History of Architecture

Baroque & Rococo

Architecture

Prepared By :Tesfu G.
Trevi Fountain in Rome
Baroque & Rococo

The full Baroque aesthetic

emerged during the Early
Baroque, and High Baroque;
both periods were led by Italy.
The Baroque age
concluded with the French-
born Rococo style (ca. 1725-
1800), in which the violence
and drama of Baroque was
quieted to a gentle, playful
dynamism.
The Late Baroque and
Rococo periods were led by
France
 The Baroque is a period of artistic style that used
exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to
produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in
sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance,
theatre, and music.
The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy, and spread
to most of Europe.
The popularity and success of the Baroque style was
encouraged by the Catholic Church, to response to the
Protestant Reformation, that Baroque architecture and art
as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumph,
power and control.
 Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque
era, begun in late 16th- century Italy, that took the
Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used
it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion.
It was characterized by new explorations of form, light
and shadow, and dramatic intensity.
The Baroque was, initially at least, directly linked to the
Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Catholic
Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant
Reformation.
Baroque architecture and its embellishments were on
the one hand more accessible to the emotions and on
the other hand, a visible statement of the wealth and
power of the Church.
Francesco Borromini and Gianlorenzo
Bernini (bitter rivals) worked on the church.

The most impressive display of

Church of SantAgnese in
Agone, in Piazza Navona,
rebuilt in the Baroque style.
Churrigueresque (Spanish
Baroque style) spatial
Belfry in Mons, Belgium decoration found in the west
designed by architect faade of the Cathedral of
Louis Ledoux Santiago de Compostela.
Distinctive features of Baroque architecture

In churches, broader naves and sometimes given oval

forms.
Fragmentary or deliberately incomplete architectural
elements.
Dramatic use of light; either strong light-and-shade
contrasts, or uniform lighting by means of several
windows.
Opulent use of color and ornaments (putti or figures
made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or
faux finishing).
Large-scale ceiling frescoes.
Distinctive features of Baroque architecture

An external faade often characterized by a dramatic

central projection.
The interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco
Illusory effects like an art technique involving extremely
realistic imagery in order to create the optical illusion that
the depicted objects appear in three dimensions and the
blending of painting and architecture.
Pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish and
Ukrainian Baroque
.Marian and Holy Trinity columns erected in Catholic
countries, often in thanksgiving for ending a plague
Weltenburg Abbey, Bavaria,
Germany

Holy Trinity Column in

Olomouc, Czech Republic
Church of the Most Holy Name of Jesus at the "Argentina.Its
facade is "the first truly baroque faade", introducing the
baroque style into architecture.
The church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, an important example of Roman Baroque
architecture, was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini with Giovanni de'Rossi.
Unlike San Carlo, SantAndrea is set back from the street and the space outside the
church is enclosed by low curved quadrant walls.
An oval cylinder encases the dome, and large volutes transfer the lateral thrust. The
main faade to the street has a pedimented frame at the center of which a
semicircular porch with two Ionic columns marks the main entrance.
The Trevi Fountain is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by
Italian architect Nicola Salvi. it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of
the most famous fountains in the world.
Rococo Architecture
 Rococo

Rococo style, in interior

design, the decorative
arts, painting,
architecture, and
sculpture that
originated in Paris in the
early 18th century
It was soon adopted
throughout France and
later in other countries,
principally Germany
and Austria.
It is characterized by
lightness, elegance, the word Rococo is derived from the
and an exuberant use French word rocaille, which
of curving, natural forms denoted the shell-covered rock
in ornamentation.
 At the outset the Rococo style
represented a reaction against
the ponderous design of Louis
XIVs Palace of Versailles and
the official Baroque art of his
reign.
Several interior designers,
painters developed a lighter
and more intimate style of
decoration for the new
residences of nobles in Paris.
In the Rococo style, walls,
ceilings, and moldings were
decorated with delicate
interlacings of curves and
counter-curves based on the
fundamental shapes of the C
and the S, as well as with
shell forms and other natural
shapes.
 Adama Science & Technology University
School of Architecture & Civil Engineering
Department Of Architecture

History of Architecture

Neo-Classic to High-
tech Architecture

Prepared By :Tesfu G.slassie

Architect, Urban Planner & Designer
Neo-Classic Architecture

Neoclassical Art and Architecture, produced in Europe and North

America from about 1750 through the early 1800s, marked by the
emulation of Greco-Roman forms..
When revolutionary movements established republics in France and
America, the new governments adopted neoclassicism as the style for
their official art, by virtue of its association with the democracy of
ancient Greece and republican Rome.
The neoclassical style developed following the excavation of the
ruins of the Italian cities of Herculaneum in 1738 and Pompeii in
1748, the publication of such books as Antiquities of Athens (1762).
The work of the Scottish architect and designer Robert Adam, who in
the 1750s and 1760s redesigned a number of stately English houses,
introduced the neoclassical style to Great Britain.
NEO CLASSICISM WHAT IT MEANS?
~ Neo Classical NEW Classical

