Lecture 1 - Business Calculus - Functions, Domain, Range

FUNCTIONS, DOMAIN, RANGE
Business Calculus
John Justin C. Mesias

College of Business and Accountancy
National University
19 June 2015 (Friday)
J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 1 / 35

Outline
1 Relations and Functions
2 Functions
Domain, Range
One-to-one, Onto Functions
3 Function Presentation
4 Function Notation
5 Function Evaluation
6 Finding Domain and Range

Relations and Functions
Outline
2 Functions
Domain, Range
4 Function Notation

Relations and Functions Introduction
Introduction
Many relationships in life involve two variables in such a way

that the value of one depends on the value of the other.

Introduction

For example,

Introduction

For example,
the tax of a person depends on his income

Introduction

For example,
the distance travelled by a car in a given time depends on its
speed

Introduction

For example,
the distance travelled by a car in a given time depends on its
speed
in the area of a circle, A = r2 , area A depends on radius r

Introduction
One particular observation that we can have from these

relationships is that

Introduction

for every value of independent variable, there corresponds

Introduction


one and only one value of the dependent variable.

Introduction


This type of correspondence is called function.

Introduction


This type of correspondence is called function. Otherwise, its a

relation.

Introduction


This type of correspondence is called function. Otherwise, its a

relation.
Definition: RELATION
A relation is just a set of ordered pairs.

Functions
Outline
2 Functions
Domain, Range
4 Function Notation

Functions Definition
Functions
Definition: FUNCTION

Functions
A function f from a set X into a set Y is a correspondence that
assigns to each element x in X exactly one element y in Y .

Functions
It is a relation in which there are no two ordered pairs having

the same first element.

Functions

We call y the image of x under f and denote it by f (x).

Functions

We call y the image of x under f and denote it by f (x).
The domain of f is the set X, and the range consists of all

images of elements in X.

Functions Examples

Functions Examples
This is a FUNCTION.
Functions Examples

Functions Examples
This is NOT a FUNCTION.

Functions Examples

Functions Examples
This is a FUNCTION.
Functions Summary
To summarize:
Given the following correspondence between X and Y ,

Functions Summary
To summarize:
it is a FUNCTION if...

Functions Summary
To summarize:
one to one

Functions Summary
To summarize:
one to one
many to one

Functions Summary
To summarize:
one to one
many to one

Functions Summary
To summarize:
one to one
many to one
it is NOT A FUNCTION or just a RELATION if...

Functions Summary
To summarize:
one to one
many to one
it is NOT A FUNCTION or just a RELATION if...
one to many

Functions Domain, Range
Functions
Definition: DOMAIN, RANGE

Functions

A function is a relationship between two variables such that to
each value of the independent variable, there corresponds exactly one
value of the dependent variable.

Functions

The domain of the function is the set of all values of the

independent variable for which the function is defined.

Functions

The domain of the function is the set of all values of the

independent variable for which the function is defined. The range of
the function is the set of all values taken on by the dependent
variable.

Functions One-to-one, Onto Functions
Functions
Definition: ONE-TO-ONE, ONTO FUNCTIONS

Functions

A function is said to be one-to-one if to each value in its
range, there corresponds exactly one value in its domain.

Functions

A function is said to be one-to-one if to each value in its
range, there corresponds exactly one value in its domain.
If the range of f consists of all of Y , then the function is said to

be onto.

Examples: One-to-One, Onto Functions

Note:
A one-to-one (1-1) function is also called an injective function.

Note:
An onto function is also called a surjective function.

Note:
An onto function is also called a surjective function.
If a function is both 1-1 and onto, it is called a bijective
function.

Functions Recitation
RECITATION: Function, Relation, 1-1, Onto

Tell whether the following is a function or a relation.
1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)}


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)}


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function
Tell whether the following is 1-1, onto, or neither.

Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; Range: {a, b, c, d, e, f }
4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)}


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function

4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} 1-1


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function

4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} 1-1
5 E = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (1, d), (1, e), (1, f )}


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function

4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} 1-1
5 E = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (1, d), (1, e), (1, f )} onto


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function

4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} 1-1
5 E = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (1, d), (1, e), (1, f )} onto
6 F = {(1, f ), (2, f ), (3, f ), (4, f ), (5, f ), (6, f )}


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function

4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} 1-1
5 E = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (1, d), (1, e), (1, f )} onto
6 F = {(1, f ), (2, f ), (3, f ), (4, f ), (5, f ), (6, f )} neither


1 A = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} Function
2 B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)} Relation
3 C = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} Function

4 D = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} 1-1
5 E = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (1, d), (1, e), (1, f )} onto
6 F = {(1, f ), (2, f ), (3, f ), (4, f ), (5, f ), (6, f )} neither
Note: Technically, E is just a relation. But for the sake of example, it
was assumed that all of them are functions. So, its onto.
Function Presentation
Outline
2 Functions
Domain, Range
4 Function Notation


Functions can be presented in a variety of ways.


