JUNE 2011 UNIT 2 PAPER 2

1. (a) Data: 2 + 2 2 + 2 14 = 0

Required To Find:

(i) Solution:

2 + 2 2 + 2 14 = 0

Differentiating implicitly w.r.t.

2 + 2 2 + 2 0 = 0

Making the subject:

2 + 2 = 2 2

22
= 2+2

2 1
=2
1+

1
= 1+

(ii) Data: = cos

Required To Find:

Solution:

= cos is of the form =

Recall:
=

= sin cos

= sin cos

Alternative Solution:
 = cos

Taking natural logs

ln = ln cos

ln = cos ln

ln = cos

Differentiating implicitly w.r.t. :

1
= sin

= sin

= sin cos

Alternative Solution:

= cos

Let = cos

= sin

=

=

= (Chain Rule)

= ( sin )

= sin cos

Alternative Solution:

= cos is of the form , where

= =0

= cos = sin

 1
= ln +

cos
= ln sin + 0

= (ln ) sin (Recall: ln = 1)

= sin

= sin cos

(iii) Data: = cos 2 6 + sin2 8

Required To Find:

Solution:

The function can be separated into cos 2 6 and sin2 8, so as to differentiate

each term separately.

Recall the double angle formulae: cos 2 = 2cos2 1

cos 2 = 1 2sin2

Consider,cos 2 6:

cos 2 6 = 2cos2 6 1

2cos2 6 = cos 12 + 1
1
cos2 6 = 2 cos 12 + 1

Consider,sin2 8:

cos 2 8 = 1 2sin2 8

cos 16 = 1 2sin2 8

2sin2 8 = 1 cos 16
 1
sin2 8 = 2 1 cos 16

1 1
= 2 cos 12 + 1 + 2 1 cos 16

Differentiate each term separately:

1
cos 12 + 1 = 6 sin 12
2

1
1 cos 16 = 8 sin 16
2

= 8 sin 16 = 6 sin 12

1
(b) Data: = sin

1
(i) Required To Prove: = cos

Proof:
1
= sin is of the form =

where = =1

1
and = sin

1
Let = = 1

= 2

1
= 2

= sin

= cos

= (Chain rule)

1
= cos 2
 1 1
= 2 cos

= + (Product law)

1 1 1
= sin . 1 + 2 cos

1 1 1
= sin cos

1 1 1
= sin cos

1 1
= sin cos

1
Recall: = sin

1
Hence, = cos

Q.E.D.

2
(ii) Required To Prove: 4 2 + = 0

Proof:
1
= cos

Differentiating implicitly w.r.t. :

Consider :

is of the form , where

= =1

2
= = 2

= + (Product Rule)

 2
So, = 1 +
2

2
= + 2

Consider:

=

1
Consider cos

1 1
Let = = 2 =
2

= cos = sin

= (Chain rule)

1 1
cos = 2 sin

1 1
= 2 sin

1
= cos

Differentiate implicitly w.r.t :

2 1 1
+ 2 = sin
2

2 1 1
2 = 2 sin

3
2 1 1
4 2 = sin (Recall: = sin )

2
4 2 =

2
4 2 + = 0

Q.E.D.
 1
(c) Data: = , =

Required To Find:The gradient of the tangent to the curve at = 4.

Solution:
1
= = 2
1
1
= 2 2

1
=2

Alternatively:

Square both sides:

2 =

Differentiating implicitly w.r.t :

2 = 1

1
= 2

1
=2

1
=

1
=+

1
= + 2
3
1 1
= 1 2 2 = 1
2 3

= (Chain rule)

1 1
= 1
2 3 2
 1
= 1 2
2 3

2
=2
2 3

1
=2

When = 4
1
=2 44

1
=2 2
4
15
= 4

(ii) Required To Find: The equation of tangent at = 4.

Solution:

When = 4

= 4

=2

1
=4+
4
9
=
2
15
Gradient of tangent at = 4is 4
.