Classical

Renaissance 14th Century on

Baroque 15th Century

Rococo 18th Century

Neoclassical 18th Century

Neo-Classic Architecture

England was redesigned in the

neoclassical style by Scottish-
English architect Robert Adam. The
style, known as Georgian, is
characterized by symmetry and
straight lines.
It was influenced by the 16th-
century Palladian architectural
style and inspired by classical
Greek and Roman ruins.
Adams new designs for Osterley
Park were executed between 1761
and 1780.
Osterley Park House in Middlesex,
THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF NEW REPUBLIC

Thomas Jefferson (1743 1826) was influenced by French neo-classicism in his

search for an architecture which would symbolize the values of the newly
established republic, USA (1784).
THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF NEW REPUBLIC

Thomas Jeffersons favorite building, built between1782 and 1787 by the

architect Pierre Rousseau
MONTICELLO - THOMAS JEFFERSON

The remodeling of Monticello, completed during Jeffersons term as the third

president of USA (1801-1809), gave it the effect of a one-storeyed Roman villa.
UNITED STATES CAPITOL

Exterior of the Capitol, Washington (initial building 1792 1827) by Thornton,

Haller, Hadfield, Latrobe and Bulfinch.
Industrial Revolution

The introduction of new materials & techniques and the change in

the social and cultural climate are the two major causes closely
associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the
last quarter of the 18th century and spread during the 19th century to
Europe and America.
It demanded new types of building for transport and industry and, at
the same time, created the techniques that made these possible.
The most progressive buildings of the time were the work of
engineers rather than architects
It was the engineers who created the impressive functional
buildings like, the viaducts, dockyards, textile mills, and railway
stations.

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 In these types of buildings the new techniques came into use,
for example the large covered spaces that new functions required
easier to provide. Some of these new types such as:
hospitals,
o stores and
Offices, derived from social and commercial developments.
Now, for the first time, buildings that dominated the expanding
towns and cities were new civic and commercial buildings, rather
than churches and fortresses that had previously been the only
structures of outstanding size.

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 The building he designed to
house all the exhibits was
called as Crystal Palace
The easy availability of
materials such as concrete,
iron, steel and glass freed The Central Railway station
architecture from the at Newcastle
restrictions of building in stone,
wood and masonry The new
sense of space aimed at
meeting the needs of life in the
20th century. Modular
construction system -
prefabricated iron sections.
Floor area of 770,000 sq ft.,1851
ft long, 450 ft wide. The Crystal Palace, london 3
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 The Eiffel Tower was built for
the Worlds Fair in 1889.
French engineer Gustave
Eiffel designed it as a cross-
braced, latticed girder with
minimum wind resistance
constructed from over 6300
metric tons (7000 tons) of
Eiffel Tower, Paris
highest quality wrought iron,
it is a masterpiece of
wrought-iron technology

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Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (from French for new art), movement in
Western art and design, which reached its peak during the 1890s
Hallmarks of the art nouveau style are:
Decorative patterns; intertwined organic forms such as stems or
flowers;
Emphasis on handcrafting as opposed to machine
The use of new materials; and the rejection of earlier styles.
In general, sinuous, curving lines also characterize art nouveau.
Art nouveau embraced all forms of art and design: architecture,
furniture, glassware, graphic design, jewelry, painting, pottery,
metalwork, and textiles.
This was a sharp contrast to the traditional separation of art into
the distinct categories of fine art (painting and sculpture) and
applied arts (ceramics, furniture, and other practical objects).
Art Nouveau

The term art nouveau comes from an art gallery in Paris,

France, called Maison de l'Art Nouveau (House of New
Art), which was run by French dealer Siegfried Bing.
In his gallery, Bing displayed not only paintings and
sculpture but also ceramics, furniture, metalwork, and
Japanese art. Sections of the gallery were devoted to
model rooms that artists and architects designed in the
art nouveau style.
Art nouveau flourished in a number of European
countries, many of which developed their own names for
the style.
Detail of Art Nouveau Decoration

This detail of a door decoration from a building constructed in the early

20th century in Milan, Italy, illustrates the stylistic themes associated with
art nouveau.

