PART A

1. B

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. D

6. A

7. D

8. C

9. A

10. A

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. A

15. A

16. A

17. B

18. D

19. C

20. B
PART B

21. Advantages of using ACSR conductors for overhead transmission lines

a. Reliable security.

b. The good electrical conductivity.

c. Excellent corrosion resistance.

d. The superior mechanical properties.

e. The economic performance savings.

22. GMD and GMR

GMD is the geometric mean of the distance between the conductors of the three phases a , b ,
c. It is calculated using the formula

D eq= D D D
3
1 2 3

GMD is like equivalent distance between conductors.

GMR is the self geometric mean distance, taking into account the conductor composition,
stranding and bundling.

GMR is calculated for each phase separately.

Each of the phases having different GMR values depending upon the conductor size and
arrangement. GMR is to be calculated when each phase is comprised of more than one
conductor per phase.

Ds= dr '

23. Short, medium and high transmission line

The lines up to about 80 km are termed as short lines where the effect of shunt
capacitance is neglected.

The lines above 80 km and below 160 km length are termed as medium lines where
the shunt capacitance can be assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line or half of
the shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of the line. The two
 representations of medium length lines are termed as nominal T and nominal
respectively.

The Lines of length more than 160 km are termed as long lines and the parameters are
distributed and rigorous method of analysis is required.

24. Surge Impedance Loading

In a long transmission line

ZC =
R + jL
G+ jC

For loss less line R=0 and G=0.

ZC =
L
C

A pure resistance and this is known as surge impedance loading of the line.

Surge impedance loading of a line is the power transmitted when the line is
terminated through a resistance equal to surge impedance.

25. Critical disruptive voltage

It is the minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona occurs.

Critical disruptive voltage, Vc = mo go r loge d/r . kV/phase
Visual critical voltage

It is the minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona glow appears all along the
line conductors.
The phase-neutral effective value of visual critical voltage is given by the following
empirical formula :

where mv is irregularity factor having a value of 10 for polished conductors and 072
to 082 for rough conductors.

26. Peeks Empirical formula for calculation of corona loss

P=241 105

(f + 25) r
d
(V pV o )2
kW
km
/ phase

Where
f is the frequency of supply,
the air density correction factor,

Vp the operating voltage in kV and

V0 the critical disruptive voltage

27. Methods of improving the string efficiency

a. Reducing ratio of shunt capacitance to self capacitance

b. By grading the insulators

c. Use of guard ring to provide static shielding

28. Properties of insulators

1. Mechanically they must be very strong in order to withstand the weight of the conductors.

2. Dielectric strength must be very high

3. They must have a high ratio of puncture strength to flash over voltage.

4. They should not be porous

5. They must be free from internal impurities or flaws.

6. They must be impervious to entry of gases or liquids into the materials.

29.

30. Advantages of Radial system

a. Simplest as is fed at only one end.

b. The initial cost is low

c. Useful when the generation is at low voltage

d. Preferred when the station is located at the centre of the load.

35. a .

The a.c. distribution

system is classified into
(i) primary distribution system and
(ii)secondary distribution system.

(i) Primary distribution system.

It is that part of a.c. distribution system which operates at voltages somewhat higher than
general utilisation and handles large blocks of electrical energy than the average low-voltage
consumer uses. The voltage used for primary distribution depends upon the amount of power
to be conveyed and the distance of the substation required to be fed. The most commonly
used primary distribution voltages are 11 kV, 66kV and 33 kV. Due to economic
considerations, primary distribution is carried out by 3- phase, 3-wire system.

Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high voltage to the substation
located in or near the city. At this substation, voltage is stepped down to 11 kV with the help
of step-down transformer. Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or to big
consumers at this voltage. This forms the high voltage distribution or primary distribution.
(ii) Secondary distribution system.

It is that part of a.c. distribution system which includes the range of voltages at which the
ultimate consumer utilises the electrical energy delivered to him. The secondary distribution
employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire system. The primary distribution circuit delivers power
to various substations, called distribution sub stations. The substations are situated near the
consumers localities and contain step down transformers. At each distribution substation, the
voltage is stepped down to 400 V and power is delivered by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c. system. The
voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230 V. The
single phase domestic loads are connected between any one phase and the neutral, whereas 3-
phase 400 V motor loads are connected across 3 phase lines directly.