SS/164

T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD.

STRUCTURAL STEELWORK SPECIFICATION

 SS/165
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

1.0 GENERAL

1.1 This specification is to be read in conjunction with the conditions of contract, the General
Specification and all other specifications and drawings.

1.2 The Contractor shall supply, fabricate and erect all steelwork shown on the drawings, all in
accordance with these specifications.

1.3 The Contractor shall allow for all necessary operations, including hoisting and fixing in
position; and shall supply all tools, machinery and appliances, including drift pins and fitting-up
bolts, necessary for the expeditious handling of the work. The suitability and capacity of all
plant and equipment used for erection shall be subjected to approval of the Engineer.

2.0 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE

2.1 Unless otherwise specified herein, all structural steelwork and testing shall comply with the
relevant clauses of the following British Standards and other references that are current at the
date of the tender:

AISC Manual of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction

AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code, American Welding Society

FSB Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings: 1991, Fire Safety
Bureau, Singapore Joint Civil Defence Forces

SS 6 Red Lead Based Primer for Iron and Steel Surfaces

SS CP 8 Use of Manual Metal-Arc Welding in Steel Building Construction

BS 4 Structural Steel Sections : Part 1 Hot Rolled Sections

BS EN 287-1 Approval Testing of Welders Working to Approved Welding Procedures :

Part 1 Fusion Welding of Steel

BS EN 288 Specification and Approval of Welding Procedures for Metallic Materials

BS 449 Specification for the Use of Structural Steel in Building

BS EN 499 Covered Electrodes for the Manual Metal-Arc Welding of Carbon and
Carbon Manganese Steels

BS EN 571 Method for Penetrant Flaw Detection

BS 648 Schedule of Weights of Building Materials

BS 729 Hot-Dip Galvanised Coatings on Iron and Steel

BS EN 970 Code of Practice for Visual Inspection of Fusion Weld Joints

SS/1
 SS/166
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

2.0 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE - contd

BS 1140 Specification for Resistance Sport Welding of Uncoated and Coated Low
Carbon Steel

BS EN 1435 Non-Destructive Examination of Weld - Radiographic Examination of

Welded Joints

BS 1449 Steel Plate Sheet Strip

BS EN 1714 Ultrasonic Examination of Weld Joints

BS 2994 Cold Rolled Steel Sections

BS 3083 Hot Dipped Galvanised Corrugated Steel Sheets for General Purposes

BS 3293 Methods for Ultrasonic Examination of Weld of Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges
for the Petroleum Industry

BS 3571 MIG Welding

BS 3692 Specification for Isometric Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts

BS 4190 Isometric Black Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts

BS 4320 Meta; Washers for General Engineering Purposes

BS 4395 High Strength Friction Grip Bolts and Associated Nuts and Washers for
Structural Engineering

BS 4604 The use of High Strength Friction Grip Holts in Structural Steelwork (Metric
Series)

BS 4848 Hot Rolled Structural Steel Sections: Part 4 Equal and Unequal Angles

BS 4870:Part 3 Specification for Approval Testing of Welding Procedures

BS 4871:Part 3 Specification for Approval Testing of Welders Working to Approved

Welding Procedures

BS 5135 Metal-Arc Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steels

BS 5493 Code of Practice for Protective Coating of Iron and Steel Structures
Against Corrosion

BS 5531 Safety in Erecting Structural Frames

BS 5950 The Structural Use of Steel Work in Building

BS 6072 Method for Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection

BS 6323 Steel Tubes for Mechanical, Structural and General Engineering Purposes

SS/2
 SS/167
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

2.0 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE - contd

BS 7079 Surface Finish of Blast-Cleaned Steel for Painting - Equivalent Code : SIS
05 59 00 (Swedish Std) and SSPC (Steel Structures Painting Council)

BS 7419 Specification for Holding Down Bolts

BS 7644 Direct Tension Indicators

BS EN 10025 Hot Rolled Products of Non-Alloy Structural Steel

BS EN 10113 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable Fine Grain Structural Steel

BS EN 10137 Plates and Wide Flats Made of High Yield Strength Structural Steel

BS EN 10210 Hot Finished Structural Hollow Sections of Non-Alloy and Fine Grain
Structural Steel

BS EN 10219 Cold Formed Steel Hollow Section

3.0 MATERIALS

3.1 Structural Steel

3.1.1 All structural steel shall be grade S355 and conform to BS EN 10025, BS EN 10210, BS EN
10113m BS EN 10149, BS EN 10056 unless specifically mentioned otherwise. The structural
steel shall have appropriate fracture-toughness quality with respect to maximum permissible
thickness complying with SS EN 1993-1-10 Table 2.1 with reference temperature of 10C.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, copies of all mill test certificates for materials to
be used in the work. Each piece of steel shall be identified by the manufacturer's name or
trademark and batch number showing direct correlation to the mill test certificates.

3.1.2 The steel shall be new and well and cleanly rolled to the dimensions, sections and weights
specified. It shall be free from cracks, surface flaws, laminations and other defects.

3.1.3 The steel shall be weldable Class 1 steel from audited mills with necessary Factory Production
Control (FPC) certification and proper Mill Test Certification (MTC) complied with BC1:2012.

3.1.4 Reusable Steel for Strutting / Temporary Works

3.1.4.1 Reusable steel shall only be used for strutting in temporary works. The materials shall comply
with the quality assurance requirements stipulated in BC 1 and the quality plan as per Annex A
of BC 1.