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 When Spanish architect Antoni
Gaud was asked to redesign the
front of a conventional apartment
building in Barcelona, Spain, he
produced the curving facade of
the Casa Batll (1907), shown
here.
The organic forms-the pillars
look like leg bones-and the
undulating shapes link Gaud with
the art nouveau movement of the
late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Casa Batll by Antoni Gaud

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Bauhaus

Bauhaus, famous German school of design that had inestimable

influence on modern architecture, the industrial and graphic arts, and
theater design.
It was founded in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius in Weimar
as a merger of an art academy and an arts and crafts school.
The Bauhaus was based on the principles of the 19th-century
English designer William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement
that art should meet the needs of society and that no distinction
should be made between fine arts and practical crafts.
The Bauhaus style, later also known as the International Style, was
marked by the absence of ornament and ostentatious facades and
by harmony between function and the artistic and technical means
employed.

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Bauhaus

The ideas of the German Bauhaus school of architecture and

applied arts have greatly influenced the development of
architecture and design in the 20th century.

Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany

The Bauhaus created in 1919 by Walter Gropius-moved from its home in

Weimar to a group of starkly rectangular glass and concrete buildings
in Dessau especially designed for it by Gropius in 1925: The main
entrance has glazed workshop block on its right.
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Bauhaus

Modern Architecture, with Bauhaus inspired elements

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Modern Architecture

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 Modern Architecture

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural

trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching
transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
The term is often applied to modernist movements at the turn of the
20th century, with efforts to reconcile the principles underlying
architectural design with rapid technological advancement and
the modernization of society.
Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and
engineering developments.
With the Industrial Revolution, the availability of newly-available
building materials such as iron, steel, and sheet glass drove the
invention of new building techniques.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), American architect,

considered one of the greatest figures of 20th-century
architecture.
To achieve this organic design, he used geometric units,
or modules, that generated a grid.
Another device Wright favored was the cantilevera
long projection (often a balcony) that was supported at
only one end. The grid and the cantilever freed Wrights
designs from being merely boxes with openings cut into
them.

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 Hills/DeCaro House

Instead of pursuing those ideas, however, he chose to use his

principles of organic architecture to develop the prairie housea
long, low structure that hugged the Midwest prairie.
A shallow roof emphasized its horizontal lines. Wright disliked
basements, his earliest independent commission, his buildings were
set firmly on the earth, rather than in it.
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Falling water

Falling Water is one of

Wright's largest and least
democratic works:
Cantilevered dramatically
over a waterfall in southwest
Pennsylvania,
Falling water is notable
for its relationship with
the environmentit
appears to emerge from the
rocks above the waterfalland
for bringing the outdoors
inside. Falling water, built in 1936

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 Guggenheim Museum
A side from Falling water, the building for which Wright is most
remembered is the Guggenheim Museum (1957-1959) in New
York City.
Its spiraling ramp provides a dramatic setting for art, although
critics have questioned the ramps suitability as an exhibition
space.
Wrights innovative designs and use of materials often drew
controversy.

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The
Guggenheim
Museum
The Guggenheim Museum
Situated in Manhattan, New York City, it is the permanent home of a
renowned and continuously expanding collection
of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary
art.
Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical building, wider at the
top than the bottom, was conceived as a "temple of the spirit".
Its design was inspired by a "Ziggurat" Babylonian temple pyramid,
inverted.
The Museum Guggenhein exhibits a great difference to the buildings
in the vicinity because of its spiral shape, marked by the mergeing of
triangles, ovals, arcs, circles and squares, which correspond to the
concept of organic architecture
Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long,
continuous spiral along the outer edges of the building to end just
under the ceiling skylight.
 Wainwright Building

Known as the Wainwright State Office Building, it is a 10-story

red brick office building at St. Louis, Missouri.
The Wainwright Building is among the first skyscrapers in the world. It was
designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan (father of modern
architecture) in the Palazzo style and built between 1890 and 1891.
It exemplifies Sullivan's theories about the tall building, which included a
tripartite (three-part) composition (base-shaft-attic) based on the
structure of the classical column.
The base contained retail stores that required wide glazed openings.
Above it the semi-public nature of offices up a single flight of stairs are
expressed as broad windows in the curtain wall. A cornice separates the
second floor from the grid of identical windows of the screen wall, where
each window is "a cell in a honeycomb, nothing more". The building's
windows and horizontals were inset slightly behind columns and piers, as
part of a vertical aesthetic
Plan of building
 Details of ornamentation done

The ornamentation for the

building includes a
wide frieze below the
deep cornice, which expresses
the formalized yet naturalistic
celery-leaf foliage.
It has rich decorative patterns
in low relief, varying in design
and scale with each story. The
frieze is pierced by
unobtrusive bull's-eye
windows that light the top-story
floor, originally containing
water tanks and elevator
machinery, the building
includes embellishments
of terra cotta.
Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier , Swiss-French architect, painter, and writer,

who had a major effect on the development of modern
architecture.
He broke with the forms and design of
historic styles, and sought a new 20th-century style
on modern materials such as ferroconcrete, sheet glass,
and synthetics; and on contemporary needs such as town
planning and housing projects.
His most famous buildings include a prize-winning
design for the Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva
(1927-1928); (1946-1952), an apartment house in Marseille,
France.