9
Equation of tangent at (2, 2) is given by

1
=
1
9
15
2
=
2 4

9
4 2 = 15 2

4 18 = 15 30
 4 = 15 12
15 15
= 3is of the form = + , where = and = 3.
4 4

1
2. (a) Data: = ! 0

(i) a) Required To Find:0

Solution:
1
= ! 0

Let = 0
1 0
0 = 0! 0

=1 0
(Recall:
= )

= [ 1 ]0

= [ ]0

= ( 0 )

= 1

b) Required To Find: 0

Solution:

When = 0
1 0
0 = ! 0

1
= ! 0

=1 0

=0
 1
(ii) Required To Prove: = 1 !

Proof:
1
= ! 0
is of the form

Let = Let =

= 1 =

Integrating by parts:

= dt

1 1 1
= ! 0 ! 1
! 0 0

1 1
= ! 0
+ ! 0

1 1
= ! 0
+ ! 0

1 1 1
= ! 0
+
1 ! 0

1
Recall from data: = ! 0

1 1
Therefore, 1 =
1 ! 0

1 1
= ! 0 0 + 1
! 0

1 1
0
= ! + 1
!

1
= 1 !

Q.E.D.

2 3
(iii) Required To Prove: = + + ++ + 1 if
2! 3! !
is an integer greater than 1.

Proof:
 1
Re: = 1 !

Let = 1
1
1 = 0
1!

Recall: = 1

1 = 1
1
2 = 1 2! 2

1
= 1 2! 2

1
3 = 2 3! 3

1 1
= 1 2! 2 3! 3

1 1 1
= 1 2! 2 3! 3 + + !

1 1 1
= 1 2! 2 3! 3 !

2 3
= + + + + + 1
2! 3! !

Q.E.D.

(b)
2 2 +3
(i) Required To Express: 2 +1 2 in partial fractions.

Solution:

The denominator is in the form of a repeated quadratic factor.

2 2 +3 + +
+ whereA, B, C and D are constants
2 +1 2 2 +1 2 +1 2

2 + 1 2
 2 2 + 3 = + 2 + 1 + +

Equating numerators

2 2 + 3 3 + + 2 + + +

Equating terms in 3 :

=0

Equating terms in 2 :

=2

Equating terms in :

+ = 0

=0

Equating constants:

+ = 3

=1
2 2 +3 2 1
= 2 +1 +
2 +1 2 2 +1 2

2 2 +3
(ii) Required To Find:
2 +1 2

Solution:
2 2 +3 2 1
= +
2 +1 2 2 +1 2 +1 2

2 1
= +
2 +1 2 +1 2

2
Consider
2 +1

1
Recall: = tan1 + (where is a constant)
2 +1

2 1
= 2
2 +1 2 +1

= 2 tan1 +
 1
Consider
2 +1 2

Let = tan

= sec 2

= sec 2
1 1
= sec 2
2 +1 2 tan 2 +1 2

1
= sec 2
tan 2 +1 2

Recall: tan2 + 1 = sec 2

1 1
= sec 2
2 +1 2 sec 2 2

1
=
sec 2

= cos2

Recall: cos2 = 2cos2 1

1
Therefore, cos2 = cos 2 + 1
2

1 1
= cos 2 + 1
2 +1 2 2

1
=2 cos 2 + 1

1 1
=2 sin 2 + + (where is a constant)
2

1
= 4 sin 2 + 2 +

Recall: sin 2 = 2 sin cos

1
= 4 2 sin cos + 2 +

1
= 2 sin cos + 2 +
 1 + 2

= tan
opp
=1
adj

By Pythagoras Theorem:

hyp = 1 + 2
opp
sin = hyp =
1+ 2

adj 1
cos = =
hyp 1+ 2

1 1 1 tan1
2 2
= + +
+1 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 2
1
=2 + 2 tan1 +
1+ 2

2 2 +3 1
= 2 tan1 + 2 + 2 tan1 +
2 +1 2 1+ 2

5
= 2 tan1 + 2 +
1+ 2

1 1
3. (a) Data:+1 = 2 + 4 , 1 < 2 , 1

1
(i) Required To Prove: < 2 , + by mathematical induction.