3.1.4.2 The supplier/fabricator of reusable steel shall implement a Quality Assurance System, which
shall be acceptable to the respective competent authority and be audited/assessed by
independent Accredited Inspection Body.

3.1.4.3 The Contractor shall include all certification/identification/marking record in his submission of
temporary works to the Architect/Engineer and respective competent authority for prior
review/approval.

SS/3
 SS/168
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

3.0 MATERIALS - contd

3.2 Bolts

3.2.1 High strength friction grip bolts shall conform to BS 4395 : Part 1 General Grade. All high
strength friction grip bolts shall be fitted with load indicating washers.

3.2.2 High strength bolts shall conform to BS 3692 Grade 8.8 .

3.2.3 Black bolts shall conform to BS 4190 Grade 4.6 .

3.3 Electrodes

3.3.1 Welding electrodes for manual shielded metal-arc welding shall conform to BS EN 499. Type
of electrode used shall be compatible with the grade of steel to be welded in term of strength
and toughness.

3.4 Drying of Electrode Prior to Welding Works

3.4.1 Drying procedure shall be complied as follows:

Type of Electrode Drying Temperature Drying Period

E35 100 C minimum 1 hour minimum
E42 350 C minimum 1 hour minimum

Re-drying of electrode is not acceptable and electrode shall be rejected and removed from site
immediately.

4.0 STORAGE AND HANDLING

4.1 All structural steel shall be stored and handled so that members are not subjected to
excessive stresses or damage.

5.0 SHOP DRAWINGS

5.1 The Contractor shall include for the preparation of shop drawings based on all relevant
contract drawings and details. Shop drawings shall show materials, fabrication details and
weights. Dimensions shown on the shop drawings shall conform with the actual
measurements of the completed associated structures. Every drawing shall show clear and
complete details of each assembly, component and connection in the work, together with all
information relevant to their fabrication such as location of splices, types, number and sizes of
all bolts, complete details of welds, types of electrodes, welding procedure and any other
relevant information such as openings for other trades.

SS/4
 SS/169
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

5.0 SHOP DRAWINGS - contd

5.2 All shop drawings shall be submitted to the Engineer and approved by him in writing before
fabrication commences. Approval by the Engineer shall be limited to matters of structural
sufficiency only and shall not relieve the Contractor of any part of his responsibility for the
correctness of the drawings.

5.3 Preparation works/dimensions of all joints shall be included and indicated clearly in the shop
drawings for Engineers prior approval.

6.0 JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

6.1 Any variation of the number, type or position of the joints or connections shown on the
drawings shall be subject to approval by the Engineer. If such variation is required, the
Contractor shall submit detailed drawings and calculations of the proposed joints prepared and
signed by a Professional Engineer, for the Engineer's approval. No extra cost and time
incurred by reason of such additions or alterations will be allowed to the Contractor.

6.2 The Contractor shall note that before any connection can be made between steel elements
and existing concrete structures, architectural finishing/plaster/screed, and all rendering and
loose and deteriorated concrete must be removed and any dust, dirt etc. on the concrete
surface shall be brushed off and removed by spraying the concrete surface with water.

6.3 Where drilling of holes are required for fixing of anchor bolts, the Contractor shall map out the
reinforcement bars and links in the existing columns, beams or slab using electromagnetic
measurement methods. The Engineer shall approve the method to be adopted.

6.4 The Contractor shall ensure that drilling of holes for anchor bolts in existing/new concrete shall
be done at locations where there are no reinforcement bars. If the Contractor encounters steel
reinforcement bars, while drilling, he shall immediately cease the drilling operation and re-
locate to another drilling zone free from reinforcement bars. The aborted hole shall be
covered up using high strength non-shrink grout/mortar to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

6.5 The Contractor shall appoint a Professional Engineer to design and detail anchor bolts or
anchor bolt groups to withstand the most critical forces inherent at the connection interface.
Where design forces to be resisted at the connection are clearly specified, design and
detailing by the Contractor shall comply accordingly.

6.6 Approved non-shrink cementitious grout of minimum compressive strength of 45 N/mm2 shall
be used for bedding steel bases or bearing plates on concrete base and/or filling up gaps
between base plate and columns/walls.

6.7 For design of connection of structural steelworks, the Contractor shall comply with the relevant
clause in the General Notes drawing.

SS/5
 SS/170
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

7.0 SUBSTITUTION OF MEMBER SIZES

7.1 Substitution of alternative sections for member sizes shown on the drawing may be approved
only if proposed at the tender stage. The Tenderer shall submit the list of proposed
substitutions with sketches and revised joint details and shall indicate variations in strength,
sizes, allowable stresses and other inter-related design aspects when compared to the
relevant BS Codes. No claim for substitution of sections will be considered after the tender
award.

8.0 FABRICATION

8.1 General

8.1.1 Fabrication shall be in accordance with BS 5950.

8.1.2 The specialist firm fabricating the steelwork shall be subject to prior approval by the Engineer.
As much of the fabrication of steelwork as is reasonably practical shall be completed in the
fabricator's workshop.

8.1.3 Rolled material, before being laid off or worked should be straight within the tolerance allowed
by the relevant code and shall be free from twist. If straightening or flattening is necessary it
shall be done by a process and in a manner that will not injure the material and to the
satisfaction of the Engineer. Finished members shall be true to line and free from twists, bends
and open joints. Component parts shall not be forcibly fitted together.

8.2 Cutting

8.2.1 Cutting of steel members may be done by shearing, cropping, sawing or machine flame
cutting.

8.2.2 Sheared or cropped edges shall, be dressed to a neat finish to the Engineers satisfaction and
shall be free from distortion where parts are to be in metal-to-metal contact.