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Ronchamp church, France

Notre-Dame-du-Haut (1950-
1955), a pilgrim church in
Ronchamp, France; is the most
personal of Le Corbusier works;
wholly original, since every
form and spatial effect is related
to the architects concentrated
attempt to achieve a sense of
religious dignity and purpose.
This unusual building is a
synthesis of architecture and
sculpture. The frame of the
structure is steel and metal
mesh, over which concrete was
sprayed.
 Post-modernism

Postmodern architecture began as an

international style the first examples of
which are generally cited as being from
the 1950s, but did not become a
movement until the late 1970s.
In Postmodern architecture, the simple,
functional shapes of the modernist style
are replaced by diverse aesthetics:
styles collide, form is adopted for its
own sake, and new ways of viewing
familiar styles are found.
 Post-modernism

Between about 1965 and 1980 architects and critics began to

espouse tendencies for which there is as yet no better designation
than postmodern.
Although postmodernism is not a cohesive movement based on
a distinct set of principles, as was modernism, in general it can be
said that the postmodernists value individuality, intimacy,
complexity, and occasionally even humor.
The American architect Robert Venturi, In his book Complexity
and Contradiction in Architecture (1966; revised ed. 1977), he
defended vernacular architecturefor example, gas stations and
fast-food restaurantsand attacked the modernist establishment
with such satiric comments as Less is a bore (a play on Miess
well-known dictum Less is more).

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8 Spruce
Street

New York, NY

Frank Gehry

2011
Auditorio de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain Santiago Calatrava Valls
2003
Deconstructionism
Walt Disney Concert Hall
Los Angeles, California

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Deconstructionism

Borrowing the term deconstruction and aspects of its meaning from

French literary studies, some architectural theorists developed the idea
of deconstruction in architecture in the late 1970s.
In theory and in early designs; deconstruction involved the
dismantling of architectural elements and the rearrangement of
their constituent parts.
In these designs architects did not concern themselves with the
physical laws of the real world, and most of their early proposals
were unbuildable.
Later on, actual buildings resulted from some of these ideas, and
the architects had to address the realities of construction and the
weight of materials.
The resulting buildings were typically disjointed in form, and they
dramatically contradicted standard conventions of design and
construction
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Deconstructionism

Architect Frank Gehrys

designs range from a kind of
austere modernism in the early
1970s to increasingly irregular
compositions in the late 1980s
and 1990s, with colliding angular
forms and other unusual
juxtapositions.
As the geometries of his
buildings became more complex
and he introduced compound
curves,
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

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The EMP Museum Seattle, Washington Frank Gehry 2000
Taipei 101 High Tech Architecture
Taipei, Taiwan
CONCEPT

IT IS..

A SYMBIOSIS OF TECHNOLOGY AND

ARCHITECTURE

LIGHTNESS
REFLECTED SURFACES
ECOLOGICAL

-
High Tech Architecture Burj Khalifa
Construction started: January,2004
From the beginning of the 1980s Completed: 2010
the building industry has started Cost$1.5 billion
using a high technology for Height: 829.84 m (2,723 ft)
163 habitable floors
both the construction and
46 maintenance levels
operation of skyscrapers
throughout the world.
There has been a competition
in building the tallest building.
Earlier this was achieved
mostly in United States or in
Europe.
But after 1980s the other Asian
countries such as China,
Malaysia, and Taiwan are also
joined in the race of building
the worlds tallest building.
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 Completed in 1998, the
Petronas Towers, in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, stand 452 m (1,483 ft)
tall at their pinnacles.
The towers are connected by a
skyway at the 41st and 42nd
floors.

Taipei, Taiwan

Petronas Towers,
Kuala Lumpur

Taipei boasts the worlds tallest building, the Taipei Financial

Center, shown here. The 101-story skyscraper, also known as Taipei
101, rises to a height of 509 m (1,671 ft) with its spire.
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World Trade Center, New York City

American architect Minoru

Yamasaki designed modern
buildings with decorative details.
Preferring steel and glass
to concrete and brick
Hismost famous work, a pair of World Trade Center, New York City
towers with a sparkling exterior,
was the World Trade Center in Sears Tower, Chicago
New York City.
The towers were destroyed in a
September 2001 terrorist attack.

The Sears Tower, located in Chicago, Illinois, is the tallest building

in North America, at 442 m (1,450 ft) tall 6
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 Sydney Opera House

The Sydney Opera House, Australia is one of the most famous

pieces of modern and high-tech architecture in the world.
It was designed by Jrn Utzon and completed in 1973.

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