Proof:
Using the Principle of Mathematical Induction
1
Let be the statement < 2.

Assume to be true for =

1
< 2

Squaring both sides:

1 2
2 < 2

1
2 < 4

Prove that is true for = + 1

1
+1 < 2

1
+4

1 1 1
2 + 4 < 4 + 4

1 1
2 + 4 < 2

1
+1 < 2

1 1
Notice, +1 < 2 is of the form < 2, where = + 1.

Statement is true for = + 1.

Consider = 1

Test for = 1
1
1 < 2

1 2 1
1+1 < +4
2

1 1
2 < 4 + 4

1
2 < 2
 Test for = 2
1
2 < 2

1 2 1
2+1 < +4
2

1 1
3 < 4 + 4

1
3 < 2

Test for = 3
1
1 < 2

1 2 1
3+1 < +4
2

1 1
4 < 4 + 4

1
4 < 2

Statement is true for = 1, 2 and 3

1
Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction,+1 = 2 + 4 is true
for +.

(ii) Required To Prove: < +1

Proof:
1
Recall: +1 = 2 + 4

1
+1 = 2 + 4

1 2
= 2 (By factorisation)

+1 > 0

+1 >

< +1

Q.E.D.
 23
(b) (i) Data: 1 12

Required To Find: The constants and .

Solution:
23
+ (where and are constants)
1 12 1 12

12 + 1
=
1 12

Equating numerators

2 3 1 2 + 1

Let = 1

23= 12 + 0

1 =

=1
1
Let = 2

1 1
23 = 0 +
2 2

1 1
= 2
2

=1
23 1 1
1 12 = 1 + 12, where = 1and = 1.

(ii) Required To Find: The first four non-zero terms in the expansion of
1 1 and 1 2 1 .

Solution:

Using binomial expansion:

1
Recall: + = + 1 1 + 2!
2 2 +
 1 2
3 3 +ad infinitum
3!

1 1 11 1 11 12 2
1 = 1 + 1 1 + 1 +
2!

1 11 12 13 3
1 +
3!

1 2 2 1 2 3 3
= 1 + 1 + + +
2! 3!

= 1 + + 2 + 3 +
1 1
Since 1 2 is of the form 1 , replace by 2:
1 2 3
1 2 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 +

= 1 + 2 + 4 2 + 8 3 +

(iii) (a) Required To Find: The range of values of for which the
23
expansion of is valid.
1 12

Solution:
23 1 1
= +
1 12 1 12

1 1
= 1 + 1 2
1
1 is valid for < 1

That is, <1

1 < < 1
1
1 2 is valid for 2 < 1

That is, 2 < 1

1 < 2 < 1
1 1
2 < < 2

23 1 1
Hence is valid for : 2 < < 2 1 < < 1 .
1 12
 23 1 1
is valid for : 2 < < 2 .
1 12

b) Required To Find: The coefficient of in (iii) (a) above.

Solution:
23 1 1
= +
1 12 1 12

1 1
= 1 + 1 2
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + + + +

1 + 2 + 4 2 + 8 3 + + 2 +

Coefficient of = 1 + 2 .

(iv) Data: = 3 4

Required To Prove: The series is an A.P. with common difference 6.

Proof:

= 3 4

1 = 1 3 1 4

= 1 3 3 4

= 1 3 7

= 1 is the term of the series

= 3 4 1 3 7
 = 32 4 32 10 + 7

= 32 4 32 + 10 7

= 6 7

Write in the form + 1 , which is the term of an A.P. with

first term and common difference .