8.2.3 Flame cut edges shall be relatively free from gouges and notches. Gouges greater than 5 mm
shall be removed by grinding to the Engineers satisfaction.

8.3 Bolts, Nuts, Washers and Holes

8.3.1 All connections shall be made with high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts unless otherwise
approved or unless welding is specified on the drawings. HSFG bolts shall be installed in
accordance with the requirements of BS 4604. Load indicating washers of approved type shall
be used to determine the required tension in the bolt after tightening.

8.3.2 All holes shall be drilled and burrs removed. Where the number of piles in the grip does not
exceed three, the diameters of the holes must be 2 mm larger than those of the bolts for
diameter upto 24 mm. All holes shall be accurately marked off from a template or
corresponding plate. No hole shall be made by flame cutting.

SS/6
 SS/171
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

8.0 FABRICATION - contd

8.3 Bolts, Nuts, Washers and Holes

8.3.3 The length of bolt shall be calculated by adding to the grip, the allowance as specified in BS
4604.

8.3.4 At the time of assembly, surfaces in contact shall be free of paint or any other applied finish,
oil, dirt, rust, loose scale, burrs and any other defects which would prevent solid seating of the
parts or would interfere with the development of friction between them.

8.3.5 Beveled washers shall be used in addition to load indicating washers whenever bolted
connections are made to the flanges of standard I beams and channels.

8.3.6 All bolts shall be tightened to give a bolt tension not less than that specified in BS 4604.

8.3.7 Where the use of black steel bolts is specified, bolts shall conform to BS 4190 and/or BS 3692
and fabrication and assembly of joints shall be generally as specified in BS 5950. All bolts
shall be tightened to snug tight fit unless otherwise stated. All HFGB to BS 4395 and/or BS
4604 shall be tightened with load indicator washer requisite tension.

8.4 Welding

8.4.1 All welding shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of BS 5135 and AWS
D1.1 and to the approval of the Engineer.

8.4.2 Welding shall be performed only by approved welders as tested to BS EN 288, BS EN 287,
AWS D1.1, BS 4870:Part 3 and BS 4871:Part 3. The welders shall pass the qualifying test for
the type of welding they will perform in the work.

8.4.3 Welder qualification records issued by the Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial
Research (SISIR) or other approved testing authority under SINGLAS should be submitted to
the Engineer for each welder before commencement of the work. Any welding works carried
out by non-approved welder is deemed to be rejected.

8.4.4 Surface to be welded shall be free from loose scale, slag, rust, grease, paint and any foreign
material.

8.4.5 Preparation of edges by gas cutting shall, wherever practicable, be done with a mechanically
guided torch.

8.4.6 Parts to be fillet welded shall be brought in as close contact as practicable and in no event
shall be separated more than 4.5 mm. If the separation is 1.5 mm or greater, the size of the
fillet welds shall be increased by the amount of the separation.

8.4.7 Abutting parts to be butt welded shall be carefully aligned. Misalignments greater than 3.0 mm
shall be corrected and, in making the correction, the parts shall not be drawn into a sharper
slope than two degrees.

8.4.8 The work shall be positioned for flat welding whenever practicable.

SS/7
 SS/172
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

8.0 FABRICATION - contd

8.4 Welding

8.4.9 Field welding shall not be permitted unless specifically indicated on the Engineer's drawings.
All field wedding, if approved by the Engineer, shall be carried out without exposure to
weather.

8.4.10 In assembling and jointing parts of a structure or of buildup members, the procedure and
sequence of welding shall be such as will avoid needless distortion and minimize shrinkage
stresses.

8.4.11 All full penetration butt welds shall have the root of the initial layer gouged or chipped out on
the back side before welding is started from that side, and shall be so welded as to secure
sound metal and complete fusion throughout the entire intended cross-section.

8.4.12 Butt welds made with the use of a backing of the same materials as the base metal shall have
the weld metal thoroughly fused with the backing material. Backing strips may be removed by
means of gas cutting after welding is completed, provided no injury is done to the base and
weld metal and the weld surface is left flush or slightly convex with full throat thickness.

9.0 INSPECTION

9.1 The fabricator shall provide quality control procedure to ensure that all works are performed in
accordance with this specification. In addition to the fabricator's quality control procedures,
materials and workmanship at all times may be subjected to inspection by the Engineer and/or
Architect or their agent or qualified inspector representing the Client.

9.2 All inspection as far as possible shall be made at the place of manufacture or at the
fabricator's plant and the Contractor shall cooperate with the inspector, permitting access for
inspection to all places where work is being done. The inspector shall schedule his work as to
provide the minimum interruption to the work. The Contractor shall supply free of charge all
labour and tools required in connection with the inspection and testing of the steelwork.

9.3 The inspection of welding shall be performed in accordance with the provisions of BS EN 287,
BS EN 288, BS 4870:Part 3, BS 4871:Part 3 and AWS D1.1. Apart from visual inspection, the
Contractor shall be required to carry out at his own cost certain non-destructive testing as
required by the Engineer.

9.4 Welded splice joints in columns, girders and trusses incorporating butt welds shall be
subjected to radiographic or ultrasonic tests to prove the soundness of the welds, at the
discretion of the Engineer.

9.5 The Contractor shall be responsible for the necessary repair of all faulty welding to the
approval of the Engineer.

9.6 Material or workmanship not conforming to the provisions of this specification may be rejected
at the discretion of the Engineer at any time during the progress of the work.