1 roster form of set where the elements are ordered pairs


2 rule form


2 rule form
3 tabulated form


2 rule form
3 tabulated form
4 Venn diagram


2 rule form
3 tabulated form
4 Venn diagram
5 graphical form

Examples: Functions Presentation


1. Roster Form of Set


T = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}


T = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
2. Rule Form


T = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
2. Rule Form
T = {(x, y)|y = x + 1, x [1, 5]}


T = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
2. Rule Form
T = {(x, y)|y = x + 1, x [1, 5]}
T is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that y is equal to x plus 1,
and x is from 1 to 5.


T = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
2. Rule Form
T = {(x, y)|y = x + 1, x [1, 5]}
3. Table Form


T = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
2. Rule Form
T = {(x, y)|y = x + 1, x [1, 5]}
3. Table Form
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 3 4 5 6


4. Venn Diagram


4. Venn Diagram


4. Venn Diagram
5. Graphical Form


4. Venn Diagram
5. Graphical Form

Function Notation
Outline
2 Functions
Domain, Range
4 Function Notation

Function Notation
Functions Notation
Function are illustrated in different ways; however we will

concentrate primarily on functions that are given in equations with
dependent and independent variables.

Function Notation
Functions Notation

We can evaluate functions described by an equation by

generally isolating the dependent variable on the left side of the
equation.

Function Notation
Functions Notation


equation.
For instance, we write the equation x + 3y = 1 as y = 1x 3
.
With y being a function of x, we write

Function Notation
Functions Notation


equation.
For instance, we write the equation x + 3y = 1 as y = 1x 3
.
With y being a function of x, we write

f (x) = 1x
3
.

Function Notation Examples
Examples: Function Notation
1. 3x + 5y = 15

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x
y = 153x
5

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x
y = 153x
5
f(x) = 153x
5

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x
y = 153x
5
f(x) = 153x
5
2. 5x + 2y 4 = 0

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x
y = 153x
5
f(x) = 153x
5
2. 5x + 2y 4 = 0
5x + 2y 4 = 0 2y = 4-5x

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x
y = 153x
5
f(x) = 153x
5
2. 5x + 2y 4 = 0
5x + 2y 4 = 0 2y = 4-5x
y = 45x
2

1. 3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15 5y = 15-3x
y = 153x
5
f(x) = 153x
5
2. 5x + 2y 4 = 0
5x + 2y 4 = 0 2y = 4-5x
y = 45x
2
f(x) = 45x
2

Function Evaluation
Outline
2 Functions
Domain, Range
4 Function Notation

Function Evaluation
Function Evaluation
The function notation f (x) = 1x 3

defined the dependent
variable as f (x) which also indicates that x is the independent
variable and the function itself is called f .

Function Evaluation
Function Evaluation
The function notation f (x) = 1x 3

defined the dependent
variable as f (x) which also indicates that x is the independent
variable and the function itself is called f .
The symbol f (x) is read as f of x thus, the notation f (3) is

the same as saying what is the value of y when x has a value of 3?

Function Evaluation Examples
Examples: Function Evaluation
1x
1. Find f (3) given f (x) = 3
.

1x
.
Solution:

1x
.
Solution:
1x 13 2
f (x) = 3
f (3) = 3
= 3

1x
.
Solution:
1x 13 2
f (x) = 3
f (3) = 3
= 3
2.Find f (2) given f (x) = 3x2 4x + 2.

1x
.
Solution:
1x 13 2
f (x) = 3
f (3) = 3
= 3
2.Find f (2) given f (x) = 3x2 4x + 2.
Solution:

1x
.
Solution:
1x 13 2
f (x) = 3
f (3) = 3
= 3
2.Find f (2) given f (x) = 3x2 4x + 2.
Solution:
f (x) = 3x2 4x + 2
f (2) = 3(2)2 4(2) + 2 = 3(4) + 8 + 2 = 22

IMPORTANT NOTE
NOTE

IMPORTANT NOTE
NOTE
Although f (x) is generally used as a convenient function name
and x as the independent variable, other equations using different
variables like f (g) = 3g 2 4g + 2 and f (m) = 3m2 4m + 2 define
the same function as f (x) = 3x2 4x + 2.