= 6 1 1

= 1 + ( 1)6

which is the form of an A.P. with common difference 6.

Q.E.D.

4. (a) Data: In a G.P. with first term and common ratio , the sum of the first three
26
terms is 3 and their product is 8.

1 13
(i) Required To Prove: + 1 + = 3

Proof:
26
3 = + + 2 = 3

26
1 + + 2 = (1)
3

1 2 3 = 2 = 8

3 3 = 8
3 3
3 3 = 8

= 2
2
= (2)

Substituting equation 2 into equation 1 :

2 26
1 + + 2 =
3
 2 26
+ 2 + 2 =
3

2
1 13
+1+ =
3

1 13
+1+ = 3

Q.E.D.

(ii) a) Required To Find:

Solution:
1 13
+1+ = 3

13
2 + + 1 =
3

3 2 + 3 + 3 = 13

3 2 10 + 3 = 0

3 1 3 = 0
1
= 3and = 3

However, 0 < < 1

1
=3

b) Required To Find: The value of .

Solution:
1
When = 3

2
=
 2
= 1
3

=6

c) Required To Find: of the G.P.

Solution:

= 1 for < 1

6
= 1
1
3

6
= 2
3

3
=62

=9

2
(b) Required To Expand: , <1
+

Solution:

Recall Maclaurins expansions for:

2 3 4
= 1 + + + + + + +
2! 3! 4! !

2 3 4
= 1 + + ++ +
2! 3! 4! !

2 3 4 2 3 4
+ = 1 + + + + + + 1 + + +
2! 3! 4! 2! 3! 4!

2
+ = 2 + 2 + 4! 4 +

1
= 2 + 2 + 12 4 +

2
= 2 + 1
+

1 1
= 2 2 + 2 + 12 4
 1
2 4
=2 2 1+ + 24
2

1
1 2 4
=2 2 1+ + 24
2

1
2 4
= 1+ + 24
2

2
2 4
2 4 1 2 13 +
2 24
= 11 + 1 12 2 + 24 + +
2!

2 4 2 4
=1 + 24 + 2! +
2 4

2 4 4
=1 24 + +
2 4

2 5
=1 + 24 4 + up to and including the term in 4 .
2

1
(c) Data: = ,
+1

(i) Required To Express: + 1 in terms of .

Solution:
1
= +1

1
+1 = +1 +1+1

1
+1 = +1 +2

1 1
+1 =
+1 +1 +2

+2
= +1 +2

2
= +1 +2
 3
(ii) Required To Find: = =1 +1 +2

Solution:

Using the Method of Differences

3 3 2
=1 +1 +2 =2 =1 +1 +2

3
=2 =1 +1

3
= 2[ 1 2 +

2 3 +

3 4 +

+... + 1 ]
3
=2 1 +1

3 1 1
=2
2 +1 +2

(iii) Required To Deduce: of the series in (c) (ii)

Solution:
3 1 1
=
2 2 +1 +2

1
As 0
+1 +2

3 1
2 0
2

3
=4

5. (a) Data: is defined as the number of ways of selecting distinct objects from a

set of distinct objects.

(i) Required To Prove: =

Proof:
!
= (From definition)
!!

!
=
! !
!
= ! !

=

Q.E.D.

+1
(ii) Required To Prove: = +
1

Proof:

Consider L.H.S.

+1 +1 !
=
+1 !!

Consider R.H.S.
! !
+ = +
1 !! 1 ! 1 !

! !
= +
!! +1 ! 1 !

!+!
= +1 !!

! +1
= +1 !!

+1 !
= +1 !!

L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Q.E.D.
 8 8 8 8
(iii) Required To Prove: + + is a perfect square.
6 5 3 2
Proof:

Recall from previous part of the question:

+1
= +
1
8 8 9
+ =
6 5 6
8 8 9
+ =
3 2 3
From previous part:

=

9 9
=
3 6

8 8 8 8 9 9
+ + =
6 5 3 2 6 3
9 9
=
3 3
2
9
= which is a perfect square.
3
OR

8 8 8 8 9 9
+ + =
6 5 3 2 6 3
9 9
=
6 6
2
9
= which is a perfect square.
6
Q.E.D.