9.7 Safe and proper access shall be provided for site inspection by the Engineer, Clients
Representative and independent QA/QC Inspector.

SS/8
 SS/173
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

10.0 ERECTION

10.1 Erection shall be carried out generally as specified in AISC Manual of Steel Construction.

10.2 Prior to erection the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer drawings, showing the proposed
erection scheme.

10.3 The suitability of all plant and equipment used for erection shall be subject to the approval of
the Engineer.

10.4 Approval by the Engineer of any of the construction methods or plant shall not in any way
relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities under the Contract.

10.5 The erection of steelwork shall be in accordance with BS 5950.

10.6 Before erection, anchor bolts shall be checked to ensure that they are properly installed.

10.7 The positioning and levelling of all steelwork, the plumbing of stanchions and the placing of
every part of the structure with accuracy shall be in accordance with the section headed
Erection Tolerances in this specification and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. No
permanent bolting or welding shall be carried out until proper alignment has been obtained.

10.8 During erection the work shall be securely bolted or otherwise fastened, and if necessary
temporarily braced so as to make adequate provision for all erection stresses and conditions
including those due to the erection equipment and its operation.

10.9 The Contractor shall supply all necessary falsework and staging, labour, tools, erection plant,
drifts, service bolts, nuts and washers and other materials necessary to carry out the work and
shall remove the same as the progress of the erection permits.

10.10 Any damage to materials on the site due to inadequate precautions being taken during the
erection of the steelwork shall be made good to the satisfaction of the Engineer at the
Contractor's expense.

10.11 Grouting works behind baseplate shall be carried out immediately according to the typical
details shown in the structural drawing after installation of baseplate.

10.12 Temporary Works for Erection of Steelworks

10.12.1 The Contractor shall employ a professional engineer requisite with relevant experience, who
shall be fully responsible for the design and supervision of the temporary works to ensure that
the construction of the permanent works are carried out in a safe manner.

10.12.2 Temporary loads during construction must not exceed the specified characteristic loads unless
otherwise stated on the drawing.

10.12.3 All structures supported by hanger must remain propped until the supporting structures are
cast and have gained the required strength.

10.12.4 The Contractor is responsible for the design of the temporary support all stages and the
building drift under each stage should limit to H/500 where 'H' is the building height at that
stage unless otherwise specified or approved.

SS/9
 SS/174
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

10.0 ERECTION - cont'd

10.12 Temporary Works for Erection of Steelworks

10.12.5 Where steelwork is to be fixed to existing concrete structure and drill-in anchors are required,
the Contractor shall establish the location of reinforcing bar prior to the installation of drill-in
anchors.

10.12.6 The Contractor shall be responsible for the provision of all shimming/packing required to
achieve adequate tolerance at the connections.

10.12.7 The Contractor shall carry out trial erection in the fabrication yard before prior to actual
erection in the site.

11.0 ERECTION TOLERANCES

11.1 The Contractor shall verify/determine precambers of structural steelworks and to the
Architect/Engineer for prior approval. The maximum deviation from the intended position shall
be as follows:

(a) Beams and trusses : 3 mm measured horizontally at the support, relative to the
supporting member or structure. 6 mm measured vertically at the support.

(b) Columns : 1.5 mm at the column base. At the top of the column or at intermediate
points of connection, 1/1000 of the distance between the point considered and the
column base.

(c) Columns of multi-storey buildings : As above, but in addition the column as a result of
cumulative deviations shall be, not more than 25 mm from its true theoretical position in
60 metres height, and pro-rata above 60 metres with a maximum of 50 mm.

(d) Other compression members : 3 mm at the end of the member. At intermediate points
of connection, 1/500 of the distance between the point considered and the nearer end.

12.0 SITE MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONS

12.1 The Contractor shall check and verify all dimensions in the building in which the steelwork is to
be erected against the dimensions in the drawings and shall inform the Engineer and/or
Architect of all discrepancies, errors or omissions in them before the work is put to hand.

12.2 The Contractor is solely responsible for ensuring total coordination of all work. He shall take
site measurements prior to his preparation of shop drawings, and before commencing
fabrication or erection.

SS/10
 SS/175
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING

13.1 Protection Against Corrosion

13.1.1 Protection work shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant clauses of BS 5493:1977.

13.2 Paints for Steelwork

13.2.1 Paints for steelwork shall comply with the following requirements:

(a) All paints forming part of any one painting system shall be obtained from the same
manufacturer. Paint shall be supplied in sealed containers of a capacity, unless
otherwise stated, of not more than 20 litres.

(b) Prior to the commencement of painting of steelwork, the Contractor shall submit for the
Engineer's approval a full specification of the paint or paints he proposes to order,
together with the name of the manufacturer whose paint he proposes to use. If
instructed to do so by the engineer, he shall supply liquid samples of the various paints
concerned for examination and testing. No paint shall be used without the prior
approval of the Engineer.

13.2.2 Primers and paints shall be applied strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Painting shall be carried out by skilled painters under the continuous direction of an
experienced and competent supervisor provided by the paint supplier.

13.3 Application

13.3.1 Except where otherwise specified or where agreed by the Engineer, protective treatment shall
be carried out in the steelwork fabricator's workshop after fabrication. Shop treatment shall be
carried out in a weather-proof structure under clean, dry conditions. Paint shall not be applied
when the relative humidity is in excess of 85 per cent and where the surface temperature is
less than 3 degrees C above the dew point temperature. Steelwork on which the application
of treatment has started shall be protected from external atmospheric conditions until
completion of the treatment and the subsequent curing period.

