Bahamas South Korea
Netherlands
Macau
EUROPEAN UNION
Tunisia Barbados Poland
Angola Taiwan
Bermuda Portugal
Benin Mongolia
Cayman Islands Romania
Botswana Australia
Cuba Slovakia
Burkina Faso New Zealand
Former Netherlands Antilles Slovenia
Burundi Fiji
Dominica Spain
Kiribati
OCEANIA
Cameroon
CARIBBEAN
Dominican Republic
Other Oceania Sweden
Cape Verde
Grenada Papua New Guinea
Central African Republic UK
Guadeloupe Solomon Islands
Chad Albania
ASIA-PACIFIC
Haiti Tonga
Comoros Armenia
Jamaica Vanuatu
Democratic Republic of Congo Azerbaijan
EUROPE
Martinique Bangladesh
Ethiopia Belarus
Puerto Rico India
SOUTH ASIA
Cambodia Macedonia
Lesotho US Virgin Islands
SOUTHEAST ASIA (ASEAN)
Indonesia Moldova
Madagascar Argentina
SUB-SAHARAN
Laos Montenegro
Malawi Belize
Malaysia Norway
Mali Bolivia
Myanmar
Russian Federation
Mauritius Brazil Philippines
Mozambique Serbia
Chile Singapore
Namibia Switzerland
Colombia Thailand
Niger Turkey
Costa Rica Vietnam
Nigeria Ukraine
El Salvador Austria
LATIN AMERICA
Seychelles Denmark
Panama Jordan
EUROPE
MIDDLE EAST
WTTC promotes sustainable growth for the sector, working with governments and
international institutions to create jobs, to drive exports and to generate prosperity. Council
Members are the Chairs, Presidents and Chief Executives of the worlds leading, private
sector Travel & Tourism businesses.
Together with its research partner, Oxford Economics, WTTC produces annual research
that shows Travel & Tourism to be one of the worlds largest sectors, supporting 285 million
jobs and generating 9.8% of global GDP in 2015. Comprehensive reports quantify, compare
and forecast the economic impact of Travel & Tourism on 184 economies around the world.
In addition to the individual country reports, WTTC produces a world report highlighting
global trends and 24 further reports that focus on regions, sub-regions and economic and
geographic groups. To download reports or data, please visit www.wttc.org
For more information, please take advantage of a free trial on our website,
www.oxfordeconomics.com or contact Courtney Egan, Director of Business Development,
Oxford Economics Ltd, Broadwall House, 21 Broadwall, London SE1 9PL.
Email: cegan@oxfordeconomics.com
TRAVEL PAYS
HOW MONEY TRAVELS
THE AUTHORITY ON WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM
WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL (WTTC), THE HARLEQUIN BUILDING, 65 Southwark Street, London SE1 0HR, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 207 481 8007 | Fax: +44 (0) 207 488 1008 | Email: enquiries@wttc.org | www.wttc.org