(b) (i) Required To Find: The number of 5-digit numbers greater than 30 000
which can be formed using 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 without repetition.
 Solution:

The number can never start with 1, as the value would be less than 30 000.

Therefore, the first digit can be chosen in 4 ways. The remaining four
spaces can befilled in 4! ways.

Total number of arrangements is 4! 4 = 96 ways.

Alternative Solution:

Total number of combinations is 5 P5 = 120

Since the number can never start with 1, finding the number of various
combinations starting with 1 and subtracting this value from 120 would
give the number of different 5 digit numbers which can be formed.
5-1
P5-1 =4 P4

= 24

Total number of arrangements = 120 24

= 96

(ii) Required To Find: The probability that a number chosen in is even.

Solution:

Consider the case when the first digit is 3 or 5.

The number of ways to choose the first digit is 2. The number of ways of
choosing the last digit is 2. The remaining digits can be arranged in 3!
ways. Total 2 3! 2 = 24 ways

Consider the case when the first digit is 6 or 8.

The number of ways to choose the first digit is 2. The number of ways of
choosing the last digit is 1. The remaining digits can be arranged in 3!
ways. Total 2 3! 1 = 12 ways
No . of even numbers
(Even number) = Total no .of numbers

24+12
= 96
 36
=
96
3
=
8

(c) (i) (a) Required To Prove: 1 is one of the square roots of 2.

Proof:

Let 2 = +

Square both sides:

2
2 = +

= 2 + 2 + 2 2 (Recall: 2 = 1)

2 = 2 2 + 2

Equating real and imaginary terms.

2 2 = 0 1

2 = 2 2

From 2

= 1
1
= (3)

Substitute equation 3 into equation (1):

1 2
2 =0

1
2 2 = 0

2 4 1 = 0

2 1 2 + 1 = 0

1 + 1 2 + 1 = 0

= 1or1
 1
When = 1, = 1 = 1

1
When = 1, = 1 = 1

= 1, = 1or = 1, = 1

Therefore, one of the square roots of 2 is 1 .

Q.E.D.

b) Required To Find:The other square rootof 2.

Solution:

The other square root of 2 is 1 +

(ii) Required To Find: The roots of 2 3 + 5 + 8 4 = 0

Solution:

2 3 + 5 + 8 4 = 0is of the form 2 + + = 0, where

= 1, = 3 + 5 and = 8 4

Using the quadratic formula:

2 4
= 2

3+5 3+5 2 4 1 84
= 2 1

3+5 930+25 2 32+16

= 2

3+5 2
= 2

Recall: 2 = 1 or 1 +
3+5 1
= 2

3+5 + 1 3+5 1
= or =
2 2
 4+4 2+6
= or =
2 2

= 2 + 2 or = 1 + 3

1 1 1
6. (a) Data: = 2 3 2
1 3 2
(i) Required To Prove: = 5

Proof:

1 1 1
= 2 3 2
1 3 2
= 11 11 + 12 12 + 13 13

3 2 2 2 2 3
=1 1 +1
3 2 1 2 1 3
= 1 6 + 6 1 4 + 2 + 1(6 3)

= 12 + 2 9

=5

Q.E.D.

(ii) Data: is changed to form . and .

a) Required To Find: The determinant of matrix .

Solution:

Matrix is formed by interchanging row 1 and row 2 of matrix and then

interchanging column 1 and column 2 of the resulting matrix.
Interchanging Interchanging
1 1 1 1 and 2
2 3 2 1 and 2
= 2 3 2 1 1 1
1 3 2 1 3 2
3 2 2
= 1 1 1
3 1 2
 = 5since interchanging rows and interchanging columns does not
affect the determinant of a matrix.

b) Required To Find: The determinant of matrix ,if row 1 of the matrix

is formed by adding row 2 to row 1 of .