13.3.2 Paints shall be used strictly in order of delivery from the manufacturer. Paint shall not be used
after the expiration of the pot-life stipulated by the manufacturer, and paints of limited pot-life
shall not be mixed with fresh paint or have thinners added to them.

13.3.3 Painting processes and methods shall be to the approval of the Engineer. All tools, solvents
and plant used shall be such as to obtain the best possible results and shall be maintained in
good condition throughout.

13.3.4 Each coat of paint shall be applied by the methods specified, or by other methods approved by
the Engineer, so as to produce a continuous film of paint of uniform and even thickness.
Successive coats shall be of a different shade so that the coverage of each coat is clearly
visible. Each coat shall be thoroughly dry and cleaned of all dust and loose paint before the
application of a further coat. Where required by the Engineer, surfaces shall be cleaned by
washing down with a solution of approved liquid detergent, followed by rinsing with clean,
fresh water.

13.3.5 Following the application of the final shop coat on any member, a curing period of not less
than 36 hours shall be allowed before exposure to external atmospheric conditions.

SS/11
 SS/176
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING - contd

13.4 Blast-Cleaning

13.4.1 Blast-cleaning where specified shall be carried out in accordance with BS 7079, but to give a
surface finish Sa 2.5 to Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00. The maximum grade of abrasive
shall be as specified. The abrasive shall be free from contamination, and recovered material
shall be cleaned to the satisfaction of the Engineer before re-use. Non-metallic (containing
Silica) abrasives shall not be used. The blast-cleaned surface shall have a surface profile
height between 50 and 100 microns.

13.4.2 Blast-cleaned steelwork shall be free from dust, mill scale and adherent particles. The first
coat of primer shall be applied by an approved airless spray process with the least possible
delay, and in any case within 2 hours of blast cleaning. The successive coats shall be applied
within the time periods specified by the manufacturer. Suitable masks shall be provided at
friction grip bolted connections to ensure that the friction surfaces are kept free of primer and
paint. Before masking, areas to be brought into contact shall have received one coat of zinc
metal spray.

13.5 Galvanizing

13.5.1 Where steel sections are indicated to be galvanised, the galvanising shall be in accordance
with BS 729 and BS 3083. The steelwork shall be pickled in dilute muriatic acid, then stoved
and dipped in a bath of spelter. Each article shall be covered evenly on all sides to give an
additional weight of 0.60 kg/sq m of surface covered and shall be free from runs.

13.6 Mechanical Cleaning

13.6.1 Mechanical cleaning where specified shall be carried out by power-driven steel-wire brushes
to give a surface finish St 2 to Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00. Brushes shall be of
appropriate shapes so as to ensure adequate preparation of the whole surface. All dust shall
be removed by vacuum cleaning.

13.7 Lifting and handling methods

13.7.1 Lifting and handling methods used during the protective treatment and in subsequent
transport, storage and erection shall be such as to ensure that damage to the treatment is kept
to the absolute minimum. Such damage as does occur shall be made good by cleaning to
bare metal and re-applying the full painting system. The new paint shall overlap the existing
paint by at least 50 mm all round the affected part.

13.8 Storage

13.8.1 Where it is necessary to store painted fabricated steelwork prior to erection, it shall be kept
clear of the ground and stacked in such a manner as to ensure that no pools of water or dust
accumulate on the surfaces. Suitable packing shall be provided between layers of stacked
steelwork. Covers, when provided, shall be well ventilated.

13.8.2 Steelwork delivered to site which, in the opinion of the Engineer, is not in accordance with this
Specification for cleaning and shop painting shall be returned to the steelwork fabricator's
works. The existing painting system shall be completely removed and the full system re-
applied to the approval of the Engineer.

SS/12
 SS/177
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING - contd

13.9 Bolts, Nuts and Washers

13.9.1 All bolts, nuts and washers to be galvanised shall be hot dipped galvanised in accordance with
BS 729 and BS 3083 and shall be further prepared and coated to the same standard as the
adjacent surfaces.

13.9.2 All contact surface shall be thoroughly cleaned by hand wire brushing or similar means
immediately prior to being brought together.

13.9.3 After tightening, bolt, heads, nuts and washers shall be thoroughly cleaned and exposed
surfaces painted with an approved two-pack non-phenolic etch primer followed by the
appropriate full system of primers and paints. Special care shall be taken at friction grip bolted
connections to ensure that paint is well worked into the gaps between the load-indicating
protrusions.

13.10 Coating Specification

13.10.1 The properties of the coatings are as follows:

Coating A : Epoxy Zinc Rich Primer
- two component epoxy polyamide cured
- high flash point
- fast drying
- at least 85% zinc content in the dry film
- at least 60% volume solids

Coating B: Epoxy Micaceous Iron Oxide HB primer

- two component epoxy polyamide cured
- high build product
- indefinite period for overcoating
- designed to be used as sealer coat over zinc epoxy primer
- micaceous iron oxide pigmentation
- at least 65% volume solids

Coating C : Epoxy High Build Mastic

- two component epoxy polyamide cured
- high build product
- resistant to fumes and spillages of mild acids, alkalis, salts and solvents
- chemical and weather resistant pigmentation
- at least 60% volume solids

Coating D : Polyurethane Finish

- two component polyurethane isocyanate cured
- very high gloss finish
- high abrasion resistance
- excellent chemical and solvent resistance
- chemical and weather resistant pigmentation
- at least 60% volume solids

SS/13
 SS/178
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING - contd

13.10 Coating Specification

13.10.1 The properties of the coatings are as follows:

Coating E: Surface Tolerant Epoxy Primer - For Repair

- two component epoxy aromatic amine cured
- designed for use over surface finish St 3 grade to
Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00 : 1967
- high film thickness achievable by brush application
- aluminium paste pigmentation
- good chemical and solvent resistant
- long overcoating time-up to 6 months with polyurethane
- at least 80% volume solids

Coating F : Inorganic Zinc Silicate primer

- two component zinc silicate ethyl primer
- at least 85% zinc content in dry film
- temperature resistant up to 400 degrees C
- at least 60% volume solids

Coating G : Etch Primer - For Galvanised Surfaces

- single-pack phosphoric acid based
- designed for use over galvanised substrates where the etching process will
change colour to a uniform dark grey. Excessive etching will become
powdery.