BOARDWORK
BOARDWORK: Function Evaluation

BOARDWORK
Given f (x) = x2 + 5, evaluate the following:

BOARDWORK
Given f (x) = x2 + 5, evaluate the following:
1. f (2a)
2. f (c 1)
3. f (x+x) f (x)

Finding Domain and Range
Outline
2 Functions
Domain, Range
4 Function Notation

Finding the Domain and Range of a Function
Domain is the set of all x where the function is defined,

while range is composed of the function values at all the x.


Example:
1
1. f (x) = x


Example:
1. f (x) = x1
The function holds for any x not zero, so the domain is all real
numbers except zero. Similarly, the range is all reals except zero.

Example:
2. Determine the domain and range for the function of x defined by

Example:
2. Determine the domain and
range for the function of x defined by
f (x) = y = x 2

Example:
f (x) = y = x 2

Since x 2 is not defined for x 2 < 0 (that is, for x < 2, we can
say that the domain of the function is the interval

Example:
f (x) = y = x 2

x 2 or [2, ].

Example:
f (x) = y = x 2

x 2 or [2, ].
For the range, we will see that it will always po positive for any x, so
the range will be

Example:
f (x) = y = x 2

x 2 or [2, ].
For the range, we will see that it will always po positive for any x, so
the range will be
y 0 or [0, ].

References
M.T. Arce et al., Calculus for Business

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic function
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcnnot3.htm
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcncomp6.htm
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/invrsfcn7.htm
http://vasaresinusoidalwaves.weebly.com/getting-started.html

END
End of Lecture 1.
Instructor:
John Justin C. Mesias
College of Business and Accountancy
National University
19 June 2015

Seatwork 1
Seatwork 1
Get your activity notebook.
Take 5min to study.
Seatwork 1 Coverage: Function Evaluation, Solving Domain and Range

Seatwork 1
S.W.1: Functions, Relations, Domain, Range

Given the functions, solve what is asked.
1 If f (x) = 3x 2, find f (x 4).
2 If f (x) = 3x2 2x + 2, find f (5).

3 If f (x) = x + 2, find f (x + x).
4 At x = 3, what is the value of f (x) = 2x
3
+ 1.
1 1
5 What is f (x) = x at x = 2 ?
Give the domain and range of the following functions:
6 f (x) = x
1
7 g(x) = 2x
8 h(x) = 1
(x)

9 i(x) = x
10 j(x) = x2

Lecture 1 - Business Calculus - Functions, Domain, Range

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FUNCTIONS, DOMAIN, RANGE

John Justin C. Mesias

19 June 2015 (Friday)

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 1 / 35

6 Finding Domain and Range

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 2 / 35

6 Finding Domain and Range

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 3 / 35

Many relationships in life involve two variables in such a way

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 4 / 35

Many relationships in life involve two variables in such a way

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 4 / 35

Many relationships in life involve two variables in such a way

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 4 / 35

Many relationships in life involve two variables in such a way

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 4 / 35

Many relationships in life involve two variables in such a way

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 4 / 35

One particular observation that we can have from these

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 5 / 35

One particular observation that we can have from these

for every value of independent variable, there corresponds

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 5 / 35

One particular observation that we can have from these

for every value of independent variable, there corresponds

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 5 / 35

One particular observation that we can have from these

for every value of independent variable, there corresponds

This type of correspondence is called function.

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 5 / 35

One particular observation that we can have from these

for every value of independent variable, there corresponds

This type of correspondence is called function. Otherwise, its a

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 5 / 35

One particular observation that we can have from these

for every value of independent variable, there corresponds

This type of correspondence is called function. Otherwise, its a

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 5 / 35

6 Finding Domain and Range

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 6 / 35

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 7 / 35

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 7 / 35

It is a relation in which there are no two ordered pairs having

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 7 / 35

It is a relation in which there are no two ordered pairs having

We call y the image of x under f and denote it by f (x).

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 7 / 35

It is a relation in which there are no two ordered pairs having

We call y the image of x under f and denote it by f (x).

The domain of f is the set X, and the range consists of all

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 7 / 35

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 8 / 35

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 9 / 35

This is NOT a FUNCTION.

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 10 / 35

Given the following correspondence between X and Y ,

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 11 / 35

Given the following correspondence between X and Y ,

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 11 / 35

Given the following correspondence between X and Y ,

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 11 / 35

Given the following correspondence between X and Y ,

J.J.C. Mesias (National University) Business Calculus: Functions,Domain,Range Lecture 1: 19June2015 11 / 35