Solution:

1 1 1 1 +2 3 2 3
= 2 3 2 2 3 2
1 3 2 1 3 2
= 5since the value of the determinant is unchanged when any row is
added or subtracted from any other row.

c) Required To Find: The determinant of if it is formed by multiplying

each element of by 5.

Solution:

1 1 1 5 5 5
=5 2 3 2 = 10 15 10
1 3 2 5 15 10
3
= 5
3
= 5 5

= 625

This is because if all the rows are multiplied by a scalar, , the

determinant is multiplied by where is the number of rows.

12 1 5
(b) Data: = 2 1 0
9 2 5
(i) Required To Find:

Solution:
 1 1 1 12 1 5
= 2 3 2 2 1 0
1 3 2 9 2 5
11 12 13
= 21 22 23
31 32 33

12
11 = 1 1 1 2 = 12 + 2 9 = 5
9
1
12 = 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 + 2 = 0
2
5
13 = 1 1 1 0 = 5+05=0
5
12
21 = 2 3 2 2 = 24 6 18 = 0
9
1
22 = 2 3 2 1 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 5
2
5
23 = 2 3 2 0 = 10 + 0 10 = 0
5
12
31 = 1 3 2 2 = 12 6 + 18 = 0
9
1
23 = 1 3 2 1 = 1 + 3 4 = 0
2
5
33 = 1 3 2 0 = 5 + 0 + 10 = 5
5
5 0 0
= 0 5 0
0 0 5
1 0 0
=5 0 1 0
0 0 1
 = 5

(ii) Required To Find:1

Solution:

= 5

Pre multiplying by 1

1 = 51

1 = 51

= 51

= 51
1
1 = 5

12 1 5
1
1 = 5 2 1 0
9 2 5

(c) (i) Data: + + = 5

2 3 + 2 = 10

3 2 = 11

Required To Express: The system of equations in the form = .

Solution:

+ + = 5

2 3 + 2 = 10

3 2 = 11

Can be expressed as

1 1 1 5
2 3 2 = 10 , which is of the form =
1 3 2 11
 1 1 1 5
where = 2 3 2 , = and = 10
1 3 2 11

(ii) Required To Prove: = 1

Proof:

Pre multiplying by 1

1 = 1

1 = 1

= 1

= 1

Q.E.D.

(iii) Required To Solve: The system of equations.

Solution:

= 1

12 1 5 5
1
=5 2 1 0 10
9 2 5 11
12 5 + 1 10 + 5(11)
1
=5 2 5 + 1 10 + 0(11)
9 5 + 2 10 + 5 (11)

60 + 10 55
1
=5 10 + 10 + 0
45 20 + 55
15
1
=5 20
10
 3
= 4
2
= 3, = 4, = 2

(iv) a) Required To Prove: , , = (1,1,1) is a solution of the

following system of equations.

++ =3

2 + 2 + 2 = 6

3 + 3 + 3 = 9

Proof:

++ =3

2 + 2 + 2 = 6

3 + 3 + 3 = 9

This system can be expressed in the form = as:

1 1 1 3
2 2 2 = 6
3 3 3 9
1
When = 1
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1(1)
2 2 2 1 = 2 1 + 2 1 + 2(1)
3 3 3 1 3 1 +3 1 +3 1

3
= 6
9
= R.H.S.

Q.E.D.

b) Required To Find:The general solution of the system.

Solution:
 1 1 1 3
2 2 2 = 6
3 3 3 9
1 1 1 3 12 1 211 3
2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0
3 3 3 9 03 0 310 0
++ =3

= 3

Let = and =

= 3

The general solution is:

3
=

3 1 1
= 0 + 1 + 0
0 0 1