Coating H : Coal Tar Epoxy

- two component polyamide cured
- at least 60% volume solids
- pitch content not exceeding 55% volume

13.11.1 The minimum requirements of the coatings are to be as specified in the sub-section headed
Coating Specification' in this specification.

13.11.2 System 1 - Steelwork completely encased in concrete

(a) Mechanically wire brush.

(b) Thoroughly wash down and clean before casing in concrete.

13.11.3 System 2 - Steelwork partially encased or not encased in concrete,

and not visible to the public

(a) Galvanise in accordance with the sub-section headed `Galvanising' in this specification.
(b) Degrease with water based degreaser. Emulsified residue to be fresh water washed.
Repeat this where necessary to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
(c) One shop-applied coat of single pack phosphoric and based etch primer (Coating G).
(d) Two coats of coal tar epoxy (Coating H). Minimum D.F.T. 100 microns per coat.

SS/14
 SS/179
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING - contd

13.11 Protective Systems

13.11.4 System 3 - Access ladders and handrailing in non-public areas

As System 2.

13.11.5 System 4 - Steel flooring

As System 2.

13.11.6 System 5 - Visible steelwork

13.11.6.1 System 5.1 Min. D.F.T.

(Visible steelwork not exposed to corrosive environment) Microns

Shop applied:

(a) Blast clean to Swedish Standard Sa 2.5 grade,

surface amplitude 50-100 microns.

(b) Two-pack epoxy zinc rich primer (Coating A). 50

(c) Two-pack epoxy micaceous iron oxide

high-build primer (Coating B). 100

Site applied :

(d) Ensure steelwork is free of contamination by

solvent cleaning to the Engineer's approval
and washing with clean, fresh water.

(e) Two-pack epoxy high build mastic

- colour as directed (Coating C). 100

(f) Two-pack polyurethane finish-colour

as directed (Coating D). 50

Total minimum dry film thickness : 0.30 mm

13.11.6.2 System 5.1: Repair Procedure

Shop applied:

(a) Power tool clean to SSPC specification SSP-SP3-63:

Power Tool Cleaning to give surface finish St 3 grade
to Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00.

(b) Touch up with Surface Tolerant

Epoxy Primer (Coating E). 150

SS/15
 SS/180
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING - contd

13.11 Protective Systems

13.11.6 System 5 - Visible steelwork

13.11.6.2 System 5.1: Repair Procedure Min. D.F.T.

Microns
Site applied :

(a) Ensure steelwork is free of

contamination by solvent cleaning
to the Engineer's approval and
washing with clean, fresh water.

(b) Two-pack epoxy high build mastic

colour as directed (Coating C). 100

(c) Two-pack polyurethane finish-colour

as directed (Coating D). 50

Total minimum dry film thickness : 0.30 mm.

13.11.6.3 System 5.2

(Visible steel exposed to weather and
corrosive environment, i.e. chiller, genset area)

Shop applied :

(a) Galvanise as specified in the sub-section

headed Galvanising in this specification.

(b) Degrease with solvent and emulsion

cleaning to the Engineer's approval,
and rinse with clean, fresh water.

(c) Single-pack phosphoric acid based

etch primer (Coating G). 6

(d) Two-pack epoxy micaceous iron oxide

- colour as directed (Coating B). 100

(e) Two-pack polyurethane finish

- colour as directed (Coating D). 50

Total minimum dry film thickness (excluding galvanising) : 0.15 mm

SS/16
 SS/181
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

13.0 PAINTING - contd

13.11 Protective Systems

13.11.6.4 Repair procedure: System 5.2: Repair Procedure

Shop applied:

(a) Properly degrease and clean the surface of any mud or other contaminations. Wash off
the emulsified residue with copious amount of fresh water. Allow to dry. Blow out
trapped water from crevices with clean dry compressed air.

(b) Grind out the protruding or uneven surfaces. Clean off the dust before applying one
touch up coat of (Coating E).

(c) After allowing the (Coating E) to cure, apply one touch up of (Coating E).

(d) After the touch up coat (Coating B) has cured and assuming that the galvanised surface
is still clean and uncontaminated, apply the etch solution (Coating G) taking care to
minimise the overlap on the (Coating B).

(e) After 3 hours, use a clean damp cloth to mop off residual etch solution from the surface
of the touched up coat of (Coating B).

(f) Loose powdery areas due to over application of the etch solution should be sanded
down with sand paper to remove the powder. The sanded areas should then be
cleaned of any dust.

(g) Once the wet mopped surface of the touch up (Coating B) areas is dry, apply one full
coat of (Coating B).

(h) Apply one full coat of (Coating D).

Site applied:

(a) To damaged areas, degrease and fresh water wash or mop before power tool clean to
ST 2 standard. Feather edges.

(b) Touch up with (Coating E).

(c) Touch up with (Coating B).

(d) Touch up with (Coating D).

SS/17
 SS/182
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

14.0 FIRE PROTECTION

14.1 All structural steelwork shall be provided with fire protection to give the minimum period of fire
resistance as specified in FSBs Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings for the
particular purpose group of the building of which it forms part. Fire protection shall be
provided for minimum 2-hours fire resistance for all members and complied with architectural
requirements.

14.2 The solid fire protection shall consist of sprayed vermiculite-cement minimum 40 mm thick and
of density 300-400 kg/cu m. The mix proportions and method of application will be as
specified by the manufacturer and approved by the Engineer. The Contractor should ensure
that the fire protection material is compatible with the paint system used and will adhere firmly
to the painted surface of the steelwork. After setting, the fire protection material shall form a
firm and hard layer and the surface shall be dust-free. In case the structural steelworks are
exposed to weather, the fire protection materials shall be waterproof materials.

14.3 Intumescent Fire Protective Coating

14.3.1 The Contractor's proposed protective coating system shall be tested and passed by FSSB and
PSB and comply with the requirements stipulated in Clause 14.1.

14.3.2 The Contractor's proposed protective coating system shall be listed under PSB's product
listing scheme and applicators shall be accredited by PSB to apply the intumescent coating
system.

14.3.3 For resistance performance, the Contractor proposed protective coating system shall be
tested in accordance with BS 476 Pt 20 and Pt 21 and comply with BS 8202 Pt 2.

14.3.4 The Contractor shall submit the following items to Architect/Engineer for prior approval:

(i) Technical data and test reports verifying the performance of capability and
acceptance of compliance by relevant and competent authority.

(ii) Detailed QA/QC programme for material storage and application works on site.

14.3.5 Protective Coating System

(i) Non-Galvanized Steel Members Exposed to Weather

One coat epoxy zinc-phosphate primer applied immediately after blast-
cleaning (please refer to Clause 13.4)
Intumescent fire protective coating system.
One coat epoxy undercoat.
Two coats aliphatic polyol-based polyurethane coatings.

(ii) Non-Galvanized Steel Members Not Exposed to Weather

One coat epoxy zinc-phosphate primer applied immediately after blast-
cleaning (please refer to Clause 13.4)
Intumescent fire protective coating system.
Two costs water-based catalyzed epoxy coatings.

SS/18
 SS/183
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

14.3 Intumescent Fire Protective Coating - cont'd

14.3.5 Protective Coating System

(iii) Galvanized Steel Members

One coat epoxy-alloy primer.

Intumescent fire protective coating system.
Two coats epoxy finishing coatings. The Contractor's specialist/supplier to
confirm suitability of proposed finishing coatings for steel members exposed to
weather and/or corrosive environments.

14.4 The Contractor shall submit the method statement to ensure and verify the thickness and
adhesion performance of the proposed fire protection system to the Engineer for prior review
and approval.

15.0 INSPECTION AND TESTS

15.1 Welding Pre-Inspection

15.1.1 Before welding is carried out, surface preparation of connections will be inspected by the
Engineer and/or Independent Inspection and Testing Agency (ITA) for lack of fit, inadequate
chamfering and other defects. All surface defects shall be made good and the remedial work
approved by the Engineer before welding can commence. Any welding that is executed
without the Engineer's and/or ITA prior inspection and approval of surface preparation will be
rejected.

15.2 Tests

15.2.1 The following tests shall be carried out during construction:

Test To Be Carried Out Test Standards

1. Structural Steel BS 4848

Ultrasonic Examination (for lamination defects) BS EN 10025
Tensile Test and Charpy Impact Test BS EN 10219
BS EN 10113
BS EN 10137

2. Welding Quality

(i) Magnetic particle flaw detection test BS 6072

(ii) Penetrant flaw detection test BS EN 571-1
(iii) Ultrasonic examination BS EN 1714
(iv) Radiographic examination BS EN 1435

15.2.2 All welded connections in steel structures shall be subjected to non-destructive tests for
soundness of welds using methods 2(i) to 2(iv) with the following provisions:

a. All splicing joints shall be tested by either of method 2(iii) or 2(iv).

b. All other connections shall be tested by either of method 2(i) or 2(ii).

SS/19
 SS/184
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

15.0 INSPECTION AND TESTS - contd

15.2 Tests

15.2.3 Testing of Structural Steel

The Contractor shall make provision of cost and time to carry out testing of steel materials as
follows:

(a) One set of testing consists of 2 tensite tests, 1 bend test, 1 charpy impact tests and 1
ultrasonic examination (for lamination defect).

(b) One set of testing for 1st 40T or less of structural steel.

(c) One set of testing for every subsequent 60T or less of structural steel.

15.2.4 The Contractor shall submit including, but not limit to, the following:

(a) Minimum upper and lower yield and tensile strength, stress ratio

(b) Stress/strain curve

(c) Elongation at maximum force

(d) Elongation after fracture at specified gauge length 5.65o

(e) Total elongation at facture

(f) Bend test result

(g) Charpy impact test result

(h) Ultrasonic test result for lamination

15.3 Quality Plan

15.3.1 The Contractor shall submit within two weeks after award of contract a quality plan for the
structural steelworks including on-site and off-site fabrication to the Architect/Engineer for prior
review/approval before commencement of fabrication and installation works. The quality plan
shall include third party independent qualified Inspection and Testing Agency (ITA) to inspect
quality of material, fit-up procedure and the welding works (i.e. preparation works, approval of
welding procedures and quality of weldment, etc.) under the direct instruction of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall include the cost of providing the inspection services, non-destructive test
and quality control to be taken by the appointed inspection agency, in the tender submitted.

15.3.2 The Contractor shall submit for acceptance full details of the welding procedures and electors
with drawings/schedules. The Engineers approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his
responsibility for ensuring that the distortion in finished structure is kept to a minimum.

15.3.3 Tensile test for bolts shall be carried out at one number test per 300 numbers of bolds
installed. Minimum numbers of tensile test is three numbers per contract.

SS/20
 SS/185
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

15.0 INSPECTION AND TESTS - contd

15.3 Quality Plan

15.3.4 The Contractor shall submit a method statement accompanied by working drawings and
calculations as applicable, supplementing the present Specification where required and fully
describing the following:

15.3.4.1 Fabrication and assembly procedures and sequences in addition to those described in this
Specification. Particular attention shall be given to the means of ensuring accurate fitting of
members and the avoidance of excessive distortion stresses in assembly.

15.3.4.2 Temporary stresses where significant in the steel structure during storage, transport,
assembly, lifting and other operations.

15.3.4.3 Specification of materials, design calculations, and arrangement and detail drawings of the
connections supporting the roof structure.

15.3.4.4 Lifting and control procedures.

15.3.4.5 Quality control programme including design of temporary restraints for erection works.

15.3.4.6 Safety Programme.

15.3.4.7 Temporary and Incidental Works needed.

15.3.5 The Contractor shall entrust the design, supervision and certification of temporary works in
Clause 15.3.4 to his Professional Engineer.

15.3.6 Nothing contained in the Contractors proposal shall be inferior to or in any other way conflict
with this Specification. In the event of any discrepancy between them, this Specification shall
over-ride, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer in writing beforehand.

15.4 Fabrication of Steelwork Off-Site

15.4.1 In case the structural steelworks are fabricated off-site, the Contractor shall allow in his tender
for the cost/time for the Architect/Engineer/Site Supervisor to carry out the inspection at the
fabrication yard off-site.

15.5 Materials Delivered to Site

15.5.1 The Contractor shall arrange for an inspection with the Architect/Engineer/Site Supervisor to
verify the steel materials delivered to site against the relevant mill certificates. Any steel
materials delivered to site without the relevant mill certificates is deemed to be rejected.

15.6 Accredited Steel Fabricator

15.6.1 The steel fabricator employed by the Contractor should be accredited by the Singapore
Structural Steel Societys Accreditation Scheme and in the category appropriate for the
project. Certification of such accreditation shall be submitted together with the quality plan.

SS/21
 SS/186
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

15.7 Independent Inspection and Testing Agency (ITA)

15.7.1 The independent Inspection and Testing Agency (ITA) employed by the Contractor shall carry
out, but not limited to the following items:

S/No. Description
1. Review the quality manuals, inspection and test plans
2. Review fabrication and erection procedures
3. Review of welding procedure specification, procedure qualification records,
welder and welding operator qualification records.
4. Pre-inspection meeting and audit of fabricator facilities/plants.
5. Review of material test certificates/record, verify or inspect materials and witness
pre-treatment processes, if any.
6. Witness cutting/edge joint preparations, verify joint geometry and inspect fit-up
condition.
7. Verify that welding processes are carried out in accordance with the approved
welding procedures, codes/standards and relevant documents.
8. Perform visual inspection and verify dimensional records.
9. Select weld joints for testing and witness no-destructive testing and assess all
results.
10. Witness blasting and galvanizing processes.
11. Inspect paining and galvanizing works.
12. Identify and verify completed structural members and witness the handling of
these members onto lorry/truck for delivery to site.
13. Inspect delivered structural members for damage due to handling and
transportation.
14. Inspect the assembly of structural members at erection site prior to welding.
15. Verifying all procedure and welder qualification records at site.
16. Witness procedure trial of stud welding process.
17. Inspect all welds and bolt tightening.
18. Select weld for testing and witness site NDT.
19. Inspect all remaining site painting and witness repairing of all protective
treatment works.
20. Witness fireproofing mock-up test as well as laboratory tests.
21. Witness and inspect the application of fireproofing works.
22. Final inspection of all structural members.

SS/22
 SS/187
T.Y.LIN INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. Structural Steelwork Specification

15.7 Independent Inspection and Testing Agency (ITA) - cont'd

15.7.1 The independent Inspection and Testing Agency (ITA) employed by the Contractor shall carry
out, but not limited to the following items:

S/No. Description
23. Review all documents and records including but not limited to the following:
- Dimensional
- Procedures
- Testing
24. Inspect base material after testing and before painting.
25. Select materials for testing after reviewing the material.
26. Supervise structural steelworks as per Annex A of BCA Circular ref: BCA BC
15.0.3 dated 2 February 2012.

The Contractor shall make available to the ITA the following:

(a) All requested documentation and a detailed programme to allow the ITA to discharge
its duties and to witness significant stages in the fabrication and erection process.

(b) Any instruments or other equipment required checking the accuracy and quality of the
works.

15.7.2 The ITA shall have a qualified SSSS Registered Steelwork Supervisor to perform the duty as
stipulated in Clause 15.7.1 and ascertain/verify the steel structures are fabricated and erected
according to the approved drawings and documents of quality control.

15.8 As-Built Drawings

15.8.1 After the erection of the steelworks, the Contractor shall revise and correct where needed the
original approved shop and erection drawings to correspond with the changes made in field,
and shall submit such drawings in duplicate and electronic format to the Engineer before the
end of the Contract.

SS/23